South America
Much of the rest of the continent: plateau
-Brazilian Highlands (covers most of Brazil southeast of the Amazon Basin) -Guiana Highlands (located north of the lower Amazon Basin) -the cold Patagonian Plateau (blankets the southern third of Argentina) -Parana-Paraguay Basin (of south-central) South America -Orinoco Basin(far north that drains interior Colombia and Venezuela)
Coca Wine
-1886 prohibition forced creator John Pemberton to create a non-alcoholic version of his patent medicine -morphine addiction, dyspepsia, neurathenia, headache, and impotence were some of the aliments cured by Coca-Cola -cocaine free in 1929
Unity of place
in a particular locale or region intricate connections exist between climate, geology, biology, and human culture.
Santiago
known for its stunning winter views of the Andes, quirky and ambitious culture, through its cuisine, art, parks, gardens, and wine industry, and its smog.
Capoeria
martial art that combines dance, acrobatics, and music *sometimes called the Dance/Fight of War, was developed in Brazil by African descendants with native Brazilian imprint.
Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, and Chile
more populous and make major contributions to the world economy. *Brazil has the 8th largest economy in the world, Argentina has the 23rd, and Venezuela has the 29th.
Bolivia
more rural and has small economy
For the average Argentine
nearly 80% of his or her genetic structure is European 18% Amerindian 2% African
Dependencia theory
originating in South America during the 1960s, it was a new way of thinking about economic development and underdevelopment that explained the persistent poverty of certain countries in terms of their unequal relations with other countries
Harrison Narcotics Tax Act (1914)
regulate the opiate and coca market -use became criminal, yet the prescription and use of these drugs was allowed to continue under a physician's care.
Brazil to host 2016 Olympic games
showcase Rio de Janeiro, the country of Brazil and the realm of South America -plan to spend billions in public funds (2.3 billion) not including airport/transportation
Pablo Escobar
Colombia's most renown criminal (drug baron) in history
drug cartel
a criminal organization with the primary purpose of drug trafficking
Major challenges for this region:
*drugs (coca in Colombia) *poverty (the favelas outside cities such as Sao Paulo) *deforestation (in the Amazon)
Favela
*outside cities such as Sao Paulo -barrio (neighborhood, poor, etc) -usually seperated from the city center and not connected to basic city services, such as water, sewage, and electricity. -substandard living conditions -can be havens for crime/drugs and poor sanitation
South America is the longest measure from north to south.
-Chile (150 kilometers in width, but 4000 kilometers in length) -1/10 of our planet's circumference, the realm contains an enormous range of climates and vegetation. -Travel northeast from Lima, Peru for about 600 kilometer and you encounter no less than our different climate zones: arid, highland, and two varieties of humid tropical. -Santiago, Chile --> eastward --> Buenos Aires, Argentina will take you through five climate zones: interior highland, arid, and semi-arid environments bracketed by a different humid temperate clime along each coast.
Geographers estimate that 90% of native Amazonians died within a few years of contact, and the peoples of Tierra del Fuego also are no longer there to build their fires.
-European arrival = disaster
The Shadow of the United States
-Monroe Doctrine's 1823 assertion that European colonial powers had no rights in South America. -During the Cold War (1945-1990), the US became politically involved in a number of countries, mainly to keep Soviet influence out of the Western Hemisphere -only attracts about 4% of all US foreign trade
The Commodity Boom
-Since 2005, S.A's economy has grown robustly by about 5% annually. -Most of this growth occurred in Brazil, Chile, and Peru. -A leading reason has been an increased demand for the realm's abundant raw materials in the global marketplace -- demand in no small part driven by the explosive growth of China and India. *Asian giants have been gobbling up Brazilian soybeans, Chilean copper, Peruvian silver, Venezuelan oil, and more.
African Descendants
-Spanish and Portuguese had plantations of sugar for the European market. -millions of Africans were brought in bondage to the tropical Brazilian coast north of Rio de Janeiro -Brazil now has South America's largest black population *with Brazilians of direct or mixed African ancestry today accounting for just over half of the population of 198 million
The Geography of Cocaine
-all of the cocaine that enters the US comes from South America, mainly Columbia, Peru, and Bolivia. *within these 3 countries, cocaine annually brings in billions of US dollars and employs tens of thousands of workers. -first stage of cocaine production involves the extraction of coca paste from the coca plan, a raw-material-oriented activity that is located near the area where the plant is grown. *the main zone of coca-plan cultivation is along the eastern slopes of the Andes and in adjacent tropical lowlands in Bolivia, Peru, and Columbia. (specific regions page 195) -the next stage of production involved the refining of that coca paste
Spraying is prohibited in National Parks as well as along the border Colombia shares with Ecuador
-bad side effects on people, waters, animals, etc. -Ecuador protects its environment against glyphosate
Archibishop Bergoglio
-before Pope Francis -the first pope selected from outside Europe in over 1,2oo years **approximately 65% of the population of Brazil consider themselves to be Catholic (making it the largest Catholic country in the world) - a uniting factor among citizens of that country -the Cathedral of Quito (Pichincha, Ecuador) is believed to be the oldest cathedral in the realm
Industrial Development
-best off: Brazil, Chile, and Argentina -worst off: Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia -Most manufacturing is concentrated in and around major urban areas, -Brazil's leading exports: oil, steel, and state-of-the-art Embraer aircraft. -among four biggest emerging markets in the world, along with Russia, China, and India (known as BRICs)
glyphosate
-dropped on coca fields -known to cause pretty bad diseases: Parkinson's, cancer, kidney damage, and reproductive harm
Problems of Inequality and Violence
-enormous inequality between social classes -page 200
Inca
-expert builders whose stone structures (among which Machu Picchu near Cuzco is the most famous), roads, and bridges helped to unify their vast empire. -efficient administrators, successful farmers and herders, and skilled manufacturers; -their scholars studied the heavens, and physicians ever experimented with brain surgery. -Great military strategists, the Inca integrated the peoples they vanquished into a stable and well-functioning state, an amazing accomplishment given the high-relief terrain they had to contend with. -were at the pinnacle in their rigidly class-structured, highly centralized society. -a takeover at the top was enough to gain immediate power over all of it - as a small army of Spanish invaders discovered in 1530s. -the European invasion brought a quick end to thousands of years of Amerindian cultural development and changed the map forever. -had accumulated gold and silver at their headquarters, possessed productive farmlands, and constituted a ready labor force. -1531: 183 men and two dozen horses. 1533, Pizarro's party =victorious
When Spain took over Inca's territory.
-great haciendas were formed by land alienation -taxes were instituted -a forced-labor system was introduced to maximize the profits of exploitation
Altiplanos
-high-altitude valleys -provided fertile soils, reliable water supplies, building materials and natural protection in their inhabitants -Cuzco (now Peru) became the core area of South America's greatest indigenous empire, that of the Inca
Ferdinand Magellan
-him and crew spent some five months in Patagonia, named by Magellan for "big-foot people". (official, but never-verified, reports of the voyage told of the crew's mysterious encounters with 8-foot giants) -Spring 1520: 5 ships: Estrecho de Todos los Santos (now Strait of Magellan): only 3 survived (600-kilometer): other 2 crashed on the icy waters of Southern Ocean) -After they realized Columbus had not stumbled upon India, Spanish and Portugese explorers jumped on that shit. -
Economic Integration
-in southern South America, five formerly contentious nations are developing the hidrovia (water highway) , a system of river locks that is oopening most the Parana-Paraguy Basin to barge transport. -Mercosurll (Mercosur - Spanish, Mercosul - Portuguese), Andean Community, Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), and Fre Trade Are of the Americas...page 196
Services and utilities are unable to keep pace with the population and the result
-inefficient transportation systems -inadequate utility networks -pollution -unregulated growth
megalopolis
-it covers such a vast area and incorporates several distinct cities *big population -Sao Paulo's growth started in 1880s (good example of megalopolis)
Agricultural Land Use and Deforestation
-larger-scale commercial (for-profit) - landholders of European background -smaller-scale subsistence (primarily for household use)- indigenous peoples as well as populations of African and Asian descent. *Agricultural Systems map (page 194) -forestry and agroforestry prevail in the Amazon Basin; ranching dominates in the grasslands of the Southern Cone; and different forms of agriculture, with or without irrigation, are found in an extensive zone from northeastern Brazil to northern Argentina, as well as scattered among pockets of moderate elevation in the Andean highlands. -The fastest growing crop is soybeans (east-central Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina) -Deforestation is a particularly acute problem in northern Brazil. -in the past, deforestation was attributed mainly to small-scale landholders, colonists who had made their way into the Amazon rainforest to eke out a new living. *the cycle (page 194) -since the 1980s, an area of rainforest about the size of Ohio has been lost ANNUALLY in northern Brazil. -more than one-fifth of this realm's workforce is still employed in the primary sector that includes farming, cattle raising, and fishing. -contribution to global trade in grains, soybeans, coffee, orange juice, sugar, and many other crops is significant and growing. -illegal farming thrives in the form of narcotics production, particularly cocaine
China calling
-leading trading partner of Brazil and Chile -second largest for both Colombia and Peru -making their presence felt by establishing new embassies and consulates, buying up companies, partnering joint ventures, financing infrastructure projects and development assistance, and sending and inviting high-level trade delegations. -motives are clear: Chinese need raw materials such as oil, copper, cement, and minerals. Also seek to expand markets for Chinese exports
Rural-Urban Migration
-leaving the land and migrating to towns and cities -the growth of urban settlements averaged 5% a year -rural areas grew by less then 2% in those six decades -urban population = 82% -push/pull factors (197) -
The Amazon Baisin
-major physiographical feature -dominates its central north -vast humid-tropical amphitheater is drained by the mighty Amazon Rive, which is fed by several major tributaries.
Regional Patterns
-map 198 -megacities (population over 10 million): Brazil's Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Argentina's Nuenos Aires
use of remote sensing in drug war
-measures phenomena, such as vegetative land cover, without having to be physically present in a location . -satellite imagery, locate and measure features on the ground, including coca plants -can also be used to measure land-use change in the regions targeted for fumigation
Natural Resources
-mining industry is one of South America's most important economic engines. -continent contains about 1/5 of the world's iron ore reserves -1/4 of the word's know copper reserves are in South America (mostly Peru and Chile) *1/3 of the exports of Chile, are copper. -The Andes support some of the world's biggest mines (gold, silver, copper, and more) -other important metal deposits in the realm include lead: higher elevations of Peru, Bolivia, southern Brazil, and northern Argentina tin:Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia zinc: same as lead -large deposits of oil and natural gas in Venezuela *the oil sector accounts for about 1/3 of Venezuela's GDP -Orinoco Oil Belt contains ~380 to 652 barrels of oil
Pope Francis
-ministry to the poor -Archbishop of Buenos Aires before becoming Pope -took his name to honor St. Francis of Assisi who was known for his service to the poor.
The "Latin" American City Model
-model: to create an idealized representation of reality, displaying as many key real-world elements as possible -spine : which is adjoined by the... -elite residential sector. -see page 199
Alexander von Humboldt
-one of the founders of the modern discipline of geography -German explorer and scientist -landed on coast of Venezuela and trekked across the continent's northern interior -- found biodiversity, its majestic natural beauty, and the adaptive abilities of human populations. -discovered and named many species of flora and fauna, traversed tropical grasslands, and jungles, met with indigenous peoples, crossed dangerous rivers, and reached the summit of the highest mountain in the Americas climbed by European's at the time (Ecuador's Chimborazo). -compiled large numbers of maps and was one of the first scientists to note how South America and western Africa fitted together like a jigsaw puzzle. -geography as an integrative discipline with a spatial perspective -four decades later: magnum opus that articulated this holistic perspective, the highly ambitious and appropriately titled Cosmos, published in five volumes in 1845
Spain and Portugal
-signed a treaty in 1494 to recognize a north-south line 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands as the boundary between their New World spheres of influence. -this border ran approximately along the meridian of 50 degrees w longitude, thereby cutting off a substantial triangle of eastern South American for Portugal's exploitation.
Plan Colombia
-the brainchild of Colombian president Andres Pastrana -the name of the US military and diplomatic aid initiative aimed at combating Colombian drug cartels and left-wing insurgent groups in Colombian territory
Liberation theology
-the movement was a blend of Christian religion and socialist thinking that interpreted the teachings of Christ as a quest to liberate the impoverished masses from oppression.
Lima
-the west-coast headquarters of the Spanish conquerors, soon became one of the richest city in the world. -wealth based on the exploitation of vast Andean silver deposits. -also served as the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru
The Andes
-the western margins of the continent are rimmed by one of the world's longest and highest mountain ranges -a giant wall unbroken from Tierra del Fuego near the continent's southern tip in Chile to northeastern Benezuela in the far north.
Amerindians
-thousands of years before the first Europeans invaders, Amerindans migrated into the continent via North and Middle America and founded societies and founded societies in coastal valleys, in river basins, on plateaus, and in mountainous locales.
coca (Erythroxylum)
-unlike most other goods, is grown almost exclusively in three countries of the world, all with ideal environmental conditions and all in South America. *not grown on the mountainous landscapes like those of Filandia -leafy shrub indigenous to South America
The Need for Stability
-wars lasted from 1808-1838 -South American countries have been in frequent political turmoil. Dictatorial regimes ruled from one end of the realm to the other; unstable governments fell with damaging frequency; widespread poverty, harsh regional disparities, poor internal surface connections, limited international contact, and economic stagnation prevailed. -democracy seems to be taking hold everywhere. **page 200
Brazil did not meet any deadlines set by FIFA
6/12 stadiums were delayed until January 2014 -50% of airports had not finished the upgrades needed just months before the tournament
Argentina and Chile were the first to gain independence from Spain
Argentina (1816) Chile (1818)
The catholic religion, African influence, and even the capital city of Peru (Lima) show:
European influence.
FIFA
Federation Internationale de Football Association
Two new viceroyalties were added to the map
New Granada and La Plata
Amerindian Reawakening
Peru (47% of the national population - Amerindian) Bolivia (57% of the population) -Amerindians were conquered, decimated by foreign diseases, robbed of their best lands, subjected to involuntary labor, denied the right to grow their traditional crops, socially discriminated against, and swindled out of their fair share of the revenues from resources in their traditional domains; although they remain extremely poor, they are making a comeback. -in part related to changing religious practices in S. America. -officially, more than 90% of the population is Roman Catholic, and traditionally, South Americans tend to be viewed as devout followers of the Vatican
Plural societies
a society in which two or more population groups, each practicing its own culture, live adjacent to one another without mixing inside a single state
villas miseria
barrios; ghetto neighborhoods, etc.
campamentos
camp or tent city
Zone of disamenity
consists of undesirable land along highways, rail corridors, riverbanks, and other low-lying areas. -people here are so poor that they are forced to live in the open
~1/2 of Brazil's industrial goods are produced din Sao Paulo
generally considered to be the manufacturing center of South America
Informal sector
dominated by unlicensed sellers of homemade goods and services, the primitive form of capitalism found in many developing countries that takes place beyond the control of the government. The complement to a country's formal sectory
Barrios
term meaning neighborhood in Spanish; usually refers to an urban community in a South American city; also applied to low income, inner-city concentrations of Hispanics in US
Rural-to-urban migration
the dominant migration flow from countryside to city that continues to transform the world's population, most notably in the less advantaged geographic realms
Uneven Development
the notion that economic development varies spatially, a central tenet of corepheriphery relationships in realms, regions, and lesser geographic entities
Paulistas
the settlers of Sao Paulo who needed Amerindian slave labor to run their plantations
South America's colonial history, like that of North and Middle America, has had a great impact on
the social, political, and economic development of many countries in the realm, as well as the cultural landscapes there.
Land alienation
the takeover of indigenously held land by foreigners
Riots during the World Cup time...
thought government was spending too much money on that instead of on education, housing, better transportation, etc
Terms that have importance in the governance, economy, and land use of countries
viceroyalty: facelas: cerrado:
The Town of Filandia (Quindio, Colombia)
well suited for coffee, fruit, and veggie production
