Span 210 Unit 3 Grammar

Uses of the Past Subjunctive: Idioms

Use the past subjunctive after the expression como si (as if ). Alfredo gasta dinero como si fuera millonario. Alfredo spends money as if he were a millionaire. El presidente habló de la economía como si no hubiera una recesión. The president talked about the economy as if there were no recession. Ella rechazó mi opinión como si no importara. She rejected my opinion as if it didn't matter. ¡Atención! The past subjunctive is also frequently used in si clauses. Si pudiera, compraría más acciones. If I could, I would buy more shares. The past subjunctive is also commonly used with querer to make polite requests or to soften statements. Quisiera que me llames hoy. I would like you to call me today. Quisiera hablar con usted. I would like to speak with you.

Irregular subjunctive endings = preterite endings (Group 1)

Verbs that have stem changes, spelling changes, or irregularities in the ustedes/ellos/ellas form of the preterite also have them in all forms of the past subjunctive (imperfect subjunctive). IRREGULAR VERBS The following verbs are irregular in the preterite and fall under three groups. Group 1: These verbs have irregular stems (the front part of the verbs) when conjugated in the preterite, but regular endings. (Time for another fun acronym, SETH VQPP) saber (to know) → sup- estar (to be) → estuv- tener (to have) → tuv- hacer (to do, to make) → hic- venir (to come) → vin- querer (to want) → quis- poner (to put, to place) → pus- poder (to be able to) → pud- For example with tener: yo tuve tú tuviste Ud./él/ella tuvo nosotros(as) tuvimos vosotros(as) tuvisteis Uds./ellos/ellas tuvieron

Forms of the past subjunctive (-ra endings)

(Yo) -ra (Tú) -ras (él, ella, usted) -ra (nosotros/-as) -´ramos (vosotros/-as) -rais (ellos/-as, uds.) -ran Note: The nosotros/-as form of the verb has an accent (´) on the vowel that precedes the ending for the past subjunctive. This is because this is an imperfect tense and there's an accent in the nosotros form of the imperfect tense. caminar (to walk) -> caminaron -> camin- caminara caminaras caminara camináramos caminarais caminaran perder (to lose) -> perdieron -> perdie- perdiera perdieras perdiera perdiéramos perdierais perdieran vivir -> vivieron (to live) -> vivi- viviera vivieras viviera viviéramos vivierais vivieran Estela dudaba de que su madre la ayudara a pagar un carro nuevo. Estela doubted that her mother would help her pay for a new car. Me extrañó que Ana renunciara después de tantos años. I was surprised that Ana quit after so many years. El asesor nos recomendó que financiáramos la deuda a largo plazo. The consultant recommended that we financed the loan long-term.

Refresher: Spelling Changes in tú commands

-car endings -> -que(s) -gar endings -> gue(s) -zar endings -> ce(s) -ger/gir endings -> ja(s)

Uses of transitional expressions

1. Many transitional expressions function to narrate time and sequence. 2. Several other transitional expressions compare or contrast ideas and details. 3. Transitional expressions are also used to express cause and effect relationships.

Refresher: So phrases that are always uncertain, therefore always will trigger the subjunctive

A.A.A.S.P.A.C.E.S (Triple A Spaces) A- Antes de que: before A- A fin de que: so that/ in order that A- a no ser que: unless S- sin que: without P- para que: so that/in order that A- a menos que: unless C- con tal de que: provided that E- en caso de que: in case S- siempre que: provided that

Refresher: The subjunctive in adverbial clauses

An adverbial clause (cláusula adverbial) is one that modifies or describes verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. It describes how, why, when, or where an action takes place. In Spanish, adverbial clauses are commonly introduced by conjunctions. Certain conjunctions require the subjunctive, while others can be followed by the subjunctive or the indicative, depending on the context in which they are used. (Triple A Spaces, THECDMP, or Triple A +LMN) Ex: - ¡Estoy dejando espacio para que la atrapen! (uses the indicative) - No le des más comida aunque ponga cara de perrito. (uses the subjunctive)

Refresher: Conjunctions that require the subjunctive

Certain conjunctions are always followed by the subjunctive because they introduce actions or states that are uncertain or have not yet happened. These conjunctions commonly express purpose, condition, or intent. As well introduce a new idea, event, or topic. If it does NOT introduce a new idea, event, or topic, the subjunctive is not needed as a subordinate clause is not needed. This also states that conjugation is based on the subject but after a subjunctive phrase is said, it will affect the verb to right of the phrase. Of course, we know only one verb gets conjugated per clause and the phrase only affects that clause. We also know the tense is always shown in the main (independent clause), while the grammatical mood (i.e. subjunctive) is always shown in the subordinate (dependent clause). MAIN CLAUSE Se acabará el petróleo en pocos años CONNECTOR a menos que SUBORDINATE CLAUSE encontremos energías alternativas.

Refresher: Irregular formal commands

Five common verbs have irregular formal command forms. Here's an acronym to help remember them: Don Is Super Extremely Special (DISES) Dé (Den) la pastilla al paciente. (Dar -> Don) Give the pill to the patient. Vaya(n) al hospital. (Ir -> Is) Go to the hospital. Sepa(n) su nivel de colesterol. (Saber -> Super) Know your cholesterol level. Esté(n) aquí a las ocho. (Estar -> Extremely) Sea(n) puntual(es) para las citas. (Ser-> Special) Be punctual with appointments.

Refresher: Formal Command Forms

Follow this process to create formal commands: - First, conjugate the verb in the yo form of the present tense. This will alert you to any irregularities or stem changes. - Then drop the final -o and add the new ending. Remember if it's ar, flip it and add a simple present tense -er ending. If it's -er/-ir ending, flip it and add a simple present tense -ar ending. (Basically, just form the simple present subjunctive). - Now, since this is a formal command, the form you take is the third person singular/plural form (depending on how many people you are talking to.) For a negative command, add the word no before the verb.

Refresher: Formal Commands with Pronouns

Formal commands are often used with pronouns, such as a reflexive, direct object, and indirect object pronouns. The commands are formed in the usual way, and the pronouns must be placed in the proper positions within the sentence.

Refresher: Los mandatos formales (Formal commands)

Formal commands are used to give orders, directions, and recommendations. They are used to give instructions to people you normally address with Ud. or Uds. Meaning people you don't really know or only know in a professional sense. Sr. Calvo, tome Ud. estas pastillas. Mr. Calvo, take these pills. Ana y Susana, por favor no corran por la casa. Ana and Susana, please don't run in the house.

future vs conditional vs subjunctive

Future and Conditional- Watch the stems, know these are only two tenses that do not get conjugated, and know the correct endings The subjunctive- watch for triggers and know how to form it correctly. (By triggers, remember any of kind of emotion, bias, or uncertainty will trigger the Subjunctive. Also remember the Triple-A Spaces, THECDMP, and AAA + LMN. These are words that also can trigger the subjunctive.) See the next few cards for a quick recap, but Span 210 Grammar Unit 1 for a full explanation.

Irregular subjunctive endings = preterite endings (Group 2)

Group 2: These verbs all have a j in the stem. They follow the same pattern as Group 1 verbs, except that their third-person endings are different. Uds./ellos/ellas endings are -eron (not -ieron) and ud./él/ella is not accented. (Acronym: CDT) conducer (to drive)→ conduj- decir (to say, to tell) → dij- traer (to bring) → traj- Uds./ellos/ellas forms: condujeron they/you (pl.) drove dijeron they/you (pl.) said trajeron they/you (pl.) brought

Irregular subjunctive endings = preterite endings (Group 3)

Group 3: These verbs do not follow a pattern and must be memorized individually. However, their endings are regular. (Acronym: DS) dar (to give): di, diste, dio, dimos, disteis, dieron ser (to be) / ir (to go): fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron

Conjunctions followed by the subjunctive or the indicative

If the action in the main clause has not yet occurred, then the subjunctive is used after conjunctions of time or concession. (So you know when an action is supposed to end.) Conjunctions of time or concession: (A.A.A.L.M.N) A pesar de que despite Apenas as soon as Aunque although; even if Luego que as soon as Mientras que where as Ni/no bien as soon as Aunque me digan que es inofensivo, no me acercaré al perro. Even if they tell me he's harmless, I'm not going near the dog. Cuando Pedro vaya a cazar, tendrá cuidado con las serpientes venenosas. When Pedro goes hunting, he will watch out for the poisonous snakes. Te mando un mensaje de texto apenas lleguemos al aeropuerto. I'll text you as soon as we get to the airport.

Refresher: Exceptions in the case of conjunctions that require the subjunctive

If there is no change of subject in the sentence, a subordinate clause is not necessary. Instead, the prepositions antes de, con tal de, en caso de, para, and sin can be used, followed by the infinitive. Note that the connector que is not necessary in this case. Las organizaciones ecologistas trabajan para proteger los arrecifes de coral. Environmental organizations work to protect coral reefs. Tienes que pedir permiso antes de darles de comer a los monos del zoológico. You need to get permission before feeding the monkeys at the zoo.

Hypothetical statements about possible events

In hypothetical statements about conditions or events that are possible or likely to occur, the si clause uses the present indicative. The main clause may use the present indicative, the future indicative, ir a + [infinitive], or a command. So if the first verb in the si clause is in the simple present, it can use any of the tenses listed to complete the clause. Si clause: PRESENT INDICATIVE Si salgo temprano del trabajo, If I leave work early... (Main Clause: voy al cine con Andrés. I'm going to the movies with Andrés) Si usted no mejora su currículum, If you don't improve your résumé... (Main Clause: nunca conseguirá empleo. you'll never get a job.) Si la jefa me pregunta, If the boss asks me... (Main Clause: no le voy a mentir. I'm not going to lie to her.) Si hay algún problema, If there is a problem... (Main Clause: lámenos de inmediato. call us right away.) Remember the clauses go both ways because the si clauses can be in the first half of the second half of the sentence.

Hypothetical statements about improbable situation

In hypothetical statements about current conditions or events that are improbable or contrary-to-fact (highly unlikely, but possible), the si clause uses the past subjunctive. The main clause uses the conditional. Si clause: PAST (IMPERFECT) SUBJUNCTIVE 1. ¡Si ustedes no fueran tan inútiles, If you all weren't so incapable... see clause 4 2. Si sacaras un préstamo a largo plazo, If you took out a long-term loan... see clause 5 3. Si no estuviera tan cansada, If I weren't so tired... see clause 6 Main clause: CONDITIONAL 4. ya lo tendrían listo! ...(place clause 1 here) you'd already have this ready! 5. pagarías menos al mes. ...(place clause 2 here) you'd pay less each month. 6. saldría a cenar contigo. ...(place clause 3 here) I'd go out to dinner with you. Fabiola talking to Johnny —Si no estuviera en crisis económica, te ayudaría. If I was not in a economic crisis, I would help you. Johnny talks to Maria who looks down on him. —Si yo fuera él, les daría la tarde libre. If I were him, I'd given you the afternoon off.

Habitual conditions and actions in the past

In statements that express habitual past actions that are not contrary-to-fact, both the si clause and the main clause use the imperfect Si clause: IMPERFECT 1. Si mi papá salía de viaje de negocios, If my dad went on a business trip... see clause 2 Main clause: IMPERFECT 2. siempre me traía un regalito. ...(place clause 2 here) he always brought me back a little present. Johnny talks to Diana who looks at him uncomfortably. —Si no me levantaba a las tres de la mañana, llegaba tarde al trabajo. "If I didn't get up at three in the morning, I'd be late for work."

The Conditional in Subordinate Clauses (Conditional Vs. Future)

In subordinate clauses, the conditional is often used to express what would happen after another action took place. (Unless it's a Si clause, where the position of a conditional verb changes depending on the context. More on Si clauses later in this quizlet.) To express what will happen after another action takes place, the future tense is used instead. CONDITIONAL Creía que hoy haría mucho viento. I thought it would be very windy today FUTURE Creo que mañana hará mucho viento. I think it will be very windy tomorrow. The conditional is also used to report statements made in the future tense. Iremos a la fiesta. We'll go to the party -> Dijeron que irían a la fiesta. They said they'd go to the party. To express conjecture or probability about a past condition or event in the conditional tense In Spanish, the conditional may be used to express conjecture or probability about a past condition or event. English expresses this sense with expressions such as wondered, must have been, and was probably. ¿Qué hora era cuando regresó? What time was it when he returned? ¿Cuánta gente había en la fiesta? How many people were at the party? Serían las ocho. It must have been eight o'clock. Habría como diez personas. There were probably about ten people.

Uses of the Past Subjunctive: Present Subjunctive vs. Past Subjunctive

Reminder: When the verb in the main clause is in the past, the verb in the subordinate clause is always in a more complex tense, such as the imperfect or imperfect subjunctive (Sequence of tenses) In the present, it's the same idea. If the verb in the main clause is the present, the verb in the subordinate clause is always a more complex tense such as the present subjunctive or present perfect subjunctive (more on this tense later.) PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE El jefe sugiere que vayas a la reunión. The boss suggests that you go to the meeting. Espero que ustedes no tengan problemas con el nuevo sistema. I hope you won't have any problems with the new system. Buscamos a alguien que conozca bien la bolsa. We are looking for someone who knows the stock market well. Les mando mi currículum en caso de que haya un puesto disponible. I'm sending them my résumé in case there is a position available. PAST SUBJUNCTIVE El jefe sugirió que fueras a la reunión. The boss suggested that you go to the meeting. Esperaba que no tuvieran problemas con el nuevo sistema. I was hoping you wouldn't have any problems with the new system. Buscábamos a alguien que conociera bien la bolsa. We were looking for someone who knew the stock market well. Les mandé mi currículum en caso de que hubiera un puesto disponible. I sent them my résumé, in case there was a position available.

Si clauses with simple tenses

Si (if) clauses express a condition or event upon which another condition or event depends. Sentences with si clauses are often hypothetical statements. They are made up of a subordinate clause (si clause) and a main clause (result clause). However, remember the sequence of tenses. There must be first a simple present or past tense verb before the si clause. (Please look at the last card for examples on the sequence of tenses). Fabiola and Éric look at a keyring that Diana has in her hand. —No lo culpo si lo cambia por un pez. "I don't blame you if you trade it for a fish." In the picture, the si clause being the subordinate clause (on the left) and the main clause (result clause) on the right. However, as you will see on the next card, the si clause will always be the subordinate clause, but it can come before the main clause. Bear with me, it will make sense in a few minutes. So this means, this picture is reversible. For example, in a si clause, if you see a conditional verb (result clause) come first, know the si clause's verb is the imperfect subjunctive.

Refresher: Spelling changes in formal commands

Since commands are always made in the present tense, you use the -car, -gar, -zar endings from the present. • Verbs ending in -gar change to -gue(n) llegar: llegue (Ud.), lleguen (Uds.) • Verbs ending in -car change to -que(n) buscar: busque (Ud.), busquen (Uds.) • Verbs ending in -zar change to -ce(n) almorzar: almuerce (Ud.), almuercen (Uds.) • Verbs ending in -ger / -gir change to -ja(n) escoger: escoja (Ud.), escojan (Uds.)

Refresher: Phrases that are uncertain depending on the context

T.H.E.CD.M.P T- tan pronto como: as soon as H- hasta que: until E- en cuanto: as soon as/when C- cuando: when D- después de que: after M- mientras: while/as long as P- Para cuando: by the time

Uses of the conditional

The conditional is used to express what would occur under certain circumstances. En Venezuela, ¿qué lugar visitarías primero? In Venezuela, which place would you visit first? Iría primero a Caracas y después a la Isla Margarita. First I would go to Caracas and then to Margarita Island ¡Atención! In English, would is often used to express the conditional, but it can also express what used to happen. However, this is not the case in Spanish. To express habitual past actions, Spanish uses the imperfect, not the conditional. - Cuando era pequeña, iba a la playa durante los veranos. When I was young, I would go to the beach in the summer. The conditional is also used to make polite requests. Me gustaría cobrar este cheque. I would like to cash this check. ¿Podría firmar aquí, en el reverso? Would you please sign here, on the back?

Refresher: The Future tense

The future tense (el futuro) uses the same endings for all -ar, -er, and -ir verbs. For regular verbs, the endings are added to the infinitive. Hablar (to talk) hablaré hablarás hablará hablaremos hablaréis hablarán Deber (to should) deberé deberás deberá deberemos deberéis deberán Abrir (to open) abriré abrirás abrirá abriremos abriréis abrirán ¡Atención! Note that all of the future tense endings carry a written accent mark, except the nosotros/as form. For more information on the Future Tense, see Span 210 Unit 1 Grammar Quizlet.

How to form the past subjunctive (imperfect subjunctive)

The past subjunctive (el imperfecto del subjuntivo is first formed by taking the third person plural form of the preterit tense (-aron/-ieron) of all verbs. Ex. Hablar (to talk) -> hablaron Then remove the -ron ending from the ustedes/ellos/ellas form of the preterite verb and adding the past subjunctive endings. All verbs have the same endings (all -ar, -ir, and -er are the same). Ex. Hablar -> hablaron -> (Yo) Hablara What you really need to watch is the stems because remember the past subjunctive stems come from the preterite. All of them, the regular, irregular, and stem-changing verbs. So see the preterite in Spanishdict and/or past quizlets. ESPECIALLY -> Spanish 121 Unit #4 Quizlet & Spanish 122 Unit #2

The past subjunctive (Imperfect Subjunctive)

The past subjunctive is required in the same situations like the present subjunctive, except that the point of reference is always in the past. When the verb in the main clause is in the past, the verb in the subordinate clause is always in a more complex tense, such as the imperfect or imperfect subjunctive. When the verb in the main clause is in the present, the verb in the subordinate clause is in a more complex tense, such as the present subjunctive or the present perfect subjunctive (more on that tense later.) This is called the sequence of tenses. More on that later as well. Remember: The Subjunctive is used to express Wishes, Emotions, Impersonal Expressions (Idioms), Recommendations, Doubt/Denial, or Ojalá. But this time it is in the past! For a good review on the subjunctive, see Spanish 209 Unit #4/5 Grammar Quizlet

The conditional tense

To express the idea of what would happen/hypotheticals, use the conditional tense. The conditional tense (el condicional) uses the same endings for all -ar, -er, and -ir verbs. (It is also the same endings as -er/-ir endings in the imperfect) Dijeron que irían a la fiesta. They said they'd go to the party. For regular verbs, the endings are added to the infinitive like the future tense. dar daría darías daría daríamos daríais darían ser sería serías sería sería seríais serían vivir viviría vivirías viviría viviríamos viviríais vivirían ¡Atención! Note that all the conditional endings carry a written accent mark.

Transitional expressions

Transitional words and phrases express the connections between ideas and details. All members of the office sitting around a table where there is a birthday cake. They have their eyes closed. —Antes de apagar las velas, quiero que cierren los ojos y luego pidan un deseo. Before we blow out the candles, I want us to close our eyes and make a wish. Fabiola portrait —Hay tres compañías que andan detrás de mí. Por lo tanto, merezco otro aumento. There are three other companies that want me. That's why I deserve another raise.

Irregular stems in the conditional

Verbs with irregular future stems have the same irregular stem in the conditional. (CPPS-DSTS-VQVHH)*, remember? For irregular verbs, the same conditional endings are added to the irregular stem. With the exception of decir (dir-) & querer (querr-), all the infinitives stem endings are -r or -dr Infinitive -> Stem -> Conditional forms caber (to fit) -> cabr -> cabría, cabrías, cabría, cabríamos, cabríais, cabrían poner (to put) -> pondr- pondría, pondrías, pondría, pondríamos, pondríais, pondrían poder (to be able to) -> podr- podría, podrías, podría, podríamos, podríais, podrían saber (to know) -> sabr- sabría, sabrías, sabría, sabríamos, sabríais, sabrían decir (to say) -> dir- diría, dirías, diría, diríamos, diríais, dirían satisfacer (to satisfy) -> satisfar- satisfaría, satisfarías, satisfaría, satisfaríamos, satisfaríais, satisfarían tener (to have; main tense) -> tendr- tendría, tendrías, tendría, tendríamos, tendríais, tendrían salir (to go out) -> saldr- saldría, saldrías, saldría, saldríamos, saldríais, saldrían valer (to be worth; to cost) -> valdr- valdría, valdrías, valdría, valdríamos, valdríais, valdrían querer (to want) -> querr- querría, querrías, querría, querríamos, querríais, querrían venir (to come) -> vendr- vendría, vendrías, vendría, vendríamos, vendríais, vendrían hacer (to do/make) -> har- haría, harías, haría, haríamos, haríais, harían haber (to have, in the sense of to have done something) -> habr -> habría, habrías, habría, habríamos, habríais, habrían

Refresher: Reflexive verbs in the past tense

When conjugating a reflexive verb in the past tense, include the appropriate reflexive pronoun before the conjugated verb (me, te, se, nos, os, se). - Ex. Javier se levantó a las nueve pero yo me quedé en cama hasta las once. -> Javier got me up at 9:00, but I stayed in bed until 11:00.

Alternative Past Subjunctive Endings

You will see these endings on Spanishdict.com under the Subjunctive section as "Imperfect 2". There is no difference in meaning between the two of them and are interchangeable. You will also see these forms in literary selections. However, this tense is mostly used in Spain and nowhere else. But occasionally pop up, so keep an eye out for them. Endings: (-se, -ses, -se, -semos, -seis, -sen). La señora Medina exigió que le mandásemos el contrato para el viernes. Ms. Medina demanded that we send her the contract by Friday. La señora Medina exigió que le mandáramos el contrato para el viernes. Ms. Medina demanded that we send her the contract by Friday.

Refresher: Examples of Conjunctions that require the subjunctive

a menos que unless antes (de) que before con tal (de) que provided that en caso (de) que in case para que so that sin que without; unless El gobierno se prepara en caso de que haya una gran sequía el verano que viene. The government is getting ready in case there is a big drought next summer. A menos que haga mal tiempo, iremos a la montaña el próximo miércoles. We will go to the mountains next Wednesday unless the weather is bad. Debemos proteger a los animales salvajes antes de que se extingan. We should protect wild animals before they become extinct. Atención! Adverbial clauses can also go before the main clause. Note that a comma is used in that case. No iré a la fiesta a menos que me inviten. --> A menos que me inviten, no iré a la fiesta. For more info and more specifics, see Span 209 Unit #5 quizlet

Transitional Expressions: compare or contrast ideas and details

además furthermore al contrario on the contrary al mismo tiempo at the same time aunque although, even if con excepción de with the exception of de la misma manera similarly igualmente likewise mientras que where as ni... ni neither... nor o... o either... or por otra parte / otro lado on the other hand por un lado... por el otro... on one hand... on the other... por una parte... por la otra... on one hand... on the other... sin embargo however; yet también also

Transitional Expressions: Time and Sequence

al final at the end; in the end al mismo tiempo at the same time del mismo modo in the same way al principio in the beginning anteayer the day before yesterday antes (de) before ayer yesterday después (de) after; afterward entonces then; at that time finalmente finally

Transitional expressions: cause and effect relationships

así que so; therefore como since como resultado (de) as a result (of) dado que since debido a due to por consiguiente therefore por eso therefore por esta razón for this reason por lo tanto therefore porque because

Transitional Expressions: Time and Sequence Continued

hoy today luego then; next mañana tomorrow mientras while pasado mañana the day after tomorrow por fin finally primero first segundo second siempre always

Refresher: Exceptions with que in conjunctions followed by the subjunctive or the indicative

¡Atención! A pesar de, después de, and hasta can also be followed by an infinitive, instead of que + [subjunctive], when there is no change of subject. Voy a acostarme después de ver las noticias. If the action in the main clause has already happened, or happens habitually, then the indicative is used in the adverbial clause. Tan pronto como empezó a llover, Matías salió a jugar al parque. As soon as it started to rain, Matías went out to play in the park. Mi padre y yo siempre nos lo pasamos bien cuando estamos juntos. My father and I always have fun when we are together.

A special note about Si clauses

¡Atención! The si clause may be the first or second clause in a sentence. Note that a comma is used only when the si clause comes first. Si tienes tiempo, ven con nosotros. If you have time, come with us. Iré con ustedes si no llueve. I'll go with you if it doesn't rain. ¡Atención! Si (if) does not carry a written accent. However, sí (yes) does carry a written accent. Si puedes, ven. If you can, come. Sí, puedo. Yes, I can.

Refresher: Formal Commands with Pronouns: Positive (Affirmative) Commands

• In a formal affirmative command, attach the pronoun to the end of the verb; place an accent over the third-to-last syllable: (goes right to left). Or it's usually the second vowel. Remember your vowels: a, e, i, o, u. ◦ Reflexive pronoun (se): Pónganse este protector solar antes de salir. Put on this sunscreen before you go out. ◦ Direct object pronouns (me, te, lo, la, nos, os, los, las): ¿El jarabe? Tómelo cada cuatro horas. The cough syrup? Take it every four hours. ◦ Indirect object pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les): Mándeme un mensaje de texto. Send (to) me a text message For more information on commands, see Span 122 Unit 3

Refresher: Formal Commands with pronouns: Negative Commands

• In a formal negative command, place the pronoun directly before the verb: ◦ Reflexive pronoun (se): No se ponga esta crema en la herida. Don't put this cream on your wound. ◦ Direct object pronouns (me, te, lo, la, nos, os, los, las): ¿Las pastillas? No las tome con la comida. The pills? Don't take them with food. ◦ Indirect object pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les): ¡No le digan nada a Pepe! Don't say anything to Pepe!