Span 302 Grammar Unit 3

The sequence of tenses in Spanish pt. 2

(In English we see the sequence of tenses in the rules governing verb tenses.) They are dictated by logic; an action in the future obviously cannot happen before an action in the past. In writing, it's a matter of looking at your clauses and sentences and determining when each action is happening relative to everything else. The past must come before the present, and the present before the future, etc. Pay particular attention to the verb sequence when you have a dependent clause before an independent clause, or a result clause before the if-clause. When an independent clause is in the past tense, any dependent clauses must also be written in the past tense, not the present tense or the future tense. Consider the example below for an illustration of this rule: The cat was bathing because his feet are dirty. The cat was bathing because his feet will be dirty. (This is grammatically incorrect) Because the tense of the independent clause is in the past (was bathing), the verb in the dependent clause should also be in the past, as illustrated in the sentence below: The cat was bathing because his feet were dirty. (Grammatically Correct)

Forms of the imperfect (past) subjunctive (-ra endings)

(Yo) -ra (Tú) -ras (él, ella, usted) -ra (nosotros/-as) -´ramos (vosotros/-as) -rais (ellos/-as, uds.) -ran Note: The nosotros/-as form of the verb has an accent (´) on the vowel that precedes the ending for the imperfect (past) subjunctive. This is because this is an imperfect tense and there's an accent in the nosotros form of the imperfect tense. caminar (to walk) -> caminaron -> camin- caminara caminaras caminara camináramos caminarais caminaran perder (to lose) -> perdieron -> perdie- perdiera perdieras perdiera perdiéramos perdierais perdieran vivir -> vivieron (to live) -> vivi- viviera vivieras viviera viviéramos vivierais vivieran Estela dudaba de que su madre la ayudara a pagar un carro nuevo. Estela doubted that her mother would help her pay for a new car. Me extrañó que Ana renunciara después de tantos años. I was surprised that Ana quit after so many years. El asesor nos recomendó que financiáramos la deuda a largo plazo. The consultant recommended that we financed the loan long-term. Irregular

Examples of Impersonal Expressions (Opinionated statements)

- Es bueno que it's good that - Es malo que it's bad that - Es increíble que it's incredible that - Es inútil que it's useless that - Es una lástima que it's a pity that - Es una suerte que it's fortunate that - Es extraño it's strange - es importante it's important - es imposible it's impossible - es mejor it's better - es ridículo it's ridiculous - es terrible it's terrible - es una lástima it's a shame - es una pena it's a pity - es necesario it's necessary - es urgente it's urgent Es una lástima que estés con gripe. It's a shame you have the flu. Es mejor que te acompañen. (It's better that they go with you.)

Pedir vs Preguntar

- Pedir is used with the subjunctive to ask someone to do something. - Preguntar is used to ask questions and is not followed by the subjunctive. No te pido que lo hagas ahora. I'm not asking you to do it now. No te pregunto si lo haces ahora. I'm not asking you if you're doing it now.

Mood vs. Tense

- The grammatical mood reflects a speaker's attitude toward a statement. In Spanish has three moods: the subjunctive, the indicative, and the imperative. - Grammatical tense refers to when an action takes place. Spanish has three tenses: the past, the present, and the future.

Examples of Verbs of Will and Influence

- aconsejar to advise - desear to desire; to wish (regular) - es necesario it's necessary - es urgente it's urgent - exigir to demand - gustar to like - hacer to make - importar to be important - insistir en to insist (on) (regular) - mandar to order - necesitar to need - oponerse a to oppose - pedir (e:i) to ask for; to request - preferir (e:ie) to prefer - prohibir to prohibit - proponer to propose - querer (e:ie) to want; to wish - recomendar (e:ie) to recommend - rogar (o:ue) to beg - sugerir (e:ie) to suggest Necesito que consigas estas pastillas en la farmacia. (I need you to get these pills at the pharmacy.) El médico siempre me recomienda que deje de fumar. (The doctor always recommends that I quit smoking.) Insisto en que vayas a la sala de emergencias. (I insist that you go to the emergency room.) Se oponen a que salgas si estás enfermo. (They object to your going out if you're sick.)

Examples of verbs of emotions

- alegrarse (de) to be happy (about) - es bueno it's good - es extraño it's strange - es malo it's bad - es mejor it's better - es ridículo it's ridiculous - es terrible it's terrible - es una lástima it's a shame - es una pena it's a pity - esperar to hope; to wish - gustar to like; to be pleasing - molestar to bother - sentir (e:ie) to be sorry; to regret - sorprender to surprise - temer to fear (regular) - tener miedo a/de to be afraid (of)

Examples of verbs of doubt or denial

- dudar to doubt - es imposible it's impossible - es improbable it's improbable - es poco seguro it's uncertain - (no) es posible it's (not) possible - negar (e:ie) to deny - no creer not to believe - no es evidente it's not evident - no es seguro it's not certain - no es verdad/cierto it's not true - no estar seguro/a de not to be sure (of)

-Cer and -Cir Verbs

-Cer and -Cir with spelling changes in the present subjunctive: yo form - Cer -> (c -> zc); conocer -> conozca - Cer -> (c -> z); convencer -> convenza - Cir -> (c -> zc); conducir -> conduzca - Cir -> (c -> z); esparcir -> esparza Necesito que se traduzca la carta. (I need the letter translated.)

Refresher: Spelling Changes in tú commands

-car endings -> -que(s) -gar endings -> gue(s) -zar endings -> ce(s) -ger/gir endings -> ja(s)

Subjunctive Clauses

A clause is a group of words that contains both a conjugated verb and a subject (expressed or implied). When the subject of the main (independent) clause of a sentence exerts influence or will on the subject of the subordinate clause, the verb in the subordinate clause takes the subjunctive. MAIN CLAUSE Yo quiero CONNECTOR que SUBORDINATE CLAUSE tú vayas al médico. Yo quiero que tú vayas al médico. (I want you to go to a doctor.)

Clauses

A group of words in a sentence that contains a subject and a verb (predicate). Remember all conjugations are based on the subject, not the direct or indirect action (noun) in the clause. The noun only must match the verb and subject. Also, remember that clauses (independent clauses to be exact) are just mini sentences that can stand-alone). Dependent clauses just contain just a subject and verb, but need a noun to be completed. This is where an independent or another dependent clause comes in, connected by a connector (que, y, pero, sino, etc.) (In English, this is: and, but, so, therefore, between, etc.)

Refresher: So phrases that are always uncertain, therefore always will trigger the subjunctive

A.A.A.S.P.A.C.E.S (Triple A Spaces) A- Antes de que: before A- A fin de que: so that/ in order that A- a no ser que: unless S- sin que: without P- para que: so that/in order that A- a menos que: unless C- con tal de que: provided that E- en caso de que: in case S- siempre que: provided that

The Personal A and Antecedents

ANTECEDENT UNCERTAIN/DOUBTFUL → SUBJUNCTIVE Busco un guía que hable inglés. (I'm looking for a guide who speaks English.) ANTECEDENT CERTAIN → INDICATIVE Conozco a un guía que habla inglés. (I know a guide who speaks English.) Use the personal a before nadie, ninguno/a, and alguien, even when their existence is uncertain. ANTECEDENT UNCERTAIN/DOUBTFUL → SUBJUNCTIVE No conozco a nadie que se queje tanto como Antonio. (I don't know anyone who complains as much as Antonio.) ANTECEDENT CERTAIN → INDICATIVE Yo conozco a alguien que se queja aún más que Antonio... ¡tú! (I know someone who complains even more than Antonio... you!)

Vosotros Commands

Affirmative Commands: The stem of a verb is the same as the root word, regardless if it irregular or not. But -ir, -er, and -ar verbs all have different endings. For example, -ir decir -> decid - ar hablar -> hablad -er hacer -> haced It's the first letter of the ending plus the letter d for some reason. Until that is, the affirmative vosotros command os is added (the exception is irse: idos). This does not happen with other pronouns. With -ir verbs, you will need to add an accent to the i. - Quitaos los zapatos antes de entrar. (Take off your (pl.) shoes before entering.) - Decidme cómo llego allí. (Tell me how to get there.) Negative Commands are the same as the subjunctive vosotros.

The present perfect subjunctive

Aguayo and Fabiola talking. —Me alegro de que hayas conseguido ese papel. "I'm glad you got that role." Fabiola points to Johnny and Mariela. —Espero que se hayan divertido a mis espaldas. "I hope you had fun behind my back." The present perfect subjunctive (el pretérito perfecto del subjuntivo) is formed with the present subjunctive of haber and a past participle. It's used to say you have, she has, he has, but with emotion/bias!

Refresher: The sequence of tenses in Spanish

Aka Parallelism, this states if you have a present tense verb in the main clause (independent clause), you must have the following verb in the present perfect tense or present perfect subjunctive. This second verb is always a more complex verb in the subordinate clause (dependent clause). The same thing for a past tense verb. In the main clause or the first clause, it is the simple past tense. In the second clause or the subordinate clause, the following verb or very next verb is a more complex tense. This verb is the imperfect or the imperfect (past) subjunctive. Sentí mucho que ustedes no regaron las plantas y ahora las plantas estuvieran muerto. I was very sorry that you did not water the plants and now the plants are dead. This is called the sequence of tenses.

Present Prefect Indicative vs Present Perfect Subjunctive

All perfect tenses are used to say you have, had, or will have something. This can be applied to both actions and/or possessions. The present perfect indicative, however, is to say things you have, had, or will have without a doubt. These are actions or possessions that will certainly happen. Remember the indicative is used to say things you know are facts. That you know is true, for example, the sun is hot, the Earth is a sphere, the US is a country, etc. The present perfect subjunctive is used to refer to recently completed actions or past actions that still bear relevance in the present. It is used mainly in the subordinate clause of a sentence whose main clause expresses will, emotion, doubt, or uncertainty. PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE Luis me dice que ha dejado de ver ese programa. Luis tells me that he has stopped watching that show. PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE Me alegro de que Luis haya dejado de ver ese programa. I'm glad that Luis has stopped watching that show.

Refresher: The subjunctive in adverbial clauses

An adverbial clause (cláusula adverbial) is one that modifies or describes verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. It describes how, why, when, or where an action takes place. In Spanish, adverbial clauses are commonly introduced by conjunctions. Certain conjunctions require the subjunctive, while others can be followed by the subjunctive or the indicative, depending on the context in which they are used. (Triple A Spaces, THECDMP, or Triple A +LMN) Ex: - ¡Estoy dejando espacio para que la atrapen! (uses the indicative) - No le des más comida aunque ponga cara de perrito. (uses the subjunctive)

Refresher: Conjunctions that require the subjunctive

Certain conjunctions are always followed by the subjunctive because they introduce actions or states that are uncertain or have not yet happened. These conjunctions commonly express purpose, condition, or intent. As well introduce a new idea, event, or topic. If it does NOT introduce a new idea, event, or topic, the subjunctive is not needed as a subordinate clause is not needed. This also states that conjugation is based on the subject but after a subjunctive phrase is said, it will affect the verb to right of the phrase. Of course, we know only one verb gets conjugated per clause and the phrase only affects that clause. We also know the tense is always shown in the main (independent clause), while the grammatical mood (i.e. subjunctive) is always shown in the subordinate (dependent clause). MAIN CLAUSE Se acabará el petróleo en pocos años CONNECTOR a menos que SUBORDINATE CLAUSE encontremos energías alternativas.

El hecho de que

El hecho de que (the fact that) is used mostly with the subjunctive. This also applies to the shortened form (el) que (that). Note the el que in the context is not the same as the relative pronoun el que (the one who/that). El (hecho de) que suban los precios es bastante común. (The fact) that the prices go up is quite common.

How to form the imperfect (past) subjunctive

El imperfecto del subjuntivo is first formed by taking the third person plural form of the preterit tense (-aron/-ieron) of all verbs. Ex. Hablar (to talk) -> hablaron Then remove the -ron ending from the ustedes/ellos/ellas form of the preterite verb and adding the imperfect (past) subjunctive endings. All verbs have the same endings (all -ar, -ir, and -er are the same). Ex. Hablar -> hablaron -> (Yo) Hablara What you really need to watch is the stems because remember the imperfect (past) subjunctive stems come from the preterite. All of them, the regular, irregular, and stem-changing verbs. So see the preterite in Spanishdict and/or past quizlets. ESPECIALLY -> Spanish 121 Unit #4 Quizlet & Spanish 122 Unit #2

Familiar (tú) commands

Familiar commands are used with people you address as tú. Affirmative tú commands have the same form as the él, ella, and usted form of the present indicative. Negative tú commands have the same form as the tú form of the present subjunctive. —No pienses en mí como tu jefe. —Piensa en él como un amigo que tiene siempre razón. Viajar - Affirmative command: viaja - Negative command: no viajes Empezar - Affirmative command: empieza - Negative command: no empieces Pedir - Affirmative command: pide - Negative command: no pidas

Refresher: Irregular formal commands

Five common verbs have irregular formal command forms. Here's an acronym to help remember them: Don Is Super Extremely Special (DISES) Dé (Den) la pastilla al paciente. (Dar -> Don) Give the pill to the patient. Vaya(n) al hospital. (Ir -> Is) Go to the hospital. Sepa(n) su nivel de colesterol. (Saber -> Super) Know your cholesterol level. Esté(n) aquí a las ocho. (Estar -> Extremely) Sea(n) puntual(es) para las citas. (Ser-> Special) Be punctual with appointments.

Refresher: Formal Command Forms

Follow this process to create formal commands: - First, conjugate the verb in the yo form of the present tense. This will alert you to any irregularities or stem changes. - Then drop the final -o and add the new ending. Remember if it's ar, flip it and add a simple present tense -er ending. If it's -er/-ir ending, flip it and add a simple present tense -ar ending. (Basically, just form the simple present subjunctive). - Now, since this is a formal command, the form you take is the third person singular/plural form (depending on how many people you are talking to.) For a negative command, add the word no before the verb.

Formal (Ud. and Uds.) commands

Formal commands (mandatos) are used to give orders or advice to people you address as usted or ustedes. Their forms are identical to the present subjunctive forms for usted and ustedes. For example, take the infinitive tomar - Affirmative command: tome (usted) & tomen (ustedes) - Negative command: no tome (usted) & no tomen (ustedes) Volver - Affirmative command: vuelva (usted) & vuelvan (ustedes) - Negative command: no vuelva (usted) & no vuelvan (ustedes) Salir - Affirmative command: salga (usted) & salgan (ustedes) - Negative command: no salga (usted) & no salgan (ustedes)

Refresher: Formal Commands with Pronouns

Formal commands are often used with pronouns, such as a reflexive, direct object, and indirect object pronouns. The commands are formed in the usual way, and the pronouns must be placed in the proper positions within the sentence.

Wishes

Grammar textbook 183-185, also see ppt

Forms of Present Perfect Subjunctive Haber

Haya Hayas Haya Hayamos Hayáis Hayan

Conjunctions followed by the subjunctive or the indicative

If the action in the main clause has not yet occurred, then the subjunctive is used after conjunctions of time or concession. (So you know when an action is supposed to end.) Conjunctions of time or concession: (A.A.A.L.M.N) A pesar de que despite Apenas as soon as Aunque although; even if Luego que as soon as Mientras que where as Ni/no bien as soon as Aunque me digan que es inofensivo, no me acercaré al perro. Even if they tell me he's harmless, I'm not going near the dog. Cuando Pedro vaya a cazar, tendrá cuidado con las serpientes venenosas. When Pedro goes hunting, he will watch out for the poisonous snakes. Te mando un mensaje de texto apenas lleguemos al aeropuerto. I'll text you as soon as we get to the airport.

Refresher: Exceptions in the case of conjunctions that require the subjunctive

If there is no change of subject in the sentence, a subordinate clause is not necessary. Instead, the prepositions antes de, con tal de, en caso de, para, and sin can be used, followed by the infinitive. Note that the connector que is not necessary in this case. Las organizaciones ecologistas trabajan para proteger los arrecifes de coral. Environmental organizations work to protect coral reefs. Tienes que pedir permiso antes de darles de comer a los monos del zoológico. You need to get permission before feeding the monkeys at the zoo.

Voseo Regions

In Voseo Regions, the vos endings for the present subjunctive can vary. In some areas, the vos endings and the tú endings are the same: Quiero que tú/vos salgas de aquí ya mismo. This is the conjugation presented in this book. The most common vos endings for the present subjunctive are -és and -ás: Quiero que caminés/comás/escribás. Other regional variations exist as well.

Refresher: Formal Commands with pronouns: Negative Commands

In a formal negative command, place the pronoun directly before (in front) the verb: ◦ Reflexive pronoun (se): No se ponga esta crema en la herida. (Don't put this cream on your wound.) ◦ Direct object pronouns (me, te, lo, la, nos, os, los, las): ¿Las pastillas? No las tome con la comida. The pills? Don't take them with food. ◦ Indirect object pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les): ¡No le digan nada a Pepe! Don't say anything to Pepe!

The subjunctive in noun clauses

In a subordinate noun clause (oración subordinada sustantiva), a group of words function together as a noun. That clauses are called noun clauses because they act like nouns and can be the subject, direct object, or indirect object of the sentence. Noun clauses in Spanish start with conjunction que, which can never be omitted the way that can in English. The use of the subjunctive in Spanish noun clauses is always dependent on the meaning of the governing verb. This verb can fall into one of the various verb groups, each with it own rules for the use of subjunctive. The following are the most important verb groups. - Quiero que hagas unos cambios en estos diseños. -> I want you to make a few changes to these designs.

Hypothetical statements about possible events

In hypothetical statements about conditions or events that are possible or likely to occur, the si clause uses the present indicative. The main clause may use the present indicative, the future indicative, ir a + [infinitive], or a command. So if the first verb in the si clause is in the simple present, it can use any of the tenses listed to complete the clause. Si clause: PRESENT INDICATIVE Si salgo temprano del trabajo, If I leave work early... (Main Clause: voy al cine con Andrés. I'm going to the movies with Andrés) Si usted no mejora su currículum, If you don't improve your résumé... (Main Clause: nunca conseguirá empleo. you'll never get a job.) Si la jefa me pregunta, If the boss asks me... (Main Clause: no le voy a mentir. I'm not going to lie to her.) Si hay algún problema, If there is a problem... (Main Clause: lámenos de inmediato. call us right away.) Remember the clauses go both ways because the si clauses can be in the first half of the second half of the sentence.

Hypothetical statements about improbable situation

In hypothetical statements about current conditions or events that are improbable or contrary-to-fact (highly unlikely, but possible), the si clause uses the imperfect (past) subjunctive. The main clause uses the conditional. Si clause: IMPERFECT (PAST) SUBJUNCTIVE 1. ¡Si ustedes no fueran tan inútiles, If you all weren't so incapable... see clause 4 2. Si sacaras un préstamo a largo plazo, If you took out a long-term loan... see clause 5 3. Si no estuviera tan cansada, If I weren't so tired... see clause 6 Main clause: CONDITIONAL 4. ya lo tendrían listo! ...(place clause 1 here) you'd already have this ready! 5. pagarías menos al mes. ...(place clause 2 here) you'd pay less each month. 6. saldría a cenar contigo. ...(place clause 3 here) I'd go out to dinner with you. Fabiola talking to Johnny —Si no estuviera en crisis económica, te ayudaría. If I was not in a economic crisis, I would help you. Johnny talks to Maria who looks down on him. —Si yo fuera él, les daría la tarde libre. If I were him, I'd given you the afternoon off.

Habitual conditions and actions in the past

In statements that express habitual past actions that are not contrary-to-fact, both the si clause and the main clause use the imperfect Si clause: IMPERFECT 1. Si mi papá salía de viaje de negocios, If my dad went on a business trip... see clause 2 Main clause: IMPERFECT 2. siempre me traía un regalito. ...(place clause 2 here) he always brought me back a little present. Johnny talks to Diana who looks at him uncomfortably. —Si no me levantaba a las tres de la mañana, llegaba tarde al trabajo. "If I didn't get up at three in the morning, I'd be late for work."

Impersonal Expressions in the indicative clause vs the subjunctive clause

Indicative - es cierto it's true - es obvio it's obvious - es seguro it's certain - es verdad it's true Subjunctive - no es cierto it's untrue - no es obvio it's not obvious - no es seguro it's not certain - no es verdad it's not true Es verdad que Juan está triste, pero no es cierto que esté deprimido. (It's true that Juan is sad, but it's not true that he is depressed.) Es obvio que usted tiene una infección, pero es improbable que sea contagiosa. It's obvious that you have an infection, but it's unlikely that it's contagious.

Using infinitives in the subjunctive

Infinitives with expressions of will and influence The infinitive, not the subjunctive, is used with verbs and expressions of will and influence if there is no change of subject in the sentence. The que is unnecessary in this case. Quiero ir a Bogotá en junio. I want to go to Bogotá in June. Prefiero que vayas en agosto. I prefer that you go in August. Infinitives with expressions of emotion The infinitive as well, not the subjunctive, is used with verbs and expressions of emotion if there is no change of subject in the sentence. No me gusta llegar tarde. (I don't like to arrive late.) Es mejor que lo hagas ahora. (It's better that you do it now.) Infinitives with doubt or denial The infinitive, not the subjunctive, is used with verbs and expressions of doubt or denial if there is no change in the subject of the sentence. Es imposible viajar hoy. (It's impossible to travel today.) No es seguro que él viaje hoy. (It's not certain that he will travel today.)

The Future Subjunctive pt. 2

Irregular verbs have the same irregularities in the verb stems as the imperfect (past) subjunctive. The endings are the same as they are for regular: fuere, tuviere, hubiere, hiciere, etc. In everyday speech, the future subjunctive appears only in proverbs or idiomatic expressions. It also appears in formal speeches of a legal nature. - Adonde fueres, haz lo que vieres. (When in Rome, do as the Romans do.)

Nosotros/as commands

Nosotros/as commands are used to give orders or suggestions that include yourself as well as other people. In Spanish, nosotros/as commands correspond to the English, let's + [verb]. - Ex. ¡Vamos a caminar! (Let's go walking!) Affirmative and negative nosotros/as commands are generally identical to the nosotros/as forms of the present subjunctive. Bailar - Affirmative command: bailemos - Negative command: no bailemos Beber - Affirmative command: bebamos - Negative command: no bebamos Abrir - Affirmative command: abramos - Negative command: no abramos However, in nostros commands the -s ending is dropped before the pronouns nos and se. - Sentémonos a descanar (Let's sit down and rest) - Pongámonos a trabajar ya (Let's get to work now)

Subjunctive Tenses Overview in Span 210

Note the difference in meaning between the three subjunctive tenses you have learned so far. PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE Las cadenas nacionales buscan corresponsales que hablen varios idiomas. The national networks are looking for correspondents who speak several languages. (Factual and in the present!) PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE Prefieren contratar a los que hayan trabajado en el extranjero. They prefer to hire those who have worked abroad. (This is in the present, but it is a preference, bias, a recommendation to applicants.) Imperfect (Past) Subjunctive Antes, insistían en que los solicitantes tuvieran cinco años de experiencia. In the past, they insisted that applicants have five years of experience. (A preference and in the past!)

The Past Perfect Subjunctive

Pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo The past perfect subjunctive is formed with the past subjunctive of the auxiliary verb haber (hubiera/hubiese) and the past participle of the main verb.

Uses of the imperfect (past) subjunctive: Present Subjunctive vs. Imperfect subjunctive

Reminder: When the verb in the main clause is in the past, the verb in the subordinate clause is always in a more complex tense, such as the imperfect or imperfect (past) subjunctive (Sequence of tenses) In the present, it's the same idea. If the verb in the main clause is the present, the verb in the subordinate clause is always a more complex tense such as the present subjunctive or present perfect subjunctive (more on this tense later.) PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE El jefe sugiere que vayas a la reunión. The boss suggests that you go to the meeting. Espero que ustedes no tengan problemas con el nuevo sistema. I hope you won't have any problems with the new system. Buscamos a alguien que conozca bien la bolsa. We are looking for someone who knows the stock market well. Les mando mi currículum en caso de que haya un puesto disponible. I'm sending them my résumé in case there is a position available. Imperfect (Past) Subjunctive El jefe sugirió que fueras a la reunión. The boss suggested that you go to the meeting. Esperaba que no tuvieran problemas con el nuevo sistema. I was hoping you wouldn't have any problems with the new system. Buscábamos a alguien que conociera bien la bolsa. We were looking for someone who knew the stock market well. Les mandé mi currículum en caso de que hubiera un puesto disponible. I sent them my résumé, in case there was a position available.

Doubt/Denial

See ppt for more info, but there is a mathematical equation to using doubt/denial correctly. The formula: - A positive word (a word that expresses certainty) + negative word (a word that expresses uncertainty) = a negative result, so the verb of the sentence should be subjunctive - A positive word + a positive word = positive result, so indictive - A negative word + negative word = positive result, so indictive This formula comes from the basic laws of negative and positive integers from math. Remember Spanish is math in the sense of using which verbs/phrases/nouns, fit where so that way the sentence makes sense (so get an answer to your equation.)

Doubt/Denial pt. 2

See textbook

Si clauses with simple tenses

Si (if) clauses express a condition or event upon which another condition or event depends. Sentences with si clauses are often hypothetical statements. They are made up of a subordinate clause (si clause) and a main clause (result clause). However, remember the sequence of tenses. There must be first a simple present or past tense verb before the si clause. (Please look at the last card for examples on the sequence of tenses). Fabiola and Éric look at a keyring that Diana has in her hand. —No lo culpo si lo cambia por un pez. "I don't blame you if you trade it for a fish." In the picture, the si clause being the subordinate clause (on the left) and the main clause (result clause) on the right. However, as you will see on the next card, the si clause will always be the subordinate clause, but it can come before the main clause. Bear with me, it will make sense in a few minutes. So this means, this picture is reversible. For example, in a si clause, if you see a conditional verb (result clause) come first, know the si clause's verb is the imperfect (past) subjunctive.

Refresher: Spelling changes in formal commands

Since commands are always made in the present tense, you use the -car, -gar, -zar endings from the present. • Verbs ending in -gar change to -gue(n) llegar: llegue (Ud.), lleguen (Uds.) • Verbs ending in -car change to -que(n) buscar: busque (Ud.), busquen (Uds.) • Verbs ending in -zar change to -ce(n) almorzar: almuerce (Ud.), almuercen (Uds.) • Verbs ending in -ger / -gir change to -ja(n) escoger: escoja (Ud.), escojan (Uds.)

the present perfect subjunctive

Subjunctive form of haber + the past participle. -ado to the stem of -ar verbs, and -ido to the stem of -er and -ir verbs. cerrar haya cerrado hayas cerrado haya cerrado hayamos cerrado hayáis cerrado hayan cerrado perder haya perdido hayas perdido haya perdido hayamos perdido hayáis perdido hayan perdido asistir haya asistido hayas asistido haya asistido hayamos asistido hayáis asistido hayan asistido

Refresher: Phrases that are uncertain depending on the context

T.H.E.CD.M.P T- tan pronto como: as soon as H- hasta que: until E- en cuanto: as soon as/when C- cuando: when D- después de que: after (only subjunctive if the action is in the future) M- mientras: while/as long as P- Para cuando: by the time

Exclamations

The Subjunctive is always used in the simple wish clauses in the form of exclamations, usually with vivir. In English, this is mostly expressed with hurrah/hooray, go, long live! - Viva el Barcelona! (Go, Barcelona!) Such simple exclamations are accompanied by que when expressing wishes or request. These exclamations can be interpreted as containing an implied verb of will (querer, desear, esperar) that governs what is said. - ¡Que se besen los novios! (Have a good trip)

Indirect (él, ella, ellos, ellas) commands

The construction que + [subjunctive] can be used with a third-person form to express indirect commands that correspond to the English let someone do something. If the subject of the indirect command is expressed, it usually follows the verb. Que pase el siguiente. (Let the next person pass.) Que lo haga ella. Let her do it. As with other uses of the subjunctive, pronouns are never attached to the conjugated verb, regardless of whether the indirect command is affirmative or negative. Affirmative command: Que se lo den José y Raquel. (Let José and Raquel give it to them.) Negative command: Que no se lo den José y Raquel. (Don't let José and Raquel give it to them.) Affirmative command: Que lo vuelva a hacer Ana. (Let Ana do it again.) Negative command: Que no lo vuelva a hacer Ana. (Don't let Ana do it again.)

Es que

The expression es que (it's that) describes a causal relationship. The indicative is used in affirmative clauses and the subjunctive in negative subordinate clauses. This expression is a shortened form of lo que ocure/pasa/ sucede es que (the thing is that). - No es que estemos aburridos, es que tenemos que irnos ya. (It's not that we are bored, it's just we have to go now.)

Hacer que

The expression hacer que expresses influence and should be followed by the subjunctive. - La nieve hará que el tráfico se vuelva imposible. (The snow will make traffic impossible.)

The subjunctive (el subjuntivo) pt. 2

The first subject is in the indicative mood and the second is in the subjunctive. However, if there is only one subject, all subjects are in the subjunctive. - The present subjunctive is formed by dropping the -o from the yo form of the present indicative and adding these endings (seen in the next two cards). - Many of the words and phrases that trigger the subjunctive fit into the acronym W.E.I.R.D.O, which stands for: Wishes (Wills), Emotions, Impersonal expressions, Recommendations (Influences), Doubt/Denial (or negates existence), and Ojalá (means hopefully, literal translation: God Willing. Comes from Arabic)

The Future Subjunctive

The future subjunctive is used in modern Spanish only in legal texts, laws, and regulations. The future subjunctive is formed with the same verb stem as the imperfect (past) subjunctive and the following endings. Hablar (to talk) - hablare - hablares - hablare - habláremos - hablareis - hablaren Comer (to eat) - comiere - comiere - comiéremos - comiereis - comieren Subir (to go up; to climb) - Same as hablar & comer

Imperative Mood

The imperative mood is used to give commands.

The Imperfect (Past) Subjunctive

The imperfect (past) subjunctive (el imperfecto de subjuntivo) follows many of the same rules as the present subjunctive. Introduced with a preterite, imperfect, conditional, or past perfect WEIRDO verb in the independent clause, the imperfect subjunctive often refers to a previous experience, but can also refer to unlikely events or possibilities.

Making polite requests (imperfect (past) subjunctive)

The imperfect (past) subjunctive is also commonly used with querer to make polite requests or to soften statements. Quisiera que me llames hoy. (I would like you to call me today.) Quisiera hablar con usted. (I would like to speak with you.)

Nosotros Commands with ir

The nosotros/as commands for ir and irse are irregular: vamos and vámonos. The negative commands are regular: no vayamos and no nos vayamos.

The past perfect

The past perfect tense (el pretérito pluscuamperfecto) is formed with the imperfect of haber and a past participle. As with other perfect tenses, the past participle does not change form. viajar había viajado habías viajado habíamos viajado habíais viajado habían viajado perder (same for ir verbs) había perdido habías perdido había perdido habíamos perdido habíais perdido habían perdido In Spanish, as in English, the past perfect expresses what someone had done or what had occurred before another action or condition in the past. (So this is your I have done, you have done that, she has done that, etc.) Decidí comprar una cámara digital nueva porque la vieja se me había roto varias veces. I decided to buy a new digital camera because my old one had broken several times. Cuando por fin les dieron la patente, otros ingenieros ya habían inventado una tecnología mejor. When they were finally given the patent, other engineers had already invented a better technology.

Hay in the subjunctive form

The present subjunctive form of hay (there is/there are) is haya. No creo que haya una solución -> I don't think there is a solution.

The subjunctive (el subjuntivo)

The subjunctive (el subjuntivo) is used mainly in the subordinate (dependent) clause of multiple-clause sentences to express will, influence, emotion, doubt/ denial, and the phrase Ojalá. As well as future actions, potential actions or things that you are NOT sure if they exist, or actions that depend on another action to happen. The subjunctive expresses the speaker's attitude toward events, as well as actions or states that the speaker views as uncertain. - All subjunctive sentences are complex sentences with two or more verbs, a relative pronoun, and one or more subjects.

Adjective clauses in the subjunctive

The subjunctive is commonly used in questions with adjective clauses when the speaker is trying to find out information about which he or she is uncertain. If the person who responds knows the information, the indicative is used. ANTECEDENT UNCERTAIN/DOUBTFUL → SUBJUNCTIVE ¿Me recomienda usted un hotel que esté cerca de la costa? Can you recommend a hotel that is near the coast? ¿Tiene otra brújula que sea más fácil de usar? Do you have another compass that is easier to use? ANTECEDENT CERTAIN → INDICATIVE Sí, el Hotel Flamingo está justo en la playa. Yes, the Flamingo Hotel is right on the beach. Vea ésta y, si no, tengo tres más que son muy fáciles de usar. Look at this one, and if not, I have three others that are very easy to use.

The subjunctive with impersonal expressions

The subjunctive is frequently used in subordinate clauses following impersonal expressions. Impersonal expressions are expressions that indicate a will, desire, or emotion. These are usually followed by the subjunctive. IMPERSONAL EXPRESSION Es urgente CONNECTOR que SUBORDINATE CLAUSE vayas al hospital. Es urgente que vayas al hospital. (It's urgent that you go to the hospital) (Especially if you think you have symptoms of the Coronavirus.)

Exclamations pt. 2

These simple wish clauses are common in social contexts where expressions of good (or bad) wishes are given. - ¡Que tengas un feliz viaje! (Have a good trip!) The word ojalá comes from the Arabic in sha'a Allah meaning if Allah/God wills. It is used in the same way as God willing in English and expresses a strong desire that something happen. Ojalá is noun clauses and is always followed a verb in the subjunctive.

Irregular affirmative tú commands

These verbs have irregular affirmative tú commands. Their negative forms are still the same as the tú form of the present subjunctive. - decir -> di - hacer -> haz - ir -> ve - poner -> pon - salir -> sal - ser -> sé - tener -> ten - venir -> ven

Tú Commands further explained

To form a tú command, you must decide if the command is affirmative (positive remember) or negative. Once you got that, we can go on. If positive, this is the only form that does not use the simple present subjunctive. Only the ud. form of the simple present (indicative). (ar -> a, er/ir -> e) If negative, this uses the simple subjunctive just as all the other commands do, but it uses the tú form of the simple subjunctive. (ar -> es, ir/er -> as)

The subjunctive vs the indicative mood

To grasp the differences between the subjunctive and the indicative is understanding that certain words or phrases trigger the use of each mood. For example, words and phrases that indicate uncertainty trigger the subjunctive, while those that indicate certainty trigger the indicative. ¡Atención! The indicative is used to express actions, states, or facts the speaker considers to be certain. These are simple sentences with a single subject and a single verb. These actions include actions that happen all the time, things you are CERTAIN to exist/not exist, habitual actions, or have already happened. (It's the simple present tense)

Uses of the imperfect (past) subjunctive: Idioms

Use the imperfect (past) subjunctive after the expression como si (as if ). Alfredo gasta dinero como si fuera millonario. (Alfredo spends money as if he were a millionaire.) El presidente habló de la economía como si no hubiera una recesión. (The president talked about the economy as if there were no recession.) Ella rechazó mi opinión como si no importara. (She rejected my opinion as if it didn't matter.) ¡Atención! The imperfect (past) subjunctive is also frequently used in si clauses. Si pudiera, compraría más acciones. (If I could, I would buy more shares.)

-car, -gar, and -zar in the subjunctive

Verbs that end in -car, -gar, and -zar undergo spelling changes in the present subjunctive. (So it's same thing as changes in the past tense) sacar: saque jugar: juegue almorzar: almuerce

Verbs with accents (-iar and -uar)

Verbs that end in -iar and -uar take an accent in the present subjunctive just as in the present indicative. -iar (i -> í); enviar -> envíe - uar (u -> ú); continúar -> continúe Es necesario que envíes tu solicitud a tiempo. (It's necessary that you send in your application on time.)

More stem changes in the subjunctive

Verbs with a spelling change in the yo form in the present indicative also have spelling changes in the present subjunctive in order to keep to the same sound. The verb endings are regular. -ger, gir, guir, -uir verbs with spelling changes in the present subjunctive: yo form - ger (g -> j; escoger -> escoja) - gir (g -> j; elegir -> elija) - guir (gu -> g; extinguir; extinga) - uir (i -> y; construir -> construya) Queremos que se elija a un nuevo alcalde. (We want a new mayor to be elected.)

Irregular yo forms in the subjunctive

Verbs with irregular yo forms show that same irregularity in all forms of the present subjunctive (including nosotros and vosotros). - caber -> quepa - caer -> caiga - conocer -> conozca - decir -> diga - hacer -> haga - oír -> oiga - poner -> ponga - salir -> salga - seguir -> siga - tener -> tenga - traer -> traiga - valer -> valga - venir -> venga - ver -> vea

Stem changes in the subjunctive

Verbs with stem changes in the present indicative show the same changes in the present subjunctive. Stem-changing -ir verbs also undergo a stem change in the nosotros/as and vosotros/as forms of the present subjunctive. -- *Note: Stem-changing -ar/-er do not undergo this change. pensar (e:ie) -> piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, penséis, piensen jugar (u:ue) -> juegue, juegues, juegue, juguemos, juguéis, jueguen mostrar (o:ue) -> muestre, muestres, muestre, mostremos, mostréis, muestren entender (e:ie) -> entienda, entiendas, entienda, entendamos, entendáis, entiendan resolver (o:ue) -> resuelva, resuelvas, resuelva, resolvamos, resolváis, resuelvan pedir (e:i) -> pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidáis, pidan sentir (e:ie) -> sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintáis, sientan dormir (o:ue) -> duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmáis, duerman

Impersonal Expressions and Infinitives

When an impersonal expression is used to make a general statement or suggestion, the infinitive is used in the subordinate clause. Which makes sense as these are usually facts or general statements. When a new subject is introduced, the subjunctive is used instead. As these are usually opinions. General Statements Es importante hacer ejercicio. It's important to exercise. vs. Es importante que los niños hagan ejercicio. It's important for children to exercise. New Subjects No es seguro caminar solo por la noche. It's not safe to walk around alone at night. vs. No es seguro que camines solo por la noche. It's not safe for you to walk around alone at night

Using pronouns with commands

When object and reflexive pronouns are used with affirmative commands, they are always attached to the verb. When used with negative commands, the pronouns appear between no and the verb. Affirmative command: Levántense temprano. (Wake up early.) Negative command: No se levanten tarde. (Don't wake up late.) Affirmative command: Dime todo. (Tell me everything.) Negative command: No me digas nada. (Don't tell me anything)

Verbs of emotion

When the main clause expresses emotion like hope, fear, joy, pity, or surprise, the verb in the subordinate clause must be in the subjunctive if its subject is different from that of the main clause. Espero que te recuperes pronto. (I hope you recover quickly.) Es terrible que Ana tenga esa enfermedad. (Its terrible that Ana suffers from that illness.) ¡Atención! The subjunctive is also used with expressions of emotion that begin with ¡Qué...! (What a...! / It's so...!) ¡Qué pena que él no vaya! What a shame he's not going! ¡Atención! The expression ojalá (I hope; I wish) is always followed by the subjunctive. The use of que with ojalá is optional. Ojalá (que) no llueva. I hope it doesn't rain. Ojalá (que) no te enfermes. I hope you don't get sick

Verbs of doubt or denial

When the main clause implies doubt, uncertainty, or denial, the verb in the subordinate clause must be in the subjunctive if its subject is different from that of the main clause. No creo que él nos quiera engañar. I don't think that he wants to deceive us. Dudan que el jarabe sea un buen remedio. They doubt that the syrup will be a good remedy.

Refresher: Forms of Present Perfect Haber

Yo- he Tú- has Él/ella/usted (ud.)- ha Nosotros- hemos Vosotros- habéis Ellos/Ellas/ustedes (uds.)- han

Past Perfect Subjunctive

Yo: hubiera/hubiese Tú/vos: hubieras/hubieses Usted/él/ella: hubiera/hubiese Nosotros: hubiéramos/hubiésemos vosotros/as: hubierais/hubieseis ustedes, ellos/as: hubiesen Past participle: -ar verbs: -ado (Yo form: hubiera/hubiese + hablado) -er/-ir verbs: -ido (Yo form: hubiera/hubiese + querido) - Ex. No pensé que hubieras/hubieses tenido un buen viaje. (I didn't think you had a good trip.)

Alternative imperfect (past) subjunctive Endings

You will see these endings on Spanishdict.com under the Subjunctive section as "Imperfect 2". There is no difference in meaning between the two of them and are interchangeable. You will also see these forms in literary selections. However, this tense is mostly used in Spain and nowhere else. But occasionally pop up, so keep an eye out for them. Endings: (-se, -ses, -se, -semos, -seis, -sen). La señora Medina exigió que le mandásemos el contrato para el viernes. Ms. Medina demanded that we send her the contract by Friday. La señora Medina exigió que le mandáramos el contrato para el viernes. Ms. Medina demanded that we send her the contract by Friday.

Refresher: Examples of Conjunctions that require the subjunctive

a menos que unless antes (de) que before con tal (de) que provided that en caso (de) que in case para que so that sin que without; unless El gobierno se prepara en caso de que haya una gran sequía el verano que viene. The government is getting ready in case there is a big drought next summer. A menos que haga mal tiempo, iremos a la montaña el próximo miércoles. We will go to the mountains next Wednesday unless the weather is bad. Debemos proteger a los animales salvajes antes de que se extingan. We should protect wild animals before they become extinct. Atención! Adverbial clauses can also go before the main clause. Note that a comma is used in that case. No iré a la fiesta a menos que me inviten. --> A menos que me inviten, no iré a la fiesta. For more info and more specifics, see Span 209 Unit #5 quizlet

Refresher: Irregulars in the Present Perfect (that carry over to the Present Perfect Subjunctive)

abrir -> abierto cubrir -> cubierto decir -> dicho descubrir -> descubierto escribir -> escrito hacer -> hecho morir -> muerto poner -> puesto resolver -> resuelto romper -> roto ver -> visto volver -> vuelto (CAD-DEM-HRR-PVV*) Think it as another 12 letters long computer code Just a reminder: * = When the stem of an -er or -ir verb also ends in a, e, or o, the past participle requires a written accent (ído) to maintain the correct stress. No accent mark is needed for stems ending in u. ca-er -> caído o-ír -> oído le-er -> leído constru-ir -> construido

Irregular verbs in all forms in the subjunctive

dar -> dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den estar -> esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén ir -> vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan saber-> sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan ser -> sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean

Present Subjunctive (-er & -ir verbs)

ex. comer: to eat (the endings are flipped like commands, so -er & -ir endings has -ar endings) -a -> coma -as -> comas -a -> coma -amos -> comamos -áis -> comáis -an -> coman

The present subjunctive (-ar verbs)

ex. hablar: to talk (the endings are flipped like commands, so -ar endings have -er & -ir endings) -e -> hable -es -> hables -e -> hable -emos -> hablemos -éis -> habéis -en -> haben

Emotions

pg. 186, see ppt

Verbs of will, influence, and necessity

the subjunctive is always used in noun clauses when the main verb either directly or indirectly expresses will, influence, or necessity. Examples of this verb follow.

The verb oler

to smell The verb oler, is a unique o -> ue verb. Forms: huelo, hueles, huele, olemos, oléis, huelen

Refresher: Exceptions with que in conjunctions followed by the subjunctive or the indicative

¡Atención! A pesar de, después de, and hasta can also be followed by an infinitive, instead of que + [subjunctive], when there is no change of subject. Voy a acostarme después de ver las noticias. If the action in the main clause has already happened, or happens habitually, then the indicative is used in the adverbial clause. Tan pronto como empezó a llover, Matías salió a jugar al parque. As soon as it started to rain, Matías went out to play in the park. Mi padre y yo siempre nos lo pasamos bien cuando estamos juntos. My father and I always have fun when we are together.

A special note about Si clauses

¡Atención! The si clause may be the first or second clause in a sentence. Note that a comma is used only when the si clause comes first. Si tienes tiempo, ven con nosotros. If you have time, come with us. Iré con ustedes si no llueve. I'll go with you if it doesn't rain. ¡Atención! Si (if) does not carry a written accent. However, sí (yes) does carry a written accent. Si puedes, ven. If you can, come. Sí, puedo. Yes, I can.

Using pronouns with commands pt. 2

¡Atención! When one or more pronouns are attached to an affirmative command, an accent mark may be necessary to maintain the original stress. This usually happens when the combined verb form has three or more syllables. decir (to say or tell) di dile dímelo diga dígale dígaselo digamos digámosle digámoselo When the pronouns nos or se are attached to an affirmative nosotros/as command, the final s of the command form is dropped. Affirmative command: Sentémonos aquí. (Let's sit here.) Negative command: No nos sentemos aquí. (Let's not sit here.) Affirmative command: Démoselo mañana. (Let's give it to him/her tomorrow) Negative command: No se lo demos mañana. (Let's not give it to him/her tomorrow.)

Refresher: Formal Commands with Pronouns: Positive (Affirmative) Commands

• In a formal affirmative command, attach the pronoun to the end of the conjugated verb. Then place an accent over the third-to-last syllable: (goes right to left) Remember your vowels: a, e, i, o, u. ◦ Reflexive pronoun (se): Pónganse este protector solar antes de salir. Put on this sunscreen before you go out. ◦ Direct object pronouns (me, te, lo, la, nos, os, los, las): ¿El jarabe? Tómelo cada cuatro horas. The cough syrup? Take it every four hours. ◦ Indirect object pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les): Mándeme un mensaje de texto. Send (to) me a text message For more information on commands, see Span 122 Unit 3