Special senses, Endocrine system, Lymphatic system

What are the three primary functions of the lymphatic system?

1. Drains excess interstitial fluid 2. transport lipids and vitamins 3. carries out immune response against invaders

What are three actions of the thyroid gland?

1. Increase BMR: important role in maintaining normal body temp especially in mammals 2. Permissive effects on the catecholamines, which slow down or speed up heart rate. 3. Essential for development and growth of nervous tissue and bones.

There are two categories of innate immunity. The skin and mucous membranes provide the first layer of defense. The internal defenses include five categories. Name them, and briefly describe each.

Antimicrobial substances include interferons, which is proteins that interfere with viral replications. the complement system, which cause cytolysis of microbes and assist in phagocytosis iron binding proteins inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of irons they can bind to antimicrobial proteins that perform antimicrobial activities. Phagocytes: ingestion of microbes or cellular debris by neutrophils & macrophages NK cells: attack body cells that's abnormal or unusual membrane proteins. Inflammation: nonspecific, defensive response of the body to tissue damage. Fever: abnormally high body temp that occurs during inflammation and infection.

In contrast to a goat, who sees two separate pictures in two different eyes, humans see everything through one picture. This is because of:

Binocular vision

flow of lymph

Blood capillaries -> Interstitial fluid -> lymph capillaries -> lymph vessels -> lymph trunks -> lymph ducts -> subclavian veins and subclavian veins

There are two primary types of endocrine hormones. They are __________ hormones and ___________ hormones.

Circulating / local

When a cell's proteins are rewritten following a viral takeover of the cell, the body uses the Processing of _________ Antigens to display a MHC-antigen complex in the plasma membrane, signaling that the cell needs help.

Endogenous

Using the appropriate anatomical terms for equilibrium and proprioception, describe why motion sickness occurs.

Equilibrium sense angular and vertical motion while the proprioceptor of eyes and the muscles determine position of the body in space. Motion sickness is result from conflict information among these senses regards to motion.

The Stress Response consists of the Fight or Flight stage followed by the Resistance Reaction. If the Resistance Stage does not combat the stressor, what occurs?

Exhaustion

third stage of stress response

Exhaustion: Prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol and other hormones involved in the resistance reaction causes of wasting of muscle, suppression of immune system, ulceration of gastrointestinal tract, and failure of pancreatic beta cells.

first stage of stress response

Fight or flight response: initiated by nerve impulse from the hypothalamus to the symphatetic division of ANS, including the adrenal medulla, quickly mobilizes the body's resources for immediate physical activity.

Which of these transmits sound to the brain to be integrated?

Hair cells of cochlea

What is the difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?

Innate immunity includes the external physical and chemical barriers provided by the skin and mucous membrane. Non-specific meaning that it does not differentiate between types of pathogens. It also involves various internal defense such as antimicrobial substances, NK cells, phagocytes, inflammation and fever. While Adaptive immunity refers to body's ability to defend itself against specific invading agents such as bacteria, toxins, viruses, and foreign tissues.

There are four ways to acquire adaptive immunity. Name each and describe them.

Naturally acquired active immunity: immunity acquired by getting sick. Recognition by B cells and T cells. Naturally acquired passive immunity: antibodies from mom to fetus. Artificially acquired active immunity: antigens being introduced by vaccination Artificially acquired passive immunity: intravenous injection of antibodies

Nervous system vs Endocrine system

Nervous system release neurotransmitters locally in response to nerve impulses while endocrine systems deliver hormones to tissues throughout body by blood. NS actions are close to the site of release. (Synapse, postsynaptic membrane) while ES site of actions are typically far away from the site of release. Muscle, glands cells and other neurons are target cells of NS while ES target cells throughout body. The speed of the target response of NS typically within milliseconds and last milliseconds while the speed of the target cells of ES take seconds to hours or days, and last longer.

Does the Stress Response always end in exhaustion?

No. Stress can lead to particular diseases by temporarily inhibiting certain components of the immune system and stress related disorderes. People under stress are at greater risk of developing chronic diseases or dying prematurely

First order neurons in the olfactory pathway are

Olfactory receptor cells

Which of the following is NOT a function of a hormone? -Controls growth and development -Produces electrolytes -Regulates metabolism -Regulates glandular secretions -Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal -environment

Produces electrolytes

Name the five types of tastes that can be distinguished them

Salty: presence of sodium ions in food Sour: produced by hydrogen ions released from acids Sweet: elicited by sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose and by artificial sweeteners Bitter: wide variety of substances include caffeine Umami: first reported by Japanese scientist, is described as savory. It is elicited by amino acids. MSG is one of the examples

second stage of stress response

The resistance reaction: Unlike the short-lived fight or flight response, which is initiated by nerve impulse from the hypothalamus, the resistance reaction is initiated in large part of hypothalamic-releasing hormones and is a longer-lasting response. This stage helps the body continue fighting a stressor long after fight or flight response dissipates.

what cause type 1 diabetes?

Type 1 diabetes occurs because of person's immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells. As a result, pancreas produces little or no insulin.

Antigen

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

memory cells

do not actively participate in the initial immune response to antigen. However, if the same antigen enters the body again in the future, the thousands of memory cells of lymphocytes clone are available to initiate a far swifter reaction occurred during the first invasion. Most memory cells do not die at the end of immune response. Instead, they have long life spans (often lasting for decades)

Identify the anatomical structures sound proceeds through, in their correct order (at least four).

external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles, cochlea

Effector cells

lymphocytes clone carry out immune responses that ultimately result in the destruction or inactivation of the antigen. Most effector cells die after immune response has been completed

what cause type 2 diabetes?

obesity, lack of exercise, bad diet. diabetes most often occurs in obese people who are over age 35. However, the number of obese children and teenagers with type 2 diabetes is increasing. Although some type 2 diabetes need insulin, many have a sufficient amounts (or even surplus) of insulin in the blood. For these people, diabetes arise not from a shortage of insulin but because target cells become less sensitive to it due to down-regulation of insulin receptors

colonal selection

process by which lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates in response to a specific antigen

Where does clonal selection occur?

secondary lymphatic organs and tissues