Speech - Ch. 1-3 & 13

Critical Listening

considering ideas heard from a speaker to decide if the message makes sense

Dialogic Communication

demonstrates an honest concern for the welfare of the listeners (communicates trust, mutual respect and acceptance, open mindedness, etc.)

Intrinsic Ethos

ethical appeal found in the actual speech, including such aspects as supporting material, argument flow, and source citation

Informational Listening

goal is to accurately receive information from another person; does not involve criticism or judgment

Responsive Listening

goal is to have a response ready; not listen to the message of the speaker

Appreciative Listening

goal is to listen for enjoyment or entertainment; does not involve analyzing or evaluating information

Emphatic Listening

goal is to understand what the speaker is saying and feeling

Listening

good speakers use what they hear to analyze and respond to the needs of their audience, and to present information in a way that promotes communication

Public Motivation

illuminate a public problem

Search

putting forth an effort to learn enough about your topic so you are able to speak knowledgeably and confidently

Justice

select and present facts and opinions openly and fairly

Audience-Centered

showing your audience you understand their needs and want to help them achieve their goals

Monologic Communication

the audience is viewed as an object to be manipulated and in the process, the speaker displays such qualities as deception, superiority, exploitation, dogmatism, domination, insincerity, pretense, coercion, distrust, and defensiveness

Ceremonial Speeches (4)

-express sincere feelings about the event and the audience -may include a little humor (or not) -has a specific purpose and should be designed to reach that objective -should be audience centered

Retention (2)

1. Audiences remember less than 50% of what they hear 2. after several days, only about 25% remains

Ethical Guidelines for Speaking (4)

1. Recognize the power of the podium 2. speak truthfully 3. become information literate (consume information wisely and appropriately) 4. PARTS (point of view, authority, reliability, timeliness, scope)

Four Stages of Listening

1. Sensing 2. Interpretation 3. Evaluation 4. Reaction

Guidelines for Eulogies (6)

1. acknowledge the loss and refer to the occasion 2. celebrate life rather than focusing on loss 3. use quote, anecdotes, and even humor 4. control your emotions 5. quote others 6. be sincere and brief

When Asking Questions of A Speaker (7)

1. ask open-ended questions 2. don't ask questions that put them on the defensive 3. ask "what if" 4. ask for their advice 5. offer alternatives 6. ask about their feelings 7. repeat back what they said

Evaluating (2)

1. assessing the worth of the speaker's ideas and determining their importance to you 2. as listeners we seek information consistent with what we already know; we accept ideas more readily if they are linked to our values and commitments

Ethical Pitfalls (5)

1. avoid purposeful ambiguity 2. avoid rumors and innuendos 3. uphold unpopular ideas 4. avoid hidden agendas 5. avoid excessive and inappropriate emotional appeals (deception, manipulation, confusion, fallacies)

Toasts (5)

1. brief message of goodwill and congratulations 2. tasteful humor is preferable 3. prepare a short, inspirational message and memorize it 4. choose words with care that address the audience and occasion 5. be positive and avoid clichés

Effective Note Taking (6)

1. create 2 columns for your notes (facts and personal reactions/questions) 2. use a key-word outline instead of full sentences to document the speaker's essential points 3. use your own abbreviations or shorthand symbols to save your time 4. use diagrams, charts, scales, and quick-sketch images to summarize thematic concepts or theories 5. use a numbering system 6. ask the speaker to slow down

Self-Evaluation (2)

1. don't be too critical 2. reflect on how you think you did before reading others' evaluations

Speeches of Acceptance (3)

1. express gratitude for the award 2. personal, gracious, and sincere 3. brief

Using a Questionnaire (4)

1. fixed-alternative questions 2. scale questions 3. open-ended questions 4. observe and interview

Our Freedom of Speech (3)

1. freedom of expression comes with responsibility 2. ethical responsibility to communicate accurately with sound reasoning and decide what is best said and left unsaid 3. freedom of expression is balanced by freedom of choice

8 Steps to Fine Tune Your Listening Skills

1. get ready to listen 2. minimize personal barriers to listening 3. leave distractions behind 4. do not rush to judgment 5. listen first for content, second for delivery 6. become an effective notetaker 7. be an active listener 8. provide feedback

Creating the Speaker-Audience Connection (8)

1. get to the point quickly 2. have confidence 3. be of the people, not above the people 4. use humor 5. get personal 6. encourage participation 7. examine other situational characteristics 8. learn as you go

Listening Research Results (6)

1. identified as one of the top skills employers seek 2. tied to effective leadership 3. confident individuals listen to message content better than individuals who lack confidence 4. listening and nonverbal communication significantly influences multicultural sensitivity 5. effective listening is associated with school success 6. individual performance in an organization is found to be directly related to listening ability or perceived listening effectiveness

Interpreting (2)

1. influenced by emotional and intellectual barriers that get in the way of the speaker's message 2. form of semantic or psychological noise

Types of Listening (5)

1. informational 2. appreciative 3. emphatic 4. critical 5. responsive

Commemorative Speech (5)

1. inspiration message designed to stir emotions 2. commencement speeches 3. eulogies 4. speeches to celebrate the spirit of a special event, toasts, inaugural speeches, and farewell addresses 5. designed to stir emotions

Speech of Introduction (4)

1. introduce a person who will give an important address 2. creative mini-speech 3. heighten anticipation and prepare your audience for the positive experience 4. tell about the speaker's background and why he/she was invited to address the audience

Eulogies (2)

1. involves paying tribute to a family member, friend, colleague, or community member who has died 2. focuses on universal themes such as the preciousness and fragility of life, the importance of family and friends at times of great loss and the continuity of life

Keynote Speeches (5)

1. keynote speaker is the featured speaker at the event 2. not brief 3. remember your speech sets the tone for the event 4. select your topic and language after analyzing the audience and occasion 5. time is still a factor so say what you need to stay and do not waste the audience's time

Active Listening (3)

1. listeners process information at 400 wpm 2. most people talk at 150 wpm 3. extra time gets in the way of listening because we daydream or think of other things

Guideline for Special Occasion Speeches (7)

1. make sure the speech meets expectations 2. tailor your remarks to the audience/occasion 3. use personal anecdotes and appropriate humor 4. avoid clichés 5. be aware that you are speaking for others as well 6. be sincere but humble 7. be accurate

Poor Listening Results In... (5)

1. missing a message 2. not understanding a message 3. taking extra time for repetition or clarification 4. creating a negative impression by appearing disinterested 5. inability to participate in conversations when you are not paying attention

Fallacies (5)

1. name calling 2. glittering generalities 3. testimonials 4. plain folks 5. bandwagoning

5 Criteria for Evaluating Speeches

1. organization 2. research/supporting material 3. analysis 4. language 5. verbal/nonverbal delivery *First point out what was right before providing criticism

Reasons Audiences Stop Listening (6)

1. our attention drifts 2. we're distracted 3. we have a preconceived notion about the speaker 4. when we disagree 5. when we are prejudiced or inflexible 6. when we are faced with abstractions and form our own opinions

Reacting/Responding (3)

1. providing feedback to the speaker's message 2. laughing, smiling, nodding in agreement, cheering or booing, clapping, questioning the speaker after the presentation 3. yawning, texting, looking around the room, or whispering to the person next to you

After-Dinner Speech (3)

1. purpose is to entertain, often with humor, although it usually conveys a thoughtful message 2. focus on the specific purpose: to entertain 3. use the opportunity to inspire

Guidelines for Acceptance Speeches (4)

1. restate the importance of the award 2. be sincere 3. describe how you reached this point of achievement 4. use anecdotes to help engage the audience, help the audience understand the person, and help the audience understand why they were a good choice for the award

Principles of an Ethical Speaker

1. search 2. justice 3. public motivation 4. respect for dissent

Guidelines for Speech of Introduction

1. set the tone and be brief but personal 2. create realistic expectations 3. avoid summarizing the speaker's intended remarks 4. recognize the potential for spontaneity

Forms of Rejection of Conflicting Ideas (5)

1. shoot the messenger 2. rally round the flag 3. what the speaker says is not what you hear 4. convince yourself the speaker's message has nothing to do with you 5. do not think about it and it will go away

Values

1. socially shared ideas about what is good, right, and desirable 2. communicated through what speakers say and fail to say through delivery and responsiveness to audience feedback

Guidelines for Speeches of Presentations

1. state the importance of the award 2. explain the selection process 3. note the honoree's qualifications 4. be brief

How to Participate in Active Listening (5)

1. take notes 2. write down questions you have on the topic 3. apply speaker's comments to your knowledge 4. identify the thesis statement and main supporting points 5. decide whether you agree with the speaker's point of view and evaluate the general performance

Commencement Speeches (4)

1. thanks for the invitation to speak 2. tribute to location 3. offer counsel to the graduating members of the audience 4. conclude on a congratulatory note

Ethics (4)

1. the rules we use to determine good and evil, right and wrong 2. without an ethical roadmap based on socially accepted values to guide you, you could disregard your audience's need for truth 3. every time you speak, you risk your reputation 4. if you lie to or mislead an audience, they may never trust you again

Feedback Should Be.... (4)

1. timely 2. specific 3. descriptive 4. appropriate

Audience Analysis

Demographics (age, gender, race, education, religion, etc.) and Pyschographics (behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, values)

Listening vs. Hearing

Listening: the attending, receiving, interpreting, and responding to messages present aurally Hearing: physical ability to receive sounds

Speeches of Presentation

Occasions: 1. commencements where special presentations are made to students with exceptional academic and community service records 2. corporate awards ceremonies where employees are honored for years of service or exemplary performance Ex: academy awards, emmy awards, CMAs, Heisman Trophy, etc.

Extrinsic Ethos

a speaker's image in the mind of the audience

Respect for Dissent

allows for and encourages diversity of argument and opinion