Speech ch 11

What Supporting Materials Are Appropriate: Analogies

A comparison of things that are otherwise dissimilar Provide clarification but are not proof

Ethics and Source Credibility

Are your speech's immediate purpose and long-range goal sound? Does your end justify your means? Are you being honest with your audience?

Citing Sources of Information

Bibliographic references-complete citations that appear in "references" or "work cited" section of speech outline or paper Internal references- brief notations of which bibliographic reference contains details you are using in your speech Verbal citations- tell listeners who the source is, how recent the info is, and what the source qualification are

What Supporting Materials Are Appropriate: Explanations

Clarifies what something is or how it works Simplifies a concept by explaining it from the audience's point of view

Tips for Effective Research

Consult a variety of sources Evaluate your sources Is the material clear? Is the material verifiable? Is the source competent? Is the source objective? Is the material relevant?

What is source credibility and why is it important?

Credibility depends upon: Who the speaker is What is being discussed The situation The audience Credibility is something you earn through experiences and accomplishments

What Supporting Materials Are Appropriate: Definitions

Determinations of meaning through description, simplification, examples, analysis, comparison, explanation, or illustration Used to enlighten the audience by revealing what a term means

Ethical Use of Supporting Material

Find the best possible sources of information Cite the sources of your information Fairly and accurately represent sources

Increasing Your Credibility

High credibility speakers have more impact on audience opinions The "sleeper effect" can change perceptions of credibility over time How you are introduced affects your credibility Educational background can affect credibility Judgments about source credibility happen very quickly Perceptions of status affect credibility Disorganized speeches result in lower credibility Effective delivery skills raise source credibility Nonfluencies (mmmm, uhhh) can decrease source credibility Evidence and your competence can influence credibility The timing and content of your introduction by another person can affect credibility

What Supporting Materials Are Appropriate: Surveys

How reliable is the source? How broad was the sample used in the survey? Who was included in the survey? How representative was the survey sample? Who performed the survey? Why was the survey done?

What Supporting Materials Are Appropriate: Testimonial

Lay testimony Statements made by ordinary people Expert testimony Statements made by someone with special knowledge or expertise Celebrity testimony Statements made by a public figure who is known to the audience

What Information Sources Can You Use?

Personal Experience Library Resources Internet Resources People Resources

What Supporting Materials Are Appropriate: Numbers and Statistics

Speaker has to simplify, explain and translate their meaning Say and show at the same time Use charts and graphs Use visual imagery

What Supporting Materials Are Appropriate: Examples

Specific instances used to illustrate your point Factual examples Hypothetical examples

Four aspects of credibility: Trustworthiness

The degree to which a speaker is perceived as honest, fair, sincere, friendly, honorable, and kind

Four aspects of credibility: competence

The degree to which the speaker is perceived as skilled, qualified, experienced, authoritative, reliable, and informed

Four Aspects of credibility: Dynamism

The extent to which an audience perceives the speaker as bold, active, energetic, strong, empathic, and assertive

Four aspect of credibility: Common ground

The sharing of values, beliefs, attitudes, and interests

What are supporting materials?

information you can use to substantiate your arguments and to clarify your position