speech exam 1

factors affecting perception

Physical considerations include you physical characteristics, which affect how you perceive the world around you. Experiential involves past experiences, which includes aspects such as your personal background, as well as the values and beliefs you hold. Lastly, understanding and perception of events is affected by your current situation. Your context and environment at a given time will affect how you act and perceive interactions with others.

relationship between perception and public speaking

Public speaking relates to the selection step in the process of perception. More specifically, confirmation bias plays a large role when it comes to public speaking. Often times, especially with speeches intended to persuade the audience, speakers only focus on information that supports their argument. Also, as a listener, we tend to focus more on the messages that we agree with, rather than those that we disagree with.

perceptual filters

how we view the world

context

time of day, location, social situation ex: if you are in an 8am, is this going to effect your ability to pay attention? will you classmates listen to you?

self concept

aka self appraisal - how do you see yourself? how do you feel about it? how do you think others would describe you? comprised of self image and self esteem

significant topics

allow you to contribute info that you audience would not have known had you not given the presentation

audience demographics

include a number of characteristics - age, sex, gender, income, occupation, religion, education, political affiliation, cultural background, etc.

communication confidence

increase communication confidence and decrease public speaking apprehension

informative vs. persuasive speech

informative speech serves to essentially inform an audience on a specific topic or issue. In this case, the speaker acts as the teacher and the audience receives the information from the speaker. An informative speech can be on anything from a person, place, book, game, etc. an example would be a speech on the 7 wonders of the world. a persuasive speech serves to persuade an audience to act or believe a certain thing. In this case, the speaker acts as an advocate. an example of a persuade speech would be a speech on why we should vote for a certain presidential candidate.

formal methods of gathering information

interviewing, open (?) and closed (Y/N) questions questions, questionnaires, scaled questions (1-5),

why are introductions and conclusions important?

introductions are a key component that should be incorporated into any speech. It is important for a speaker to give the audience an idea of what they will be speaking about. this helps the audience to know what to listen for, and can encourage them to pay attention, rather than becoming distracted. In addition, conclusions are also an important part of a speech. like the introduction, the conclusion leaves an impression on the audience. it will ultimately determine whether the speaker accomplished their goals or not. a conclusion also lets the audience know that they are done presenting, and provides a re-cap of the topics discussed throughout the speech.

gathering information

introductory speeches, class discussions, spending time with classmates before and after class

A. I've read many books on war, from novels to memoirs, and have been a fan since I was a kid. I was first introduced to this genre by reading All Quiet on the Western Front, and since then I've read many more. Also, I've seen several of the movies that are based on the books, as well as many Hollywood war films. B. As you can see, J.R.R. Tolkien's horrific experiences in World War one affected him very deeply. He never forgot the "animal horror" of what he saw, and his memories would be represented in the fantasy books that would go on to write. In addition, the aftermath of the war Tolkien created in his books is closely related to the outcomes that he himself felt following World War one. C. First, we'll look at Tolkien's experiences in war; next, we'll discuss how his memories of war are present in his writing; and finally, how the outcome of war in the stories Tolkien created parallel the outcomes he saw following World War one. D. Imagine yourself cowering inside of a filthy trench that was meant to shelter the living, but instead houses the dead and dying. You haven't eaten or slept for days, and the only thing that you can do to cope with all of this misery is to pray that you will live to see the next day. This is the life of a soldier during one of the most horrific wars ever fought: World War one. E. To understand the everlasting impact war has on a soldier, we can look at World War one veteran J.R.R. Tolkien and examine how his experiences in war influenced his writing. F. From films like Full Metal Jacket to Picasso's "Guernica", war has influenced countless individuals to make statements about their thoughts on warfare. The Gulf War led to the writing of such books as Black Hawk Down and Jarhead, both of which became films. For our generation, we can easily look to the films and books that have been made over the Iraq War, such as the Fahrenheit 9/11. And with the war's end nowhere in sight, more works are bound to be written. G. Tolkien summarized his own views on war when he wrote in The Lord of the Rings: "I do not love the bright sword for its sharpness, nor the arrow for its swiftness, nor the warrior for his glory. I love only that which they defend" (280).

1. Attention Getter — D 2. Relevance Statement — F 3. Credibility Statement — A 4. Thesis Statement — E 5. Preview Statement — C 6. Summary — B 7. Memorable Close — G

evaluating supporting material

1. are the statistics representative? - representative sample is a critical measure of the validity of statistics, to be representative, a sample must be similar to the population rom which it was taken 2. are the items being compared in analogies similar? 3. are the facts verifiable? 4. are the examples relevant, typical and vivid? 5. is the source identified and credible? 6. is the source biased? 7. is the information timely?

four suggestions for developing a speaking outline

1. initially, you should follow the same framework used in the preparation outline. this will allow you to track exactly where you are in the speech at any given moment 2. in addition, it is important that your outline be legible. make sure document can be read from a short distance 3. keep outline as brief as possible. establish eye contact with audience, rather than reading to them. 4. include delivery notes. these will provide cues that help you control tempo, emphasis and overall pace of your speech. these are comments such as "pause, eye contact, gesture".

six guidelines of a preparation outline

1. label the introduction, body and conclusion as separate elements 2. use a consistent pattern of symbols - subordination: ranking ideas from most to least important - coordination: arrange points into successive levels, with the points on the same level having the same importance and grammatical structure 3. include transitions & integrate supporting material 4. provide a list of references 5. use complete sentences 6. sample preparation outline with commentary

4 ways to manage communication apprehension

1. systematic desensitization: Learning how to relax by using various strategies. These strategies include listening to calming music, muscle relaxation, and ultimately introducing the source of fear gradually. 2. cognitive restructuring: Identifying your worst fear and then thinking about it in a different way. The goal of this strategy is to replace irrational thoughts with rational ones. 3. visualization: When we visualize ourselves being successful, we can boost our confidence. 4. skills training: Learning about the steps necessary to plan and present a good public speech.

the three main steps in developing a successful research strategy are...

Create research questions Generate list of synonyms Search information resources

what are the implications of making persuasive arguments in an informative speech? discuss the difference in the speaker's role when giving an informative speech versus a persuasive speech.

During an informative speech, the speaker acts the teacher, as the audience receives the knowledge the speaker is presenting. In a persuasive speech, the speaker is advocating for a certain topic, belief, etc. In both types of speeches, the speaker must inform the audience about the topic, however a persuasive speech also includes elements of persuasion, in order to create a convincing argument.

effects of communication apprehension

Internal effects are the result of psychological issues with physical repercussions. This can lead to a speaker experiencing things such as sweaty palms, butterflies and shaky hands. They are referred to as internal because in most cases, the audience is unaware of the anxiety that the speaker is experiencing. External effects are the result of behavioral issues such as avoidance or disfluency. The speaker may avoid communication altogether, or experience disfluencies such as filler words while speaking.

perceptions and interpretation

Interpretation includes both closure and context. The text defines closure as the tendency to fill in missing information in order to make sense of and draw conclusions from the available data. Context refers to the situation, and we can assign meaning to an event based on its context. Perceptions affect the way we interpret events because different perceptions are going to result in different interpretations of an event.

how does self-concept affect the way we communicate with other people? how does self-concept affect the way other people communicate with us?

Our self concept includes all aspects of our self perceptions, including our image and self esteem. These factors greatly influence how we communicate with others. For example, if we perceive ourselves as shy and we believe others to think that, then we are going to act shy when we are placed in social situations with others. Self esteem is also involved in how others communicate with us. If we believe that we are shy and we act in that way, than others are going to treat us as though we are shy. Our self esteem is directly related to the way we feel others perceive us.

why is outlining important?

Outlining allows you to organize your thoughts and ideas logically, which aids in demonstrating the relationships between your ideas. It also allows the use of critical thinking skills to refine ideas, supply initial support in areas that may need it, and determine if the body of the speech is balanced. This process also helps with forming transitions between paragraphs or ideas. Outlines are also useful when it comes it integrating an introductory paragraph and conclusion into your speech. When it comes to presenting, an abbreviated outline will come in handy for the memorization and delivery portions of the speech.

process of perception

Perception is the process by which we select, organize and interpret the world. The process of perception begins with selection. Selection includes selective perception, and the way we select information is subjective. Confirmation bias is also included in the selection process. The last area of selection is selection retention, which refers to the tendency to remember only those things that confirm our beliefs. Organization is the next step in the process of perception. Methods are organized according to figure/ground and grouping. Figure and ground translates to the foreground and background of a situation. Other aspects of organization include grouping, proximity and similarity. The last step of perception is interpretation. Interpretation includes both closure and context.

the four goals of an introduction

The four goals for an introduction include... - Capture the audiences attention: Goal is to convince the audience to listen to you. This can be done by opening the speech with something that grabs the audiences attention. This can range anywhere from using a rhetorical question, startling statement or quotation, to telling a story or using humor. - Establish the relevance of you topic to the audience: Indicate to the audience why your topic is important, and why they should listen to you speech. Once you establish the overall relevance, you can provide a specific relevance statement, in which you state specifically why your topic relates to your specific audience. - Confirm your credibility as a speaker: Inform the audience on why you chose your topic. Provide a credibility statement that explains your connection to the topic. In addition to this, there are more casual ways of proving your credibility. Both competence and character are key components of credibility. Appearing organized, prepared and knowledgeable demonstrates competence, while exhibiting honestly and trustworthiness promotes good character. - Preview the body of the presentation: Provide an overview of the content of your presentation. This includes your thesis and preview statements. Your thesis statement should reveal the purpose, topic, direction and main points of your presentation, while the preview statement serves to elaborate on the direction in which you will take your speech.

oral organizational strategies

The three factors that influence your choice for an organizational pattern include picking a method of organization that is consistent with your purpose, topic and audience, considering whether or not your ideas are clear, compelling and well-substantiated, and lastly considering how the main points and supporting material support your thesis.

speaking outline

a brief outline that helps you to remember key points as you are speaking. It also frequently contains delivery notes that remind you when to adjust your rate of movement, and so on.

thesis statement

a clear and concise sentence that provides an overview of your entire presentation. it is the most important sentence. throughout your presentation, you will reinforce ideas stated in your thesis The five components that should be included in a thesis statement are the general purpose, specific purpose, topic and direction, main points and organizational pattern.

oral citation

a complete oral citation consists of information about who authored the material you are using, a statement about the credibility of the author, the date the information was published (or the date you conducted the interview), and relevant information about the source.

guidelines for the specific purpose statement

a specific purpose statement must include your general purpose, the focus of your topic and your audience. It should be both clear and straightforward. you want to avoid being too broad or too general, and use as few words as possible. your statement should be written like a statement, rather than a question. lastly, it should be written as one distinct idea.

communication apprehension

an individuals fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with others. In public speaking specifically, this anxiety becomes more intense as there is a concern about the outcome of the performance.

incorporating supporting materials

analogies - useful if you want to compare the defining characteristics of one concept to another. literal (based on comparison of actual events) and figurative (draw upon metaphors to identify the similarities in two things that are not alike) facts - statements that are verifiable as true examples - specific instances developed at varying lengths and used by speakers to make an abstract idea concrete (brief - specific case, extended - narratives, stories..more developed & hypothetical) testimony - quote of paraphrase an authoritative source, relying on someone else judgement or expertise

interference

anything that gets in the way of shared meaning between the speaker and the listener. external - static, noise, music, external forces that allow for interference internal - listener can't concentrate, stress, illness, internal force allows for interference

feedback

as the speaker is sending a message, the listener is giving verbal and nonverbal feedback, tells us if the listener received the message we intended them to

confirmation bias

as we listen to speakers, we tend to focus on those messages that confirm the way we view the world

self esteem

assigning value to descriptions of yourself

subjective information

based on what we deem to be important

citizens in a democracy

becoming a better communicate and public speaker will give you the necessary tools to become a more informed citizen in a democracy

media literacy

being able to critically evaluate all that you see and hear in the mass media

information literacy

being able to find appropriate sources, analyze the material, evaluate the credibility and use and cite sources ethically and legally

types of supporting materials

books: cover virtually any topic, contain facts or fiction, contain a plethora of information based on their length journals: journal articles are written by scholars in an academic or professional field and cover the research in that fiend. this primary research is completed first-hand by credentialed scholars and adds new information to the body of research on a topic. also contain bibliographies that provide citations to other relevant research magazines: journalists write magazine articles on various popular interest topics and current events. they are publish at regular intervals throughout the year and articles are available quickly in stores or online. these articles can be specifically useful when speaking to an audience that is less familiar with your topic. newspapers/news sources: an exceptional source of recent information on a myriad of topics. can help identify topic ideas. government documents: cover important public policy issued and include items such as congressional hearings, research studies and reports. reference sources: provide access to a variety of facts and concise discipline-specific information such as an overview of a topic, background or historical information. statistics: numerical method of summarizing data interviews: speaking with or reading an interview of a person who has first hand experience with your topic

two ways to generate ideas for a topic

brainstorming as well as taking a personal inventory of things that you find interesting. brainstorming is a general method that can be very useful when you are first thinking about possible topics. taking a personal inventory can help narrow down ideas that you may develop when brainstorming, by categorizing them and eliminating those that do not interest you.

critical thinking

characterized by the ability to defer judgment until you have enough information on which to act. don't early accept everything you are presented

four organizational patterns

chronological pattern: when the main points follow a time sequence spatial pattern: ideas are arranged according to place or position topical order: organizes speech by breaking the overall topic into smaller subtopics casual pattern: highlight the cause-effect relationships that exist among the main points

frame of reference

composed of personal experiences, goals, values, attitudes, age, gender, culture, etc.

adapting your message

considering all factors about the audience before presenting the speech, as you are delivering your speech, pay attention to how the audience gives feedback, certain types of responses demand that you adapt your presentation as you go.

communication competence

consists of knowledge, skill, judgment and motivation

general purpose statements

contain the overall intent of the message -- to inform, persuade, entertain or commemorate

entertainment speeches

designed to make an important point in a creative or humorous way

self awareness

examining how your experiences, attitudes and beliefs affect your communication with others

primacy / recency effect

explains why people pay more attention to and remember information that is presented first and last. also tend to remember things that are most relevant to our needs

importance of organizing ideas clearly

first, many communication scholars have found that well organized speakers appear more credible than those who are not organized, according to audiences. second, because speeches are delivered orally, speakers must present their message in a way that helps the listener to make sense of the speech as it is being given. a well organized speech is also helpful for the presenter, because it promotes confidence when delivering a speech.

generating a list of synonyms

generate a list of potential search terms based on key concepts of your topic

signposting

give the audience a hint that the summary is coming. use terms such as finally, in closing or to summarize.

Johari window

helps us understand the relationship between who we are and what we share with others. divides self awareness into 4 areas -- open, hidden, blind and unknown

causes of communication apprehension

heredity: born with an enduring personality trait that causes you to be apprehensive learned: not born with it... includes - situation based apprehension: occurs when we are anxious temporarily about an event at a particular date and time. this could range anywhere from the first day of class to a job interview. audience based apprehension: occurs when we are anxious about the individuals we will be communicating with. for example, some people find that they get more anxious when speaking to parents or teachers, compared to speaking among peers. context based apprehension: occurs when we become anxious in certain settings, such as in large groups or in one-on-one instances.

ethical communication

honesty, clarity, accuracy, open-mindedness and willingness to listen to others -- sensitive to the needs of the audience

self image

how you describe yourself & how you think others would describe you

difference between MLA and APA formatting

http://writingcenter.appstate.edu/sites/writingcenter.appstate.edu/files/MLA%20v%20APA%203-11.pdf study & know examples!!!!

what is the difference between a speaking outline and preparation outline? why is it necessary to do both? what happens if you put too much information on your speaking outline?

it is important to write a preparation outline in order to organize all of your ideas into detailed outline. a preparation outline is focused more on the actual writing of the speech, and less on the delivery. however, a speaking outline is a condensed version of the preparation outline, and is meant to be more brief and used during the actual speech. if you put too much information on your speaking outline, you will end up reading to the audience, rather than making eye contact with them.

search information resources

library catalogs, databases, open web (google, yahoo, etc)

people

listeners and speakers. life experiences of people, make up our frame of reference. your life experiences are extremely important to the outcome of your communication with others -- effects how people interpret messages

channel

medium through which we communicate

concept mapping

narrowing down your topic in the shape of a funnel

the communication process

no formal definition of communication, process is composed of several elements necessary for any communication event. includes people (speaker and listener), message, channel, interference, feedback and context

grouping

occurs because events are either close together (proximal) or alike (similar)

internal summaries

offers a review of what has just been discussed before moving on to the next point. especially useful if you have just finished discussing a complicated point. ex: "so, as we have seen, both heredity and a lack of training in speaking may contribute to public speaking apprehension"

figure/ground

once you make a decision on where to direct your focus, it is sometimes difficult to reverse your understanding by looking at the same event another way the foreground and background of a situation

personal inventory

organizing things that interest you in some type of way

interaction model

person speaks, then receives feedback ex: playing phone tag with a friend

benefits of studying communication

personal - develop meaningful relationships, build communication confidence and justify reasoning professional - create positive first impression when it comes to job interviews, public speaking, getting along with coworkers, communicating professionally, etc. social - how to influence and persuade people, distinguish a strong claim from a weak one, required to be a effective and engaged part of a democracy, critical consumer of information,

which management strategies work best with which symptoms of communication apprehension

physical -- butterflies, sweaty palms, shortness of breath, shakeyness = systematic desensitization / skills training psychological -- fearing the worst feel lack of confidence = cognitive restructuring / visualization / skills trying

commemorative speeches

presented as part of a celebration. assume role of informative speaker, as well as advocate

natural nervousness

provides speaker with the necessary energy to give successful presentations

guidelines for a thesis statement

same as specific purpose

relationship between perception and self concept

self concept deals with how we see ourselves, and how we believe others see us. perception is related to self concept in the sense that our self concept is defined as how we perceive ourselves to be and how we think others perceive us as being.

specific purpose statement

should focus on one aspect of the topic, indicates direction of your focus

signposts

signal the next point to be made. provide an oral roadmap of the main points in the speech. often numerical - "the first step..." use words such as "next, another and finally"

transaction model

speaker and listener are speaking and giving feedback simultaneously ex: call a friend and she answers, y'all have a conversation

action model

speaker sends message to listener who receives it ex: leaving a voicemail

providing a memorable close

the conclusion helps the audience understand and remember the speech by including both a summary of the content of the speech, as well as a final statement that serves as a memorable close to the speech. if the speaker fails to include an effective conclusion, it can leave the audience wondering why the speech ended the way it did, and they can focus on that aspect of the speech, rather than the original purpose of the speech. an ineffective conclusion ultimately distracts the audience from the purpose of the speech, and therefore the speaker does not achieve his ultimate goal desired.

how does the intro prepare your audience?

the introduction lets the audience know that you are starting your speech. the introduction is responsible for capturing the audiences attention, establishing the relevance of you topic to the audience, confirming your credibility as a speaker and previewing the body of the presentation to the audience. if you do not present a well written introduction, your audience may not be fully engaged in your topic, and may also have a hard time following the rest of the speech.

preparation outline

the outline you develop as you prepare your speech. It consists of a detailed outline that includes the title, general and specific purpose, organizational patterns, introduction, main points and sub points, transitions and references used throughout the speech

audience analysis

the process by which we gather and analyze information about our listeners and adapt our message to their knowledge, interests, attitudes and beliefs 1 - by understanding and considering the characteristics of your audience as you produce your presentation, you are engaging in competent communication 2 - you are engaging in ethical communication by taking your audiences needs into account 3 - in gathering info about your audience, you may become more comfortable

closure

the tendency to fill in missing information in order to make sense of and draw conclusions form the available date

selective retention

the tendency to remember only those things that confirm our beliefs

selective perception

the tendency to see, hear and believe only what you want to

recommendations for integrating elements of the introduction

the thesis sentence is the first one you write, the body of the presentation is the first section you develop, the introduction is developed after the body, the attention getter is the first thing you say. the thesis sentence provides the framework of the presentation and comes right before the preview. the preview is the last sentence of the introduction, provides further direction with the speech and leads into the body of the presentation

how can becoming an advanced information seeker and information literate help you, as a consumer, make decisions?

these aid in determining what information is needed, how to access information effectively and efficiently, evaluating information critically, using and incorporating information ethically and legally. with these tools, making decisions will come easier because you will be able to quickly access and find helpful information. in the context of public speaking - - determine what info you need - access info effectively and efficiently - evaluate info critically - use and incorporate information ethically and legally

advanced information seeking skills set

this involves being able to find appropriate resources, analyze the material and content, evaluate the credibility and relevance of the sources, and integrate those sources ethically and legally through a variety of techniques.

transitional device

transitions, internal previews, internal summaries and signposts

message

verbal and non verbal

internal preview

very brief statement of what the speaker will discuss next ex: two causes of communication apprehension that i will discuss are heredity and skills deficit"

creating a research question

what do you want to know? what do you want your audience to know?

self fulfilling prophecy

when we tend to live up to expectations others have for us

speaking situation

why is your audience here? what do they know? etc... size - usually the larger the audience, the more formal the presentation setting - surroundings type - voluntary or captive (involuntary) audience interests - what are their interests? knowledge - level of audience knowledge attitudes - how your audience feels about your topic. includes beliefs (statements they hold do be true) and values (extent to which importance is attached to those beliefs)

transitions

words or phrases that demonstrate key relationships among ideas and also indicate a speaker is leaving one point and moving on to the next

why is it important to consider your audience

you want to choose a topic that will interest your audience, as well as one that will not be offensive to your audience. also, if the goal you are trying to accomplish with your speech involves persuading or informing your audience, then the success of your speech is measured by how well you complete that goal.

three things to consider when selecting a topic

yourself - choose something you feel passionate about your audience - who are they, what are their interests your occasion - purpose and occasion for speaking, how much research time do you have, where are you speaking, etc...