speech final

Creating a preparation outline is a vital step in putting a speech together.

A. A preparation outline is a detailed outline used to plan a speech. B. The process of writing a preparation outline requires that a speaker bring together all the major elements of the speech. C. There are eight guidelines for effective preparation outlines. 1. The preparation outline should include the speaker's specific purpose statement. 2. The preparation outline should include the speaker's central idea. 3. The preparation outline should clearly label the introduction, body, and conclusion of the speech. 4. The preparation outline should have a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation. 5. The preparation outline should state main points and subpoints in full sentences. 6. The preparation outline should label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews. 7. The preparation outline should include a bibliography. 8. The preparation outline may also include a title for the speech.

Public speakers need to use language appropriately.

A. A speaker's language should be appropriate to the occasion. B. A speaker's language should be appropriate to the audience. C. A speaker's language should be appropriate to the topic. D. A speaker's language should be appropriate to the speaker himself or herself.

The ability to organize one's ideas clearly and coherently is a vital skill.

A. Clear organization is essentiall to effective public speaking B. Clear organization is also connected to critical thinking 1. Organizing speeches helps students understand the relationships between ideas. 2. The skills of critical thinking used in organizing speeches will benefit students in many aspects of their lives.

Language is important.

A. Contrary to popular belief, language does not simply mirror reality. B. Language helps create our sense of reality by giving meaning to events. C. Words are vital to thinking itself. D. Words are the tools of a speaker's craft.

Public speakers need to use language vividly.

A. Effective speakers use imagery to express their ideas vividly. 1. One way to generate imagery is to use concrete words. 2. A second way to generate imagery is through the use of simile. 3. A third way to generate imagery is through the use of metaphor.

One of the major concerns of students in any speech is stage fright.

A. It is entirely normal to fell nervous about the prospect of giving a speech B.Even experienced public speakers have stage fright before their presentations

Once speakers complete their audience analysis, they use that analysis to adapt their speech to their listeners

A. Most of the work of audience adaptation takes place before the speech as part of the preparation process. 1. a speaker should keep the audience in mid at every stage of preparation. 2. A speaker should keep the following questions constantly in mid while preparing a speech a. How is the audience likely to respond to what i will say? b. how can i adjust my message to make it as clear and convincing as possible? 3. adjusting the message to the audience requires that speakers anticipate how listeners will respond and be creative in thinking of ways to adapt B. audience adaptation also takes place during the presentation of the speech 1. No matter how hard a speaker works ahead of time, things do not always go smoothly on the day of the speech. 2. Skillful speakers learn to adapt to these kinds of changes.

Effective speakers learn to use their body to enhance the impact of their message.

A. Physical actions can play a major role in the outcome of a speech. B. Four aspects of physical action are especially important for public speakers. 1. The first aspect is personal appearance. 2. The second aspect is movement. 3. The third aspect is gestures. 4. The fourth aspect is eye contact.

As there are guidelines for ethical behavior in other areas of life, so are there guidelines for ethical behavior in public speaking.

A. Public speakers should make sure their goals are ethically sound. B. Public speakers should be fully prepared for each speech. C.public speakers should be honest in what they say. D. Public speakers should avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language. E. Public speakers should put ethical principles into practice.

there are three differences between public speaking and everyday conversation

A. Public speaking is more highly structured than ordinary conversation B. Public speaking requires more formal language than ordinary conversation C.Public speaking requires a different method of delivery from ordinary conversation

Most persuasive speeches deal with questions of policy.

A. Questions of policy deal with specific courses of action, deciding whether something should or should not be done. B. There are two types of persuasive speeches on questions of policy. 1. One type seeks to gain passive agreement that a policy is desirable, necessary, and practical. 2. The second type seeks to motivate the audience to take immediate action. C. Persuasive speeches on questions of policy must address three basic issues—need, plan, and practicality. 1. First, speakers who advocate a change in policy must prove there is a need for the change. 2. Second, after showing the need for change, a persuasive speaker must offer a specific plan—policy—that will solve the need. 3. Third, speakers who advocate a new policy must show their plan is workable and will solve the need without creating new problems. 4. The amount of time devoted to need, plan, and practicality in any given speech will depend on the topic and the audience.

There are seven elements of the speech communication process

A. Speech communication begins with the speaker B.The message is whatever a speaker communicates to someone else. C. The channel is the means by which a message is communicated D. The listener is the person who receives the communicated message E. Feedback consists of messages sent from the listener to the speaker F. interference is anything that impedes the communication of a message G. The situation is the time and place in which the communication occurs.

Good delivery can make the difference between a successful speech and an unsuccessful speech.

A. Speech delivery is based on nonverbal communication: the speaker's use of voice and body to convey the message expressed by words. B. Good delivery is an art. 1. It conveys the speaker's message clearly, interestingly, and without distracting the audience. 2. Most audiences prefer delivery that combines a certain degree of formality with the best attributes of good conversation—directness, vocal and facial expressiveness, and a lively sense of communication.

a speech conclusion has two primary functions.

A. The first function is to signal the end of the speech. 1. One way to signal the end of a speech is with a brief verbal cue such as "in conclusion" or "One last thought" 2. another way to signal the end is by the speaker's manner of delivery. C. The second function of a conclusion is to reinforce the audience's understanding of or commitment to the central idea of a speech 1. there are four methods of accomplishing this a. summarize the main points of the speech b. conclude with a quotation. c. end with a dramatic statement d. refer back to the introduction of the speech 2. these methods can be used seperately or in combination to create an effective conclusion

Once the general purpose is clear, the next step is narrowing to the specific purpose.

A. The specific purpose should indicate precisely what the speaker wants the audience to know or believe after the speech. B. There are five tips for forming a good specific purpose statement. 1. It should be a full infinitive phrase, not a fragment. 2. It should be phrased as a statement, not a question. 3. It should avoid figurative language. 4. It should be limited to one distinct idea. 5. It should not be too vague or general. C. Once students have a specific purpose statement, they should ask themselves the following questions: 1. Does the specific purpose meet the assignment? 2. Can this specific purpose be accomplished effectively in the time allotted? 3. Is the specific purpose relevant to the audience? 4. Is the specific purpose too trivial for the audience? 5. Is the specific purpose too technical for the audience?

There are seven ways to improve one's listening skills

A. take listening seriously B. Become an active listener C. Resist distractions D. don't be diverted by appearance or delivery E. suspend judgement until hearinf a speakers full message. F. focus ones listening on the speakers main points, quality of a speakers evidence, and on speaking techniques they can use in their own speeches G. develop strong note-taking skills.

There are four objectives of a speech introduction

A. the first objective is to gain the attention and interest of the audience. 1. relate the topic to the audience, or state the importance of the topic 2. Startle the audience 3. arouse curiousity of the audience 4. question the audience 5. begin with a quotation 6. tell a story 7. invite audience participationg, using audio or visual aids, relating to a previous speaker, beginning with humor B. The second objective of a speech introduction is to reveal the topic of speech C. third objective is to establish the credibility and good will of the speaker 1. credibility is a matter of being perceived by the audience as qualified to speak on a particular topic 2. establishing goodwill is a matter of showing that the speaker has the audience's best interest in mind D. The fourth objective of a speech introduction is to preview the body of the speech.

Good speakers are audience-centered

A. they understand that the primary purpose of public speaking is to gain a desired response from their listeners B. they keep three questions in mind as they prepare their speeches: 1.to whom am i speaking? 2. what can do i want the audience to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech? 3. How can i most effectively compose and present my speech to accomplish that aim? C.They seek to create a bond-what communication scholars call identification-with listeners by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences

Persuasion is a psychological process.

B. When processing persuasive messages listeners engage in a mental giveand-take with the speaker. 1. Listeners do not sit passively and soak in everything a speaker says. a. As they listen, they assess the speaker's credibility, delivery, supporting materials, language, and the like. b. They may argue, inside their own minds, with the speaker. 2. Effective persuasive speakers regard their speeches as a kind of mental dialogue with the audience. a. When preparing the speech, they try to put themselves in the place of the audience and imagine how they will respond. b. Above all, they try to anticipate audience objections and to answer them in the speech.

There are six guidelines for effective informative speaking (just know 2)

Informative speakers should find ways to relate the subject directly to the audience. 1. Informative speakers must recognize that what is fascinating to them may not be fascinating to everybody. 2. Effective informative speakers work to get the audience interested—and to keep them interested.