SPEECH FINAL REVIEW: from chapters 1,2,3,5,7,8,10,11,12,&,13.
Parents who are firm with their children but also encourage open communication use which kind of parenting style?
Authoritative [Authoritative parents are also firm, clear, and strict, but they encourage children to communicate openly with them.]
What is the best test to determine whether or not you should post something online?
Ask yourself if you would say it to someone face-to-face. [If you are ever tempted to lash out anonymously, ask yourself a simple question: Would you deliver the same message to the recipient face to face?]
Virtual groups tend to make better decisions when they use a(n) ________ form of communication.
Asynchronous [Asynchronous groups often make better decisions than those functioning in a "chat" mode, per-haps because members have time to digest and synthesize information.]
According to the textbook, what would be considered proper posture?
Standing straight with shoulders squared off [Good posture means standing with your spine relatively straight, your shoulders relatively squared off, and your feet angled out to keep your body from falling over sideways.]
Most interviewers form opinions about applicants within the first four minutes of conversation, so it makes sense to look your best. What is a good rule of thumb for how to dress for an interview?
Be well groomed and neatly dressed.
When the number of members is too large for effective discussion, one strategy is to form subgroups called ____________ to simultaneously address an issue and then report back to the group at large.
Breakout groups [Breakout groups involves a strategy used when the number of members is too large for effective discussion. Subgroups simultaneously ad-dress an issue and then report back to the group at large.]
Which of the following best describes how you should go about choosing a topic?
Choose a topic that is right for you, the audience, and the situation. [When you need to choose a topic, you should try to pick one that is right for you, your audience, and the situation.]
When you include phrases like, "According to the July 25, 2016, edition of Time magazine," you are using which style of support?
Citation [A citation is a brief statement of supporting material in a speech.]
The ability to construct multiple identities is one element of which skill?
Communication competence [People have multiple identities and use communication competence to operate in different roles for different situations.]
Which of the following is an accurate statement about communication?
Communication is not simple. [Regarding communication as simple is a gross oversimplification. ]
Carlos usually spends a lot of time surfing. He values the time he has in the ocean alone with his thoughts and the waves. It's something he really feels like he needs. He recently met a very exciting woman named Amy. He is thrilled by the time they spend together, but he feels surfing, a significant part of his identity, is now being neglected. What type of tension is he most likely feeling?
Connection vs. Autonomy [The conflicting desires for togetherness and independence are embodied in the connection-autonomy dialectic.]
Which of the following is a criterion for evaluating online research?
Credibility [Four criteria for evaluating online research are credibility, objectivity, currency, and functionality.]
Which of the following is an example of plagiarism in public speaking?
Cutting and pasting text into the final draft of a speech [The general rule for the digital age is as follows: Thou shalt not cut and paste into a final draft-not for a paper, and not for a speech.]
Interview questions must be related to what the U.S. government's ______________________ calls bona fide occupational qualifications. Correct!
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission [Questions must be related to what the U.S. government's Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) calls bona fide occupational qualifications. In other words, prospective employers may only ask about topics that are related to the job at hand.]
When you tell your audience about your personal experience with the topic, you are
establishing your credibility
When you are trying to concentrate in class but are distracted by other students talking behind you, what kind of noise are you experiencing?
External [External noise includes factors outside the receiver that interfere with message reception.]
__________ communication apprehension can help improve one's speaking performance, while __________ communication apprehension can inhibit self-expression.
Facilitative; debilitative [Facilitative communication apprehension is a moderate level of anxiety about speaking before an audience that helps improve the speaker's performance, and debilitative communication apprehension is an intense level of anxiety about speaking before an audience, resulting in poor performance.]
Which of the following is a benefit of maintaining friendships?
Friends help keep you healthy and boost your self-esteem. [Good friends help keep you healthy, boost self-esteem, and make you feel loved and supported.]
Which of the following would be considered a demographic characteristic?
Group membership [Demographics are audience characteristics that can be analyzed statistically, such as age, gender, education, and group membership.]
Gretchen got high marks on her midterm exam in her Mass Communications class, so the teacher gave her an "A" on the final exam without even reading it. This response is an illustration what effect?
Halo effect [People tend to generalize based on a single positive or negative trait or experience, the halo or horns effect.]
Kiley tells Luke, "You don't listen to me anymore." What still needs to be answered to make the statement a behavioral description?
In what circumstances does the behavior occur?
Which of the following behaviors has been identified by researchers as one of the main ways people feel connected?
Making eye contact [Making eye contact, even with a character on a cereal box, inspires powerful feelings of connection," said Brian Wansink, one of the study's authors.]
Which of the following is NOT an influence on perception discussed in the text?
Mass media [ A variety of factors influence how people perceive others; the text covers these: physiology, stereotypes, and relational roles.]
Which of the following is NOT an area of study for communication scholars?
The impact of the human behavior on the environment
What does the triangle of meaning demonstrate?
Meaning is arbitrary and that it exists in the minds of the users. [Ogden and Richards' triangle of meaning indicates the arbitrary nature of language.]
The type of manager who focuses on tasks and relationships equally but doesn't excel at either is a
Middle-of-the-Road leader [Middle-of-the-Road Leaders have a moderate interest in both tasks and relationships. They are not horrible or great, but simply "okay."]
What is true about interviewing on the phone or video?
Practicing is the best way to ensure you are prepared for glitches.
Which statement is true, according to the research into online dating?
People who use online dating sites report higher compatibility and have happier marriages than those who met in other ways. [Couples who meet online stay together about as much as those who met in person, and those who stay together transition to marriage more quickly, and on average, have happier marriages.]
Alicia spends all day at work on the Internet and then all night on social networking sites looking at the many interesting things her friends have been doing. She hasn't been seeing her family or friends, nor has she been getting out of the apartment. Moreover, Alicia is becoming depressed and is starting to dislike her life. What is the best advice you could give Alicia right now?
Regulate time spent on the Internet [As useful as it is, social media can be overwhelming. Some people find benefits in regulating their time spent on social media.]
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors listed in the text that affects the way we interpret another's behavior?
Self-awareness
When picking up a friend from the airport, which set of language rules makes it possible for us to know whether to drive in the "Departures" lane or the "Arrivals" lane?
Semantic rules [Rules that govern the meaning of language as opposed to its structure.]
Seth has a great idea for a new public relations campaign at work. Consequently, Seth writes a detailed proposal and e-mails it to his boss. It has now been two days, and Seth still hasn't heard back about his proposal. Seth assumes that his boss didn't like his work and sends an apologetic e-mail with the request that his boss disregard his proposal. Which of the following best explains why Seth reacted the way he did?
Seth has low cognitive complexity. [Cognitive complexity is the ability to understand issues from a variety of perspectives. Seth should try to see the situation from his boss' point of view. ]
Which type of leader would alter their leadership style as circumstances change?
Situational [In contrast to trait theories of leadership, the principle of situational leadership holds that a leader's style should change with the circumstances.]
Which communication channel allows for mediated interactive communication with both small and large audiences?
Social media [Social media allows your post to reach your closest friends and thousands of people you don't know.]
By communicating pleasure, affection, and inclusion, we satisfy what human need?
Social need [Communication provides a means of meeting social needs, of giving and receiving affection, feeling included, and managing conflict.]
Adriana always sits in a seat next to the window in French class. One day, Andrew sits in that seat. Adriana gets upset with Andrew for taking the seat that she normally sits in. Which nonverbal concept does this situation describe?
Territory [Territory involves the tendency to claim places and spaces you consider to be more or less your own.]
Which of the following is NOT a condition for self-disclosure to occur?
The information must be unknown to most others [Self-disclosure is the process of deliberately revealing significant information about oneself that would not normally be known by others.]
What is negativity bias?
The tendency to focus more on negative impressions than on positive ones. [Paying more attention to negative impressions. Paying more attention to the negative may lead us to prematurely reject people who might be valuable to us.]
Jessie seeks out every opportunity to post photos on Instagram, sometimes even going so far as to fake the locations to make them seem more exotic. Jessie loves when the posts get lots of "likes," and is often depressed when followers don't respond immediately to posts. Jessie might consider taking a break from social media for which of the following reasons?
To break the craving for approval [Social media posts are often designed to get a validating response from others and can foster an unhealthy dependency.]
Which of the following statements is true about how to use the criteria of credibility, objectivity, currency, and functionality to evaluate the quality of a website?
To determine credibility, you need to look at who wrote the page and their credentials.
Great leaders are born, not made." This statement expresses which theory of leadership?
Trait [Trait theories of leadership is a school of thought based on the belief that some people are born to be leaders and others are not.]
After a long day at school, you look forward to socializing with friends online. Afterwards, you relax by watching your favorite television show. What theory proposes that we use media to meet particular needs?
Uses and gratifications [The uses and gratifications theory is a branch of study that explores how we use both social media and face-to-face communication.]
Which best describes similarity as an influential factor of attraction?
We like people whose temperaments, values, and life goals seem similar to our own. [In most cases, people gravitate to those whose temperament, values, and life goals are similar to their own.]
Which of the following is a caveat to consider when choosing a relational partner?
We tend to overestimate how similar we are to our friends and underestimate how similar we are to people we don't know well. [First impressions can mislead. We tend to overestimate how similar we are to our friends and underestimate how similar we are to people we don't know well.]
Following guidelines of evaluation is particularly important when assessing material from ____________.
Wikipedia [The criteria of credibility, objectivity, and currency are especially important when accessing information from Wikipedia, the popular online encyclopedia. Because anyone can edit a Wikipedia article at any time, many professors forbid the use of it as a primary resource.]
When we say identity management is collaborative, what does that mean?
You will modify your identity in response to the other's behavior. [Collaboration isn't the same as agreement. People construct their identities in response to the behavior of others, even if those identities are different from others' or societies' expectations.]
A message cannot be received unless it is sent through
a channel
A collection of people who share affection and resources and who think of themselves and present themselves as a family are called
a family [Theorist Martha Minnow suggests that people who share affection and resources as a family and who think of themselves and present themselves as a family are a family.]
After you participate in an interview, be sure to send.
a handwritten note of thanks
Combinations of two or more expressions showing different emotions are called
affect blends [Affect blends are simultaneous expressions that show two or more emotions, such as fearful sur-prise or angry disgust.]
A democratic leader ____________.
allows members to be involved in determining the direction of various projects [Democratic leadership, describes leaders who encourage others to share in decision making. It is a "power with" dynamic in which people work together.]
Which of the following would NOT be considered media?
an email message
If you said in your speech that the rush of refugees from a war-torn country was "like a tidal wave," you would be using a
analogy [Analogies are comparisons that can be used as supporting material in a speech.]
A(n) __________ is a brief personal story used to illustrate or support a point in a speech.
anecdote [An anecdote is a brief story with a point, often (but not always) based on personal experience.]
A purpose statement should ____________.
be results-oriented [A purpose statement should be result oriented. Having a result orientation means that your purpose is focused on the outcome you want to accomplish with your audience members.]
The social penetration model is used to describe which two dimensions of communication?
breadth and depth [Their social penetration model proposes that communication occurs within two dimensions: (a) breadth, which represents the range of subjects being discussed and (b) depth, how in-depth and personal the information is. ]
The study of how humans use and structure time is called __________.
chronemics [Chronemics is the study of how people use and structure time.]
Studies have shown that the mere presence of mobile devices can have a negative effect on
closeness, connection, and conversation quality [Studies have revealed that the mere presence of mobile devices can have a negative effect on closeness, connection, and conversation quality during face-to-face discussions of personal topics.]
Implied interpretations of words that reflect the people, culture, emotions, and situations involved provide ____________ meanings.
connotative
Once considered an option of last resort, online ___________ sites have become popular, mainstream ways to connect with others.
dating [Online dating services were originally viewed as last-ditch options for the romantically challenged. Skeptics questioned how well a computer could match people together, and whether relationships started online could be successful in person. Research has put many of those concerns to rest]
An intense level of anxiety about speaking before an audience, resulting in poor performance is known as _______________.
debilitative communication apprehension [Debilitative communication apprehension is an intense level of anxiety about speaking before an audience, resulting in poor performance.]
The tendency to think that others are lying to you means that you have a
deception bias [You may harbor a deception bias, assuming that people you don't favor are likely to be untruthful.]
Without much thought, Dwight forwarded an e-mail containing a sexually suggestive joke to his entire department. Many people were offended by the e-mail and a sexual harassment complaint was filed with human resources. Dwight's behavior could be considered a form of ____________.
disinhibition [Disinhibition is the tendency to transmit messages without considering their consequences.]
People who speak using a combination of "powerful" and "powerless" language are typically more ____________ communicators.
effective [The best communicators, regardless of their gender, read situations well and combine elements of both "powerful" and "powerless" speech.]
Nadia suspects Nick is lying because he keeps repeating the same details while explaining why he was late for their study group. As this example shows, _____________ communication can be counterproductive.
excessive [There are times when communicating too much can actually aggravate a problem.]
Roles which are explicitly assigned by an organization or group such as "coach," "treasurer," or "customer service representative" are
formal roles [Formal roles are explicitly assigned by an organization or group. They usually come with a label, such as assistant coach, treasurer, or customer service representative.]
Adopting different perspectives based on the cultures and situations in which we find ourselves is known as
frame switching [Frame switching is about making personal changes; the other choices are about judging others.]
Ben has been listening to rock music all day long, and it is starting to upset his roommate, Greg. Greg wants Ben to turn off the music. At this moment, though, Ben needs the music to study for his midterm. Both men want to successfully resolve this issue. To do this, Greg and Ben will have to
have greater empathy for each other. [Empathy involves the ability to imagine another person's point of view and feel what the other person is feeling.]
Employers are less likely to interview people who
have no online presence [About 7 in 10 employers check out candidates online, and nearly 6 in 10 are reluctant to interview those who have no online presence.]
If you would do anything for your friends, from expressing your admiration loudly on the street to helping them move, you probably feel a ________________ to them.
high obligation [There are probably some friends for whom you would do just about anything-no request is too big. For others, you may feel a lower sense of obligation.]
For his presentation, Bernie would like to educate his audience about adoption laws. Bernie's general purpose would be to ____________.
inform [Your general purpose might be to inform, persuade, or entertain. Since he is not asking for specific action, only education, his general purpose is to inform.]
A two-dimensional model that identifies leadership styles as a combination of concern (in varying degrees) for people and/or for the task at hand is a
leadership grid [The Leadership Grid developed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton portrays leadership on the basis of these two considerations: low to high emphasis on tasks, and low to high emphasis on relationships.]
Which part of the brain governs nonverbal communication?
limbic [One part of the brain (the cerebrum) governs speech, but a different part (the limbic system) pro-cesses emotional reactions and awareness of many elements of the environment.]
When your good friend tells you that you have a tendency to interrupt, you thank him for his constructive criticism. When a new coworker accuses you of monopolizing the conversation, you think silently to yourself, "What a jerk." The tendency to judge people we like more charitably than people we don't know well is known as
linguistic intergroup bias [A positive bias leads people to describe the personality traits of in-group members in favorable terms and those of out-group members negatively.]
It is illegal for an interviewer to ask about a candidate's __________ unless it directly relates to the job.
national origin [It's illegal to ask about a person's race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disabilities, national origin, or age.]
Graduate, lead, and produce are all words whose meaning may vary as a result of inconsistent ____________ rules.
phonological [English has many words which have inconsistent phonological rules, as these examples illustrate.]
The vast number of communication channel options one has to choose from is known as
polymediation [Social scientists use the term polymediation to address the range of options (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, Whatsapp, phone calls, texts) communicators can use when choosing how to engage with others.]
A ____________ pattern organizes a speech by describing an unsatisfactory state of affairs and then proposing a plan to remedy the problem.
problem-solution [Problem-solution pattern is an organizing pattern for a speech that describes an unsatisfactory state of affairs and then proposes a plan to remedy the problem.]
Power that comes from respect, liking, and trust is known as __________.
referent power [The basis of referent power is the respect, liking, and trust others have for someone.]
A rising intonation, then a falling intonation, followed by a drawing out the final syllable of the clause at the end of a statement (like the sound you make when you finish a sentence) is a common form of communication ____________.
regulating
Interpersonal relationships are special because of their__________.
scarcity [Interpersonal relationships are special because of their scarcity. ]
Judy did not correctly complete a task that her supervisor had given her. Judy's supervisor attributed the unsatisfactory result to Judy's failure to listen well or to try hard enough. Judy felt that her errors were due to unclear instructions and to her supervisor's failure to allow enough time to complete the task. Judy's explanation is an example of
self-serving bias [Self-serving bias is the tendency to judge other harshly but cast oneself in a favorable light.]
Terms such as sick and tight may be interpreted by members of one coculture as compliments, but other people are likely to see them as insults. This is because ____________ differ(s) from group to group.
slang [Language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar coculture or other group is called slang.]
One study found that 74% of people who notice spelling and grammar errors on a website will avoid doing business with that company. This reaction exemplifies the power of
snap judgements
The space 4 to 12 feet away from a person is defined as __________.
social distance [Social distance ranges from 4 to about 12 feet.]
People who tend to do less work in a group than they would as individuals are
social loafers [Social loafing is a type of lazy behavior some people use to avoid doing their share of the work.]
In her recent speech on the potential economic consequences of Detroit's bankruptcy filing, Emily followed her introduction by describing the problems faced by several suburban areas near the city, moving west to east in order of the areas' positions around Detroit on a map, and finishing with a description of the consequences for the city itself. Emily's speech seems to have been organized in a ____________ pattern.
space [Speech organization by physical area is known as a space pattern]
Which nonverbal behavior is an example of paralanguage?
speaking loudly to emphasize your anger [Social scientists use the term paralanguage to describe nonverbal cues that are audible.]
Julio asked Dolores how her day at work was. She answered him by shrugging her shoulders. Which nonverbal function is Dolores using?
substituting [Some nonverbal behaviors can act as a substitute for a verbal response]
Dorian has hundreds of friends on Facebook and over a thousand followers on Twitter. It's likely that a large portion of these friends are
superficial relationships [Social scientists have concluded that most people can only sustain about 150 relationships. Any beyond that are likely superficial. ]
____________ govern the arrangement or sequence of language.
syntactic rules
You have sensitive information that you want to remain private. The safest medium for transmitting this information would be ____________.
telephone [Anything written down, digitally or otherwise, can be shared with others.]
The term "speech act" is used by communication theorist to describe
the purpose of the communication episode. [Communication theorists use the term speech act to describe the purpose or intention of a communication episode.]
Dominique asked 10 people for referrals, and each of them knows five others who might be able to help, so Dominique now has the potential of support from 60 people. This phenomenon is known as
the six degrees of separation hypothesis
According to management consultant Robert Kelley, effective followers
think for themselves [According to management consultant Robert Kelley, effective followers "think for themselves, are very active, and have very positive energy."]
In a recent speech to her company's board of directors, Gabrielle accounted for the costs involved in her current project by dividing them into categories representing common business expenses and describing the purchases within those categories. Gabrielle's speech seems to have been organized in a ____________ pattern.
topic [A topic pattern is an organizing plan for a speech that arranges points according to logical types or categories.]
Which of the following types of leaders respect the power of teamwork and are primarily motivated by the mission of the group or organization?
transformational [Transformational leadership is defined by a leaders' devotion to helping teams fulfill their potential]
A __________ pattern organizes a speech by incorporating repetitions and variations of themes and ideas.
wave
Which communication network involves one person acting as a gatekeeper regulating the flow of information?
wheel [In the wheel network, one person acts as a clearinghouse, receiving and relaying messages to other members.]
Which kind of outline is meant to be written informally because its contents are subject to change?
working outline [The working outline will probably follow the basic speech structure, but only in rough form. It is for your eyes only, and you'll probably create several drafts as you refine your ideas.]