Speech Quiz 2
Beliefs vs. Values
Beliefs: statements your audience holds to be true Values: the extent to which audience members attach importance/worth to their beliefs
which of the 4 patterns of organization can be used for BOTH informative and persuasive speeches?
Causal Order
_____ communication results when we apply _____ ____ to the message we produce and consume
Ethical Communication Ethical Standards
What are the 2 basic methods of information gathering?
Informal Methods Formal Methods
Being an Advanced Information Seeker is part of ____ ____
Information Literacy
What are the 2 types of analogies?
Literal Analogy Figurative Amalogy
What are 2 citation formats that we can use in a preparation outline?
MLA APA
What are the 2 different layers of the web?
Open Web Hidden Web
what is the most important sentence in a presentation?
The Thesis Statement
Should complete sentences be used in a preparation outline?
YES *use complete sentences, not questions or short phrases
Friends collaborate on a speech topic. Is this a form of plagiarism?
Yes, if they don't inform their instructors *this is a subtler form of plagiarism
Concept mapping
a brainstorming technique that creates a visual organizer of the narrowing down of ideas and ultimately a manageable topic
speaking outline
a brief outline that helps you remember key points as you are presenting *may include delivery notes/cues/ to help you pronounce difficult words or names *keep as brief as possible and only use key words
thesis statement
a clear and concise sentence that provides am overview of your entire presentation
preparation outline
a detailed outline that includes the title, general and specific purposes, organizational pattern, introduction, main points, subpoints, transitions, and references
Internal Summary
a review of what has just been discussed before moving on to the next point *especially useful if you have just finished a complicated point *helps audience remember key points in your speech and signals you're moving on to another point
open questions
allows interviewee to respond in depth ex: "how do you feel about ____/"
Literal Analogy
analogy based on a comparison of actual events
coordination
arrange points of the speech in successive levels *points on the same level have the same importance
Spatial pattern
arranging ideas according to place or position *use for a speech demonstrating location of various parts of the guitar *useful if topic is geographer or involves the discussion of multiple physical spaces
typicality
assesses extent to which your example is normal
persuasive speech
attempts to influence your audience's attitudes, beliefs, or actions about a controversial issue
Voluntary Audience
audience that attends a presentation with an interest in doing so
Captive Audience
audience that is required to attend a presentation *may not have an inherent reason for listening to a speech
What is the "Knowledge" component of the speaking situation?
avoid presenting information that is too general, specific, or complex
The thesis is the ____ of your presentation
backbone
_____ can change over time if new evidence is presented, but ____ are more enduring
beliefs can change values are more enduring
what are the 2 types of audiences?
captive audience voluntary audience
Transitional Devices
connectives that link claims throughout speech and provide a sense of organization *make it easier for audience to follow and remember the ideas you present
A Situational Perspective
considers the context of the communication event *audience analysis can come in during this perspective
general purpose statement
contains the overall intent of the message
The National Communication Association
created and adopted a code of ethics for communication behaviors
Intentional plagiarism
deliberate plagiarism that can occur on a global or partial level
attitudes (as component of speaking situation)
describe how your audience feels about a topic *attitudes are rooted in value and belief systems
speeches to entertain
designed to make an important point in a creative or humorous way *speech should still have thesis, main points, supporting material, etc. -presented in a more subtle way compared to formal informative or persuasive speeches
Figurative Analogy
draws upon metaphors to identify the similarities in 2 things that are not alike
Advanced Information Seeker
finds appropriate sources, analyzes the material/content, evaluates credibility, and integrates these sources ethically and legally
what is the goal of an informative speech?
for your audience to learn something new
Preparation outlines are meant to help you ____ your ideas while speaking outlines help you ____ your ideas
formulate deliver
open web
freely available to anyone with Internet access
closed questions
gives interviewee a choice between options ex: "do you enjoy ___?" (yes/no answer)
Society of Professional Journalists
group that hopes to raise the ethical practice of journalism in this country *encourages its members to "seek truth and report it"*
causal pattern
highlight the cause-effect relationship that exists among the main points *one main point is the cause, the other main point is the effect *you can also proceed from effect to cause
what is the "Size" component of the speaking situation?
how many audience members will there be? *the larger the audience, generally the more formal the presentation will be
hypothetical example
imaginary situations that could conceivably take place in the way they're described *allow audience to imagine themselves a certain situation
Questionnaires
include scaled/continuum questions (on scale of 1-5, how do you feel about____?) *allows you to gauge attitudes on a continuum as opposed to yes/no
A Dialogue Perspective
interactions between people should promote the development of self, personality, & knowledge *participants should listen to all sides of an issue before making an ultimate decision*
What makes a topic significant?
it allows you to contribute info that your audience would not have known had you not given the presenation
Chronological pattern
main points will follow a time sequence *appropriate if you want to inform your audience about a series of events as they occurred *can also use this pattern if your goal is to demonstrate how to do something OR to explain a process
extended example
narratives, stories, or anecdotes more developed compared to brief example *effective at getting audience to visualize and relate to your topic
Once you decide on a topic, you may need to ____ it according to your purpose and occasion
narrow *you will have time limits that require you to make choices on what info to include
interviewing
occurs when audience members are asked about their knowledge, interests, and attitudes toward a topic
unintentional plagiarism
one does not mean to plagiarize *Happens because of carelessness*
Topical pattern
organizes speech by breaking overall topic into smaller subtopics
Try to make your labels of main points ___ in structure
parallel in structure *if one is a 2 word phrase, then try to make them all 2 word phrases *if one is a noun, try to make them all nouns
informative speech
present information hat contributes something of significance to the body of knowledge of your audience *speaker serves the role of the teacher*
commemorative speech
presented as part of celebrations of anniversaries, national holidays, or important dates *accompanied by tributes to the person or people involved *usually a formal presentation (language should be expressive, elegant, eloquent)
Plagiarism
presenting someone else's words/ideas as if the were your own *Intentional (global or partial) OR Unintentional
testimony
quote or paraphrase of an authoritative source *can help prove your point and bolster credibility
Hidden Web
requires a subscription/account before you can access the information
Ethical Norms
rules of behavior
library catalog
search engine the provides access to the library's collection of information
Signposts
signal the next point to be made *provide an oral road map of the main points in the speech *often numerical* - can include words like "next", "another", and "finally"
Fact
something that is verifiable as true *most effective when the audience has no trouble accepting them as true
databases
specialized websites that are part of the Hidden Web *most libraries have licenses and su ascriptions to databases
Brief example
specific case used to support a claim
example
specific instances used by speakers to make an abstract idea concrete *3 types
what are the 4 categories of speeches?
speeches to *inform* speeches to *persuade* speeches to *entertain* speeches to *commemorate*
specific purpose statement
statement indicating the direction and focus that the speaker will take with their topic *results from narrowing your topic **will help you focus your research
global plagiarism
taking entire passages or speeches *form of intentional plagiarism
A Political Perspective
the 1st step is to understand the values of that political system ex: many democracies in Western world put a premium on freedom of speech
what does it mean for a source to be credible?
the information is high quality and trustworthy *we can believe the information is true
Audience analysis
the process by which we gather and analyze info about our listeners and adapt our messages to their knowledge, interests, attitudes, and beliefs
subordination
the ranking of ideas from the most to least important
Research questions should stem directly from your ______ _____
thesis statement
The organizational pattern of a speech will flow directly from the ____ ____ and dictate the arrangement of your ___ ___
thesis statement main points
generally, any topic can be divided according to ____, ____, and ____
time place subtopic
What does Chris (from the TED talk) say your overall goal (or task) is as a speaker?
to transfer the gift of an *idea* into the minds of your audience
what does it mean if information is too general, specific, and complex?
too general = audience already knows about it too specific = audience doesn't need to know too complex = audience cannot understand it
how can we keep a consistent pattern of symbols throughout a preparation outline?
use subordination in the outline use coordination in the outline
Analogies
use them to compare similarities in things *Literal and figurative analogies *can clarify complex situations by comparing them with situations more familiar to the audience*
partial plagiarism
using key words within your own speech *form of intentional plagiarism
Internal Preview
very brief statement of what the speaker will discuss next *clearly establishes what the audience should be looking for in this main point
A Human Perspective
we have a responsibility to ourselves and to others to be open, gentle, compassionate, and critically reflective in our choices
what is the "Interests" component of the speaking situation?
what are your audiences interests? *can use this to relate your topic to your audience throughout the presentation
Ethics
what is right or wrong, good or bad, and what standards/rules should guide our behavior
what is the "Setting" component of the speaking situation?
where will you be delivering your speech? *the setting can give cues about audience type
transitions
words/phrases that demonstrate key relationships among ideas and indicate the speaker is leaving 1 point and moving on to another
What are 2 examples of formal methods to gather information?
*Interviewing *questionnaires
What are 3 examples of informal methods to gather information?
*introductory speeches *class discussions *spending time with classmates outside of class
why is proper documentation of sources is important for what reasons? (2)
- shields your against plagiarism charges - establishes credibility and reliability of your supporting material
in your thesis statement, you should us ____ to ____ words to label each main point
1-3 words
What are the 4 ethical standards to we can apply to communication decisions?
1. A Political Perspective 2. A Dialogue Perspective 3. A Human Perspective 4. A Situational Perspective
What are 5 ways to become ethical producers of information?
1. Add to the Body of Knowledge 2. Be Credible and Reliable (be sure to use language that is NOT abusive/offensive) 3. Avoid Plagiarism 4. Document Your Resources (fully cite) 5. Persuade Ethically
What are 4 ways to incorporate supporting materials into a speech?
1. Analogies 2. Facts 3. Examples 4. Testimonies
What 3 factors contribute to a source's credibility?
1. Author's expertise 2. Point of view of author (shows if there's bias) 3. Publication Date
Name 8 possible types of supporting material
1. Books 2. Journals 3. Magazines 4. Newspapers / News Sources 5. Government Documents 6. Reference Sources 7. Statistics 8. Interviews
what are the 3 kinds of examples?
1. Brief Example 2. Extended Example 3. Hypothetical Examples
What are the 4 basic organizational methods for an *informative* speech?
1. Chronological Order 2. Spatial Order 3. Topical Order 4. Causal Order
what are the 3 steps of developing a research strategy?
1. Create Research Questions 2. Generate a List of Synonyms 3. Search Information Sources
What were the 4 guidelines to follow to accomplish your goal (as noted by Chris in TED talk)?
1. Focus on one major goal 2. Give people a reason to care 3. Build your idea with a familiar concept (use THEIR language, not yours - metaphors help) 4. Make your idea worth sharing (should have potential to change perspectives or to inspire)
What are the 5 guidelines for making a preparation outline?
1. Label the Introduction, Body and Conclusion as *Separate* Elements 2. Use a Consistent Pattern of Symbols 3. Include Transitions 4. Integrate Supporting Material 5. Provide A List of References
What are 3 examples of information sources?
1. Library Catalogs 2. Databases 3. Open Web
what are the 6 things that compose the *speaking situation*?
1. Size 2. Setting 3. Type 4. Interests 5. Knowledge 6. Attitudes
What are 4 types of transitional devices?
1. Transitions 2. Internal Previews 3. Internal Summaries 4. Signposts
What 3 things should you consider when selecting a topic?
1. Yourself (choose something you're passionate about) 2. Your Audience (generate list of topics & ask classmates how they feel about them) 3. Your Occasion (how much time do you have to prepare and present?)
what are the 2 types of questions that can be asked in an interview?
1. open questions 2. closes questions
What 3 things should your specific purpose statement include?
1. your general purpose 2. focus of your topic 3. your audience
