Sports Therapy

WHAT DOES ACHILLES TENDINITIS PRIMARILY AFFECT?

The paratendon envelops the major tendon, although in chronic or severe cases the tendon itself is involved

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A MUSCLE WORKS ECCENTRICALLY?

The points of origin and insertion move away from one another

ON CHECKING X-RAYS OF A HEALING FRACTURE, WHAT SIGNS OF UNION CAN BE OBSERVED?

The presence of callus bridging the fracture Normal continuity of bone trabeculae across the fracture

WHAT IS BLOOD PRESSURE?

The pressure exerted by the circulating blood on vessel walls

DESCRIBE PHAGOCYTOSIS?

The process by which phagocytes ingest and destroy microbes, cell debris and other foreign matter

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF FIBROBLASTS?

The production of both the ground substance and of the precursors of collagen, elastic fibres and reticular fibres

DESCRIBE THE FEATURES OF THE FEMURS PROXIMAL END?

The proximal end of the femur consists of a rounded head that articulates with the acetablum of the hip bone to form the hip joint

WHAT ARE THE ARTICULAR SURFACES OF THE RADIO CARPAL JOINT?

The proximal joint surface consists of the distal surface of the radius and the lower surface of the articular disc of the inferior radio ulnar joint

DESCRIBE THE ARTICULAR SURFACES OF THE ANKLE JOINT?

The quadrangular surface of the lower end of the tibia is concave front to back and rests / fits on the convex upper surface of the body of the talus

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES THE ANCONEUS?

The radial nerve

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES TRICEPS BRACHII?

The radial nerve

DESCRIBE THE RADIUS BONE DISTALLY?

The radius articulates with 2 carpal bones and forms a styloid process on its lateral aspect, and an ulnar notch on its medial side

WHAT IS SATURDAY NIGHT ANKLE?

The result of many, frequent, injuries where there is a cycle of almost continuous capsulitis or arthritis producing pain and swelling after events. This is career ending

DESCRIBE THE RETINACULA OF THE WRIST AND HAND?

The retinacula are restraining bands of fibrous tissue. The flexor retinaculum forms the carpal tunnel. the extensor retinaculum occupies the lateral and back of wrist, attached laterally to the anterior border of the radius and medially to the triqetral and pisiform.

DESCRIBE THE SACRO ILIAC JOINT?

The sacrum and ilium form this joint as a dual mechanism synovial and fibrous type, firmly uniting the pelvis to the vertebral column

DESCRIBE VEINS?

The same structure as arteries but in different concentrations. An important feature is one way valves to prevent the back flow of blood, especially in the lower limbs

DESCRIBE CONSOLIDATION OF FRACTURES?

Callus is gradually transformed into more mature bone

WHAT ARE THE CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION?

Calor - heat Rubor - redness Dolor - pain Tumor - swelling These lead to further signs - loss of function

DEFINE ENERGY?

Can be defined specifically as the capacity to work and can be chemical, thermal, mechanical, electrical, light and nuclear

DEFINE MODERATE EXERCISE?

Can be kept up for long periods

DESCRIBE THE SHAFT OF THE FEMUR?

The shaft is roughly cylindrical shaped and has a rough verticle ridge on its posterior surface - linea aspera, giving attachment to several thigh muscles, and running right down the middle

DESCRIBE THE FLEXOR POLLICIS BREVIS?

The short flexor of the thumb medial to APB

DEFINE THE SHORT PLANTAR /PLANTAR CALCANEOCUBOID LIGAMENT?

The short plantar binds the 2 bones between which it extends, calcaneos and cuboid. The 2 ligaments from an almost continuous structure across this region.

DEFINE THE GLENO HUMERAL JOINT?

The shoulder joint is the most movable joint in the body. It relies heavily on muscles and ligaments

DEFINE AETIOLOGY?

The study of causation

WHAT IS AN INJURY?

The sudden or excessive stress applied to part of the body, generating forces in excess of tolerable loads

DEFINE TOTAL LIVING CAPACITY?

The sum of all volumes and is the maximum lung volume with the greatest inspiratory effort

WHAT 2 BURSAE SEPARATE THE ACHILLIES?

The superficial and deep retrocalcaneal

WHAT IS USUALLY AFFECTED IN ACUTE SHOULDER TENDINITIS?

The supraspinatus, close to its insertion into the humerus

DESCRIBE AN INTRAMUSCULAR HAEMATOMA?

The surrounding fascial sheath is intact which means that the collecting fluid cannot escape. therefore intramuscular tension is increased with resultant high pressure levels. There is bleeding, swelling, pain, tenderness, loss of function and reduced ROM

DESCRIBE THE LIGAMENT CAPSULE OF THE SHOULDER RADIO ULNAR JOINT?

The synovial cavity is shared with the elbow joiunt and the synovium hangs loosely below the annular ligament as a redundant fold

WHERE IS THE BICEPS BRACHII PINT OF INSERTION?

The tendon inserts into the back of the radial tuberosity, on the antero-medial aspect of the shaft of the radius

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR FLAT FEET?

A medial wedge coiuld help if there is hyperpronation. Flexibility training for the ankles and calf strengthening exercises Specific exercises such as : sitting, curl toes as if to pull the rest if the foot forwards Roll a pencil with toes squeeze toes firmly to floor invert foot to turn it on its outer border

DEFINE VERY SEVERE EXERCISE?

A muscle activity that can only be kept up for a short time because of its severity

DEFINE DYNAMIC MUSCLE WORK?

A muscle contraction that creates movement at a joint

DESCRIBE THE EXTENSOR INDICIS?

A narrow elongated muscle medial to and parallel with EPL. It inserts into the base of the proximal phalanx of the index finger. Its action is to extend the index finger and assist in extension of the wrist joint.

DESCRIBE THE TRANSVERSE HUMERAL LIGAMENT?

A narrow sheet between the tuberosities, it covers the bicep groove

DESCRIBE METARSALGIA?

A pain associated with the head of the metatarsal bones in the balls of the feet as a result of ligament laxity, loss of support for the bones by the soft tissues and a consequent strain on joint capsules and ligaments. Treatment is aimed at footwear correction and intrinsic foot exercises.

DEFINE A PARTIAL MUSCULAR TEAR?

A partial tear is where the damage is restricted to a limited number of torn fibres

WHAT IS SYSTOLE?

A phase of muscle contraction

WHAT IS DIASTOLE?

A phase of muscle relaxation

WHAT IS HALLUX RIGIDUS?

A premature fixation of metatarso phalangeal joint of the big toe. Plantar fasciitis is a common accompaniment. Treatment is geared towards symptomatology but the condition tends to be progressive.

DESCRIBE THE EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS?

Comes from the common extensor tendon and the posterior border of the ulna. Its tendon inserts into the base of the 5th MC Its main value is in the synergetic activty for hand functioning in stabilising the wrist for delicate finger operations

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF PERONEUS BREVIS?

Comes from the longer two thirds of the lateral side of the fibula and both anterior and posterior inter muscular septa

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF THE FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS?

Comes from the posterior surface of the shaft of tibia and neighbouring fascial tiussues

DESCRIBE THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM?

Commences at the level of the spinal cord and consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves, named and numbered according to location of origin

WHAT CAUSES INTERCOSTAL NEURALGIA?

Degeneration or trauma can cause problems at the rib / transverse process interface posteriorly

WHAT CAUSES LOWER BACK INSTABILITY?

Degenerative changes in one of the lower limbar discs

AT THE SITE OF INJURY, WHAT CAN THE TISSUES INVOLVED DETERMINE?

Degree of damage Treatment required Recovery time to be expected Surgery required

HOW MAY THE EFFECTS OF AN INJURY VARY?

Degree of trauma Tissue type Surface area of the damage Function of injured tissue

NAME THE 2 TYPES OF NERVE PROCESSES?

Dendrites and axon

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR DAMAGED LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT?

Depends on nature and extent of injury. Fractures - immobilise Complete ruptures - surgically fixed Grades 1 and 2 - case bracing, early mobilisation.

LIST THE MOVEMENTS OF THE TEMPORO MANDIBULAR JOINT?

Depression Elevation Protrusion

LIST THE MOVEMENTS OF THE TMJ?

Depression Elevation Protrusion Retraction

DESCRIBE CEREBRO-SPINAL FLUID?

Derived from blood, CSF is secreted into all of te ventricles and surrounds the brain and spinal cord

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES THE SCALENE MUSCLES?

Derived from the roots of the cervical and brachial plexus

WHAT IS TARSAL TUNNEL SYNDROME?

Excessive pronation of the foot loads the tissues around the flexor tendons and causing an inflammation. The resultant swelling traps and compresses the medial and lateral nerves.

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ROTATOR CUFF?

Exert a steadying effect on the head of humerus Maintain head of humerus in correct position Control the head of humerus from excessive sliding Resist downward sliding of humeral head

DEFINE LOOSE ORDINARY CT?

Exhibits great tensile strength

WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF GLANDS (EPITHELIUM?)

Exocrine Endocrine

DESCRIBE THE PROXIMAL END OF THE TIBIA?

Expanded into 2 condyles - medial and lateral. These articulate with the condyles of the femur to form the lateral and medial tibia femoral joints

DEFINE THE ARCUATE POPLITEAL LIGAMENT?

Extends from the lateral condyle of the femur to the styloid process of the head of the fibula. It is a Y shaped system of capsular fibres.

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE EDL?

Extends the 4 lateral toes and with the other anterior tibial muscles will assist in the dorsiflexion of the ankle

WHAT DOES THE TRICEP BRACHII DO?

Extends the forearm at the elbow

WHAT ARE THE ACTION AND FUNCTIONS OF THE TRICEPS BRACHII?

Extends the forearm at the elbow joint

WHAT DOES THE QUADRICEP FEMORIS DO?

Extends the leg at the knee

LIST THE MOVEMENTS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN?

Extension Flexion Rotation Lateral flexion

WHAT ARE THE 2 FUNDEMENTAL PARTS OF THE RESPIRATION PROCESS?

External Internal

HOW MAY ACUTE COMPARTMENT SYNDROME OCCUR?

External, direct violence causing bleeding of soft tissue Intrinsic direct violence, causing a muscle rupture Sudden unaccustomed exercise

DESCRIBE MITOCHONDRIA?

Extracts the energy from chemical actions from nutrients and is the site of the cells energy

WHAT ARE THE 3 PRIMARY CAUSES OF INJURY?

Extrinsic Intrinsic Overuse

IN THE GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT, WHAT DOES THE CRANIAL SERVE?

Eyes, glands, alimentary canal to level of descending colon

WHAT IS OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS?

A problem of the 12-16 year age group where the articular cartilage of the femoral condyle erodes and eventually disintegrates, with permanent effects on the articular surface. Fragments of cartilage and bone can then become released into the knee joint space as loose bodies.

WHAT IS HAEMOSTASIS?

A process that causes bleeding to stop

WHAT IS COLLAGEN?

A protein that is the main constituent of connective tissue

DESCRIVE THE CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT OF THE THUMB?

A saddle joint. The distal surface of the trapezium articulates with the base of MCI

DESCRIBE DERMATONES?

A section of the skin

DESCRIBE THE SHAFT OF TIBIA?

A sharp anterior border extends from the tibial tuberosity to the medial malleolus. The shaft tapers from the expanded upper end until it approaches the ankle where it expands again

DESCRIBE THE SPINOUS PROCESS OF THE VERTEBRAL ARCH?

A single spinous process projects backwards and downwards from the junction of the laminae

DESCRIBE THE PALMARIS LONGUS?

A slender fusiform muscle and a wrist flexor

DESCRIBE THE EXTENSOR DIGITI MINIMI?

A slender muscle, medial to and usually connected with ED. Arising from the common extensor tendon, it inserts into the dorsal digital expansion of the 5th digit. EDM extends the little finger, and with ED extends the wrist

DESCRIBE SPONDYLOLISTHESIS?

A slippage of one of the vertebrae forward on another and is secondary to the forces transmitted vertically through the spine

WHAT ARE THE MOVEMENTS OF THE SI JOINT?

A small amount of antero-posterior movement occurs during flexion and extension of the spine

DESCRIBE THE SUBCLAVIUS MUSCLE?

A small triangular muscle immediately lateral to the costoclavicular ligament

DESCRIBE THE ANCONEUS MUSCLE?

A small triangular muscle on the back of the elbow joint

WHAT IS A CONDYLE?

A smooth rounded projection of bone, which participates in a joint

DEFINE MUSCLE?

A soft elastic tissue composed of fibres which possess the ability to shorten and lengthen.

WHAT IS FREIDBERGS DISEASE?

A source of metarsal pain and is a variant of osteochondritis of the head of the 2nd metatarsal. The 2nd metatarso-phalangeal joint is swollen and tender. If donut padding and active rest are unsuccessful the head can be excised.

DEFINE THE LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT?

A strong rounded cord on the lateral side of the joint, extending from the lateral femoral epicondyle to the head of fibula below. It is covered by the tendon of biceps femoris and tendon of popliteus lies deep in it

DESCRIBE THE DEEP TRANSVERSE LIGAMENT OF THE PALM?

A strong, square shaped ligament which attaches the sides of each palmar ligament to its neighbour

DEFINE THE RETINACULA OF THE ANKLE?

A structure provided around the ankle to prevent the possible bow stringing effect on the tendons

WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM?

A subsection of anatomy involving the study of bones, joints and skeletal muscles of the body and their associated structures.

DEFINE VASCULAR SPASM?

A sudden contraction. Immediately after trauma, blood vessel walls contract and decrease the outflow via nervous reflexes and muscle induced spasm

DEFINE THE TALOCALCANEONAVICULAR JOINT?

A synovial ball and socket joint. 3 bones and 3 main ligaments are involved with the navicular, calcaneus and the 3 ligaments forming a deep socket for the head of talus

DEFINE THE INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT?

A synovial hinge joint. Exactly the same construction as the hand, there are 9 joints, 2 in each toe and 1 in the hallux, each a pure hinge joint

DEFINE THE RADIO-ULNAR JOINT?

A synovial pivot joint

WHAT KIND OF JOINT IS THE SUPERIOR RADIO-ULNAR?

A synovial pivot joint

DEFINE A MUSCULAR TEAR?

A tear is a muscle can either be complete or partial

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF RECTUS ABDOMINIS?

A tendinous insertion on the front of the body of the pubis

WHAT IS A TENDON?

A tendon consists of bundles of collagen fibres and connects muscle to bone. All of them are surrounded by a membrane - paratendon - which also, to some extent, provides nourishment

DESCRIBE THE PECTORALIS MAJOR?

A thick powerful triangular shaped muscle on the front of the upper chest

DESCRIBE THE DELTIOD MUSCLE?

A thick, powerful fleshy muscle mass triangular in shape

DESCRIBE THE PALMARIS BREVIS?

A thin quadlateral muscle beneath the skin of the ulnar side of the palm. Its action is to wrinkle the skin on that side of the palm to deepen the hollow

DESCRIBE THE ABDUCTOR POLLICIS BREVIS?

A thin subcutaneous muscle on the thumb border of hand With APL this muscle abducts the thumb

DESCRIBE THE SACROSPINOUS?

A thin triangular ligament, it attaches to the ischial spine, lateral sacrum and coccyx

DESCRIBE THE PLEURA?

A thin, transparent, delicate double serous membrane that encases the lung

WHAT HOLDS THE LONG HEAD TENDON OF BICEPS IN THE BICIPITAL GROOVE?

A transverse ligament

WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF REHABILITATION?

A treatment or treatments designed to facilitate the process of recovery from illness, injury or disease to as normal condition as possible

DESCRIBE THE ADDUCTOR POLLICIS?

A triangular fleshy muscle. The base is formed by the 3rd MC, the adjacent carpal bones and the apex is the insertion into the medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. ADDP approximates the thumb to the palm of the hand

DESCRIBE THE OPPONENS DIGITI MINIMI?

A triangular muscle under FDMB and ADM. It draws the 5th MC forwards and rotates it laterally.

CLASSIFY CARTILAGE?

A type of connective tissue

DEFINE MALLET FINGER?

A typical deformity resulting from a direct blow or trauma to the fingertip

WHAT IS TENDINITIS?

A typical inflammatory reaction with attendant symptomatology

WHAT IS THE CORONAL PLANE?

A vertical plane passing from side to side and dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE EDB?

A very small muscle assists in extension of the medial 4 toes

DEFINE PLASMA MEMBRANE?

A very thin structure separating the cell membrane from the external environments. Self sealing Substances can pass through the membrane passively by diffusion, or actively via pynocytosis or phagocytes

DEFINE THE BRACHIALIS?

A wide fleshy muscle covers the front of the elbow joint and the lower half of the humerus

HOW MAY STIFFNESS COMPLICATE POST JOINT INJURY?

Fibrosis inevitability leads to decreased active and passive ROM with consequential effect on joint function

WHAT DOES EXTRACELLULAR SUBSTANCES CONTAIN?

Fibrous tissue, collagen, elastic fibres and fat

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE PERONEUS LONGUS?

Eversion

DEFINE THE POWER GRIP?

Fingers are flexed around an object with counter pressure from the thumb that is so positioned as to bring the pad into firm contact with the object.

DESCRIBE THE HOOK GRIP?

Fingers are looped around straps, cords etc and flexed towards the palm. Thumbs may or may not be involved

LIST THE TREATMENT METHODS AVAILABLE?

First aid Rest and relaxation Cryotherapy / cryokinetics Thermotherapy Bandaging and/or taping Massage Medicines Exercise therapy Electrotherapy Surgery

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR TIBIALIS ANTERIOR SYNDROME?

First aid and active rest before aiming to : - relieve pain - limit localised swelling - maintain general fitness - alnalyse sporting skills - prevent recurrence

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR CHRONIC POSTERIOR DEEP COMPARTMENT SYNDROME?

First aid and active rest followed by treatment aimed at : - relieving pain - limit localised swelling - maintenance of fitness - analysis of sporting technique - prevent recurrence

WHAT MOVEMENTS ARE POSSIBLE BY THE ELBOW?

Flexion Extension

WHAT ARE THE MOVEMENTS IN THE METARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT?

Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction

LIST THE MOVEMENTS OF THE HIP JOINT?

Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Lateral rotation Medial rotation

LIST THE MOVEMENTS OF THE SHOULDER JOINT?

Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Lateral rotation Medial rotation

LIST THE MOVEMENTS OF THE METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT?

Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction

LIST THE MOVEMENTS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN?

Flexion Extension Lateral flexion Rotation

DEFINE THE MOVEMENTS POSSIBLE IN THE KNEE JOINT?

Flexion Extension Medial rotation Lateral extension

LIST THE MOVEMENTS OF THE VERTEBRAL ARCH?

Flexion Extension Rotation

WHAT ARE THE MOVEMENTS DESCRIBED AS OCCURRING IN THE ANATOMICAL POSITION?

Flexion Extension Rotation Abduction Adduction Circumduction

WHAT ARE THE MOVEMENTS OF THE CERVICAL SPINE?

Flexion Extension Side flexion Rotation

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE STERNOMASTOID?

Flexion Rotation

LIST THE MOVEMENTS OF THE WRIST?

Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction

LIST THE MOVEMENTS OF THE INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT?

Flexion extension

LIST THE MOVEMENTS OF THE CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT OF THE THUMB?

Flexion and extension Abduction and adduction Circumduction

WHAT ARE THE MOVEMENTS OF THE INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT?

Flexion and extension only

DESCRIBE THE SYNOVIAL SHEATHS OF THE WRIST AND HAND?

Flexor - 2 synovial sheaths envelop the flexor tendons as they transverse the carpal tunnel, one for FDS and FDP, the other for FPL. Extensor - Each of the 6 tunnel under the extensor retinaculum contains a separate synovial sheath

WHAT MUSCLES CONSIST THE DEEP GROUP OF THE ANTERIOR FOREARM MUSCLES?

Flexort digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus

WHAT ARE THE COMMON COMPLICATIONS OF TENDON INJURY?

Focal degeneration Scarring Fracture Complete rupture Soft tissue adaption

HOW DO YOU TREAT CHRONIC ACHILLES TENDINITIS?

Following adequate rest treatment is aimed at trying to : - relieve pain - limit swelling - improve flexibility and strength - maintain fitness - analyse sporting skill - prevent recurrence - ensure maintenance or improved propreoception around ankle

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR PLANTAR FASCIITIS?

Following immediate first aid and active rest, methods should be employed to : Relieve pain Limit swelling Maintain general fitness Analyse sporting skills Prevent recurrence

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR PERIOSTITIS?

Following immediate first aid and active rest, treatment is aimed at trying to : - relieve pain - limit localised swelling - maintain general fitness - analyse sporting skills - prevent recurrence

DESCRIBE THE ANTERIOR GROUP OF VERTEBRA; COLUMN MUSCLES?

Anterior vertebral muscles are only found in the cervical and lumbar areas. In the lumbar area psoas major originates from the vertebrae and runs to the femur. In the neck longus cervicis runs from front of cervical and upper 3 thoracic vertebrae to atlas. Longus capitis passes from cervical transverse process to front of forearm

WHAT BINDS THE COLUMN OF THE BONES IN THE SPINE TOGETHER?

Anteriorly - invertebral discs Posteriorly - Ligaments and short muscles

WHAT BINDS THE BONES OF THE SPINE TOGETHER?

Anteriorly - invertebral discs Posteriorly - ligaments and short muscles

THE THORAX IS CAPABLE OF ALTERING ITS DIAMETER / SHAPE IN WHAT 3 WAYS?

Antero posterior movement Transverse movement

DESCRIBE THE FEATURES OF PUBIS?

Antero-inferior bone consisting of superior and inferior ramus, and a body which helps form the symphysis pubis.

WHAT ARE SECONDARY OA CHANGES IN POST JOINT INJURIES?

Any disruption of joint surfaces initiates a "wear and tear" cycle with damage with each fresh insult

IN TERMS OF TRACTION APOPHYSITIS, WHAT 2 SPECIFIC EPIPHYSES AROUND THE KNEE ARE AT RISK?

Apex of patella Tibial tuberosity

DESCRIBE FOOTBALLERS ANKLE?

Caused by repeated hyperextension / hyperflexion from kicking impacts on the front of the ankle, resulting is strains and inflammation of the joint capsule with small bony deposits. Pain, discomfort and decreased ROM results from mechanical blockage. Rest and exercise can be a temporary resolution as can steroid injections. Surgical removal is more successful.

OF WHAT DO MOST NEURONS CONSIST?

Cell body Dendrites Axons

WHAT ARE RIBOSOMES?

Cell messengers

OF WHAT DOES CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONSIST?

Cells Intercellular substances

WHAT IS CARTILAGE COMPOSED OF?

Cells Matrix

DESCRIBE CELL PROLIFERATION FOLLOWING A FRACTURE?

Cells multiply from the deep surface of the periosteum Osteoblasts form a collar of active tissue surrounding each fragment Cell activity in the medullary canal Thus, a bridge is being built outside and inside the bone ends

DEFINE TISSUES?

Cells organise themselves together to form tissues

DEFINE CELL REPRODUCTION?

Cells reproduce themselves by direct or indirect division

ORGANISATIONALLY, WHAT ARE THE 3 DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?

Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Autonomic nervous system

WHAT 3 PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ARE TO BE CONSIDERED?

Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Autonomic nervous system

DEFINE THE PLANTER APONEUROSIS?

Central part of the deep fascia of the side of the foot

LIST THE CONSTITUENT PARTS OF THE BRAIN?

Cerebrum Thalamus Hypothalamus Brainstem

WHAT MAY DOCTORS ADVISE IN RELATION TO KNEE INJURIES?

Cessation of sporting activity Surgery Alternative static and dynamic splinting Specific muscle training Reconstructive surgery

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF ACUTE ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT SYNDROME?

Characteristically severe pain over the antero-lateral aspect of the leg, beginning during exercise and increasing until the activity stops

WHAT TYPE OF TISSUE IS A TENDON?

Collagen fibres

DEFINE THE PATELLAR LIGAMENT?

Continuation of the common tendon of insertion of the quadriceps femiris muscle that extends from the patella to the tibial tuberosity. This ligament also strengthens the anterior surface of the joint. The posterior surface of the ligament is separated from the synovial membrane of the joint by an infrapattelar fat pad

FOLLOWING THE INITIAL, IN PLAY, ASSESSMENT WHAT ARE THE 4 POSSIBLE DECISIONS A THERAPIST CAN MAKE?

Continue - no treatment Continue - treatment on the spot Discontinue temporarily Discontinue permanently

DESCRIBE THE INTEROSSEOUS TALOFIBULAR LIGAMENT?

Continuous with the interosseous membrane, it binds the 2 bones intimately and strongly

DESCRIBE MEDULA OBLONGATA?

Continuous with the spinal cord below

WHAT ARE THE PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE TISSUE?

Contractility Extensibility Excitability Elasticity

WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPALS OF TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND LACERATIONS?

Control haemorrhage Cleanse Close Cover Protect

IN DIRECT REFERENCE TO RICE, WHAT BENEFIT DOES COMPRESSION BRING?

Control or diminish oedema by increasing pressure on the outside of the local blood vessels

LIST TYPES OF SKIN DAMAGE?

Contusion Abrasion Laceration Blister Burn

WHAT ARE THE TYPICAL INJURIES TO SKIN?

Contusion Abrasion laceration Blister Burn

DEFINE THE MUSCLES OF THE THIGH?

Conveniently formed in 3 separate compartments separated by sheets of fascia. There are anterior, posterior and medial compartments

LIST THE LIGAMENTS OF THE GLENO HUMERAL JOINT?

Coraco-humeral : extends from coracoid process to greater tuberosity of humerus Transverse process : covers the bicep groove Glenoid labrum : triangular in shape Gleno humeral : from glenoid to humerus

WHAT ARE TENDONS?

Cords of slightly elastic fibres which form the joint between a muscle and bone tissue

WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF EPITHELIUM?

Covering and lining Glandular

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF THE TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS?

Crest and pectin pubis

WhAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR PATELLAR TENDINITIS?

Cryotherapy during the acute phase, followed by active rest

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF THE CUBOID BONE?

Cube shaped, this bone occupies the area between the anterior surface of the calcaneus and the bases of the 4th and 5th metatarsal bones which it carries

LIST THE 2 MAIN TYPES OF VALVES IN THE HEART?

Cusp Semilunar

DEFINE NUTRIENTS?

Food eaten can be broken down into components called nutrients

WHY DO MUSCLES NEED BLOOD SUPPLY?

For energy and metabolism

DEFINE RETICULAR ORDINARY CT?

For support and as a binding tissue

WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIAL INGREDIENTS FOR MENISCAL LESIONS?

Forced flexion Weight bearing Rotation

DEFINE THE ANTERIOR TALOFIBULAR BAND OF THE LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT OF THE ANKLE JOINT?

From the front of the lateral malleolus forwards to the neck of talus

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN FOR THE PECTORALIS MAJOR?

From the front of the medial half of the clavicle and from half of the breadth of the front of sternum

WHERE IS THE ORIGIN OF THE FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS?

From the lower two thirds of the posterior shaft of fibula

WHERE DO THE NERVES OF THE UPPER LIMBS PASS?

From the plexus the nerves pass under the clavicle laterally and through the axillae to supply the muscles

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN FOR GLUTEUS MAXIMUS?

From the posterior surface of the ilium, sacrum, coccyx and sacrotuberous ligament

WHERE IS THE ORIGIN OF TIBIALIS POSTERIOR?

From the posterior surface of the tibia and fibula, the interosseous membrane and adjacent fascia

LIST THE 8 CRANIAL BONES?

Frontal Parietal x 2 Temporal x 2 Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid

DEFINE THE DORSAL PALMAR INTEROSSEOUS LIGAMENT?

Functions as suggested bu names

DESCRIBE THE 3 JOINTS WITHIN THE KNEE?

Laterally is a tibiofemoral joint between the lateral condyle of the femur, lateral meniscus and lateral condyle of the tibia. Medially in another tibiofemoral joint between the medial condyle of the femur, medial meniscus and medial condyle of the tibia. An intermediate pattelarfemoral joint is between the patella and the patella surface on the femur

WHEN MAY MUSCLE INFECTION OCCUR?

Less commonly than in skin injury and more likely when the skin is also involved

WHAT ARE THE 3 MAIN TYPES OF WBC?

Leukocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes

STATE THE ORIGIN OF THE ADDUCTOR BREVIS?

Lies behind longus and pectineus. It is triangular and originates on the inferior pubic ramus

DESCRIBE THE FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS?

Lies on the ulnar side of the forearm deep to the supreficial flexors. FDP flexes the distal interphalangeal joints of the digits after the FDS has flexed the proximal joints

WHAT INFORMATION IS GAINED FROM X-RAYS?

If there is a fracture Which bones are involved If there is a dislocation The type and pattern of fracture The degree and direction of displacement Recent of old fracture Signs of union / consolidation Associated injury

WHAT MUSCLE IS THE STRONGEST OF THE HIP FLEXORS?

Iliopsoas

WHAT 3 BONES MAKE UP THE PELVIC GRIDLE?

Ilium Ischium Pubis

DEFINE THE FLEXOR DIGITI MINIMI?

Imitator of the flexor hallucis brevis

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR RUPTURED SOLEUS?

Immediate first aid Active rest Relieve pain Limit swelling Maintain general fitness Retrain flexibility / muscle power / sports specific Test fitness under competitive conditions Analysis of sporting skills

LIST THE SPECIFIC TREATMENTS FOR TENNIS ELBOW?

Immediate first aid Pain relief measures Active rest and controlled play Strapping Custom made brace Active and resisted exercises as pain reduces Deep transverse frictions

FOLLOWING EXERCISE, WHAT OBSERVATIONS CAN BE MADE ON BLOOD?

Increases in - Heamoglobin Erythrocyte Regulation of blood sugar Tolerance for O2 debt Level of adrenaline

HOW DO MUSCLES ACHIEVE THEIR O2 REQUIREMENTS DURING EXERCISE?

Increasing cardiac output Redistribution of blood Effect of the dissociation of O2/CO2 facility with exercise

WHAT IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF THE TRICEPS BRACHII?

The tendon of insertion begins mid muscle as the 3 heads coverage into a broad aponeurosis in the lower part of the arm and this narrows into a strong tendon. This tendon inserts into the upper part of the posterior surface of the olecranon process of ulna and the posterior capsukle of the elbow joint.

LIST THE COMMON TRICEPS INJURIES?

Inflamed Ruptured

LIST THE BICIPITAL SYNDROMES?

Inflamed Ruptured Dislocated from bicipital groove

WHAT INJURIES CAN TRICEPS SUSTAIN?

Inflamed Ruptured

WHAT IS MYOSITIS?

Inflamed muscle

WHAT INJURIES CAN THE BICEPS SUSTAIN?

Inflammation Rupture Dislocation from the bicipital grove

WHAT IS INFLAMMATION?

Inflammation is the reaction of the cells of the body to damage. It is also the reaction of the body to infection

WHAT IS OSTEITIS?

Inflammation of bone

WHAT CAUSES TENDON SCARRING?

Inflammatory changes. This causes a thickening of the paratendon and fibrous sheaths and lead to peritendinitis and tendovaginitis

WHAT GYNAECOLOGICAL DISORDERS MAY PRESENT HIP OR JOINT PAIN?

Inflammatory conditions Venereal disease Skin diseases Tumours

DEFINE PIMNOCYTOSIS?

Ingestion by cell membrane or extracellular fluid and its contents

DEFINE PHAGOCYTOSIS?

Ingestion or large particulate matter by cell

WHERE MAY HERNIAS OCCUR?

Inguinal Femoral Abdominal

LIST THE ANATOMICAL COMPONENTS OF THE SPINE?

Invertebral disc Facet joint Ligaments Muscles Movements Nerve supply Blood supply

LIST THE COMPONENTS OF THE SPINE?

Invertebral disc Facet joint Ligaments Muscles Movements Nerve supply Blood supply

WHAT ARE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PROTOPLASM>?

Irritability Conductivity Contractility Absorption Assimilation Excretion and secretion Perspiration Growth Reproduction

DEFINE OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS?

Is a condition that develops in children and adolescence whereby a piece of joint surface begins to crack and loosen. This piece can then separate from its surrounding region.

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN FOR GLUTEUS MEDIUS?

Is extensive, from the outer surface of the ilium farther forward that the maximus

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF COLLAGEN?

It has several functions including :- Providing support for the skin Reducing friction between joints Maintain shape of nose and ears Provide strength and flexibility of bones and muscles

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF TRAPEZIUS?

It helps to steady the scapula and control the position and movement of the upper limb. The middle fibres retract the scapula. Lower fibres pull the medial end of the spine of the scapula down.

DEFINE THE POPLITEUS?

It is a flat, triangular muscle in the floor of the popliteal fossa. The muscle lies obliquely across the lower part of the back of the knee.

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BICEPS BRACHII?

It is a flexor of the elbow

WHAT IS THE GLENOID CAVITY?

It is a lateral facing, shallow and oval concavity for the reception of the head of humerus

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF GLUTEUS MAXIMUS?

It is a major anti gravity muscle, involved in rising. Statistically it is an important postural muscle acting with abdominals to keep pelvis level

DESCRIBE THE SERRATUS ANTERIOR MUSCLE?

It is a muscular sheet between the ribs and scapula on the upper lateral chest wall.

DEFINE THE METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT?

It is a synovial, condyloid joint. Anatomically it corresponds to the knuckle joint in the hand, with a few differences : In walking, the toes must hyperextend The hallux is the main forward thruster The hallux does not have the same degree of movement as the thumb

DEFINE THE CALCANEOCUBOID JOINT?

It is a synovial, saddle joint. The calcaneus and the cuboid form a saddle shaped articulation about 2cm behind the tuberosity at the base of the 5th metatarsal

WHAT IS SEVERS DISEASE?

It is a traction apophysitis of the insertion of the achilles tendon. Common in 8-15 year olds it is an overload syndrome on the growth plate tissues by prolonged and repeated traction (running and jumping) on the tendon insertion into the periosteum of the calcaneum. Rest from actions and a 1/2 inch heel raise is all the treatment that is required.

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR INJURIES TO THE KNEE JOINT SURFACE?

It is aimed at minimising the effects and dealing with the symptoms. Thus, pain relief, improving muscle bulk and power, maintaining joint movement and function

WHAT IS THE TRANSVERSE PLANE?

It is any plane cutting across the long axis of a structure at right angles

DEFINE HAEMOPOIEIC CT?

It is blood or vascular tissue

DESCRIBE THE LATERAL END OF THE CLAVICLE?

It is broad and flat. It articulates with the acromium in the acromio-clavicular joint

DESCRIBE THE ANATOMY OF THE GLUTEUS MAXIMUS?

It is connected through the iliotibial tract and influences the stability of the knee joint in standing, acting like a splint when tightened

DEFINE THE CAPSULE LIGAMENT OF THE CALCANEOCUBOID JOINT?

It is distinct and the synovium is thickened over the dorsal surface

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN FOR PECTINEUS?

It is flat and quadrangular, originating on the pecten pubis on the superior ramus of the pubis

DESCRIBE THE TRANSVERSE ARCH OF THE FOOT?

It is formed by calcaneus, navicular and cuboid plus the posterior parts of the 5 metatarsals

HOW IS THE FIBROUS PART OF THE SACRO ILIAC JOINT FORMED?

It is formed by the upper posterior part and by the very strong ligament attachments from the sacrum-ilium-vertebral column

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE SERRATUS ANTERIOR?

It is involved in all pushing movements. It rotates the scapula in lifting the arm above the head. It keeps the scapula applied to the chest wall, acting as an anchor

WHAT IS HYPOXIC INJURY?

It is secondary to the initial trauma and is a direct result of the bodys attempts to control the effects of the primary injury

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES THE TRAPAZIUS?

It is supplied by the accessory nerve and by branches of the cervical plexus

WHAT IS THE INFERIOR ANGLE OF SCAPULA?

It is the apex of the triangle and is directed downwards to form the rounded inferior angle

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE TIBIALIS ANTERIOR?

It is the chief dorsiflexor and invertor of the foot

DESCRIBE THE RADIUS BONE?

It is the lateral bone of the forearm, lying on the thumb side. It carries the wrist and is essential for rotary movement of the forearm. The radial tuberosity is roughened for the insertion of the biceps tendon

WHAT IS A BORDER BONE FEATURE?

It is the ridge of bone separating 2 surfaces

DESCRIBE THE COLLATERAL LIGAMENT OF THE RADIO CARPAL JOINT?

It is thickened laterally for reinforcement as the radial and ulnar collateral ligaments. Runs from styloids of radius and ulna to the scaphoid and traquetrum respectively

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF THE CUNIFORM BONES?

It is wedge shaped. 3 in number - medial, intermediate and lateral

DESCRIBE THE PHARYNX?

It lies to the front of the cervical vertebrae and is the shared passageway for air, food and drink

DEFINE THE MOVEMENT OF THE CALCANEOCUBOID JOINT?

It moves mainly in unison with the other joints of the head of talus.

WHAT IS THE LOCATION OF THE HEART?

It occupies a central position in the mediastinal space between the 2 lungs in the thorax

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF THE PERONEUS LONGUS?

It originates from the upper two thirds of the lateral side of the fibula, and from both anterior and posterior inter muscular septa

POINT OF INSERTION OF THE GRACILIS MUSCLE?

It originates via a thin aponeurosis on the inferior ramus of pubis

HOW DOES RESPIRATION OCCUR?

It results from muscular action on and around the thorax

WHERE CAN THE SPINE OF SCAPULA BE FOUND?

It starts from about one third of the way down on the vertebral border and runs laterally towards the glenoid, gradually increasing in prominence.

DESCRIBE THE CAPSULE LIGAMENT OF THE RADIO CARPAL JOINT?

It surrounds the joint and is attached to all adjacent bony surfaces

DESCRIBE THE INFRASPINATUS?

Its fibres converge to form a tendon gliding over the lateral border of the spine of scapula and over the posterior capsule of the shoulder joint

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF RECTUS FEMORIS?

The tendons of origin converge in a fusiform belly, narrows below, which narrows below to a tendon, which inserts into the base of the patella

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF THE TIBIALIS ANTERIOR?

Its fibres descend vertically and its tendons become apparent at the lower third of the leg, attaching to the base of the first metatarsal and the medial cuneiform bone

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF THE ADDUCTOR LONGUS?

Its fibres expand into a broad fleshy belly inserting into the middle of the medial lip of the linea aspera

DESCRIBE THE SUPRASPINATUS?

Its fibres pass under the acromiom and cross the upper shoulder joint

DEFINE THE GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM?

Its function is secretion

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF VASTUS INTERMEDIUS?

Its role is both dynamic and static. Dynamic - forcefully extends the knee Static - prevents the knee from buckling

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF THE ILIUM?

Its superior border forms the iliac crest, ending posteriorly and the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) and anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

DESCRIBE THE SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE HAMSTRING GROUP?

The tendons of the group form the walls of the polpliteal fossa on the back of the knee. All of the tendons can be traced to their insertion

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF THE EDB?

The tendons pass forward to the 4 medial toes where the slips to 2,3 and 4 toes insert into the tendons of the EDL

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION FOR VASTUS INTERMEDIUS?

Joining the rectus tendon, intermedius inserts into the base of the patella

DESCRIBE THE CRICOID?

Joins the first cartilage ring of the trachea

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF THE SOLEUS?

Joins with the gastrocnemius to form the tendo calcaneus, inserting into the posterior surface of the calcaneus

KNEE LIGAMENT INJURIES WILL LIKELY ALSO INCLUDE?

Joint capsule and synovium damage

WHAT ARE THE ARTICULATIONS OF INTEREST IN THE ARTHROLOGY OF THE TRUNK?

Joints of the vertebral column Joints of the ribs Joints of the pelvis Tempero mandibular joint

HOW IS PATELLAR TENDINITIS OTHERWISE KNOWN?

Jumpers knee

ORDINARY CT CAN BE DIVIDED INTO WHAT 5 DISTINCT CATEGORIES?

Loose Adipose Dense Elastic Reticular

WHAT CAUSES LOOSE BODIES IN THE JOINT?

Loose bodies in the elbow joint, as in the knee, frequently result from osteo-chondritis dissecans

What are the secondary curves of the spine known as?

Lordotic cervical Lumbar

IN WHAT 3 GROUPS CAN THE SUPERFICIAL GROUP OF POSTERIOR MUSCLES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN BE PUT?

Lateral - iliocostalis Middle - longissimus Medial - spinalis

DEFINE THE VASTUS LATERALIS?

Lateral component of the quadriceps group, it is also the largest

DESCRIBE THE FLEXOR DIGITI MINIMI BREVIS?

Lateral to ADM, FDMB goes to the ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit, flexing it at MCP joint

DESCRIBE THE ORO-PHARYNX?

The tonsils are found here

DEFINE VITAL CAPACITY?

The total expiratory volume after the fullest inspiratory effort

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF THE TIBIALIS POSTERIOR?

The tuberosity of the navicular, the cuniform bones and the base of the first metatarsal bone

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF BRACHIALIS?

The tuberosity of ulna

DEFINE THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN?

The upper cervical element of the spine consists of 7 cervical vertebrae.

DESCRIBE THE PROXIMAL END OF HUMERUS?

The upper end of the bone is the ball of the ball and socket gleno humeral / shoulder joint

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF SEMITENDINOSUS?

The upper muscle is fusiform, ending as a long thin rounded tendon in the mid thigh and curves round the front of the knee to insert in the medial tibial shaft

DESCRIBE THE BLOOD FLOW / SUPPLY OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN?

The veins have no valves and blood flow is controlled by the pressures of movement

WHAT IS CARDIAC OUTPUT?

The volume of blood ejected from the ventricles per minute

WHAT IS END SYSTOLIC VOLUME?

The volume of blood left in the ventricle after its systole

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION FOR THE SERRATUS ANTERIOR?

The whole length of the anterior surface of the vertebral border of the scapula

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE POSTERIOR CRURAL MUSCLES?

Their combined action is to plantarflex the foot

WHAT ARE THE 3 GROUPS OF MUSCLE IN THE HAND?

Thenar Hypothenar Central palmar

WHAT ARE THE 8 DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESISTING FORCES?

Therapist Patient Weights Weight and pulley circuits Weight and elastic circuits Malleable substances Water Isokinetics

DESCRIBE THE RIBS?

There are 12 ribs forming the thoracic cage. Each rib articulates with its numbered vertebrae behind. Ribs 1-7 have direct attachment to the sternum by costal cartilages and are true ribs, the others are false rubs

DEFINE THE CRUCIATE-INTRA-ARTICULAR LIGAMENTS?

There are 2 - anterior and posterior, forming the principal connections between the tibia and femur and preventing forward and backward movements. They are strong and lie in the middle of the joint, taking their name from their attachment to the tibia

DEFINE THE LATERAL LIGAMENTS OF THE ANKLE JOINT?

There are 3 separate bands, collectively known as the lateral ligament of the ankle joint

HOW ARE THE CARPAL BONES ARRANGED?

There are 8 bones. arranged in 2 rows of 4 bones - proximal and distal

DESCRIBE THE COMPLETE RUPTURE OF A TENDON?

There is a sudden application of an unbalanced load. There is an immediate loss of function and a gap appears in the tendon with retraction of the ends

DEFINE THE MOVEMENTS OF THE SUBTALAR AND TALOCALCANEONAVICULAR JOINTS?

There is considerable gliding and rotary movement in both joints

WHAT MOVEMENT DOES THE SUPERIOR TIBIO-FIBULAR JOINT HAVE?

There is no active movement of this joint, but when the fibula and tibia are spring apart by movement at the ankle, there is a slight gliding movement

CLASSIFY A CARTILAGINOUS JOINT?

There is no synovial fluid and the bones are held together by cartilage

DESCRIBE THE MOVEMENT OF THE INFERIOR TIBIO-FIBULAR JOINT?

There is only slight movement as the joint tends to be forced apart during dorsifkexion of the ankle

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF INJURIES TO KNEE JOINT SURFACES?

There will be a history or recurrent episodes of synovitis and exertional pain, often mimicking a meniscal lesion

DEFINE A COMPLETE MUSCLE TEAR?

There will be a total loss of function with a loss in continuity of the muscle form. It is relatively painless and common in the region of the musculo-tendinous junction

WHAT CHANGES TAKE PLACE IN A MUSCLE DURING CONTRACTION?

Thermal Vascular Chemical Oxygen debt

DESCRIBE THE LUMBRICALS?

These are 2 fleshy fasciculii from the sides of each of the 4 tendons of FDP in the palm of the radial sides of the corresponding digits and the related dorsal digital expansions. It flexes the digits at the MCP joint

DESCRIBE CONDYLOID OR ELLIPSOIDAL JOINTS?

These are effectively modified ball and socket joints where an oval shaped condyle fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone. Movements permitted are : Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Some degree of circumduction

DEFINE THE JOINTS OF THE VERTEBRAL AXIS?

These are joints between adjacent facets / articular processes

DEFINE FIXATORS?

These are muscles which fix proximal joints to prevent unnecessary movement taking place

HOW MAY INJURIES TO THE JOINT SURFACES OF THE KNEE OCCUR?

These are not common. Cracking of the hyaline cartilage causes roughening and defects in the congruity of the joint surfaces and premature degenerative arthritic changes.

DEFINE THE NEURONE?

These are structural and functional units of nervous system. They are : Sensitive to various stimuli Able to convert stimuli to nervous impulses Able to conduct nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle fibres or glands

DEFINE THE BLOOD VESSELS OF THE UPPER LIMB?

These are superficial and deep systems of veins in the upper limb

DESCRIBE THE FACET JOINT?

These are synovial plane joints and are formed bilaterally

DESCRIBE THE FACET JOINT?

These are synovial plane joints, formed bilaterally from articulation of sets of superior with inferior articular facets on vertebrae

DEFINE THE POSTERIOR CRURAL MUSCLES?

These are the calf muscles

DEFINE ANTAGONIST?

These are the muscles on the opposite side of the limb from the agonist

PUT SIMPLY, WHAT IS THE AXIAL SKELETON?

These are the upright parts of the skeleton situated on or very near the mid line. It is made up of the skull and vertebral column

DEFINE NEUROGLIA?

These cells provide the supporting protective framework for neurons

DESCRIBE MENISCAL LESIONS?

These do not all produce symptoms and are often combined with ligament lesions, especially on the medial side.

DESCRIBE THE INTERCARPAL JOINT?

These exist between individual carpal bones

DESCRIBE THE ARTICULAR PROCESSES OF THE VERTEBRAL ARCH?

These form facet joints with vertebrae above and below

DEFINE THE ANTERIOR CRURAR MUSCLES?

These muscles lie on the front of the leg or shin, between the shaft of tibia laterally and in front of and medial to the fibula

DESCRIBE THE POSTERIOR GROUP OF MUSCLES IN THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN?

These occupy a pair of gutters on either sifde of the vertebral spines. These muscle masses can be put into superficial and deep groups

DESCRIBE THE DEEP VEINS OF THE UPPER LIMBS?

These travel alongside the arteries and take their name from the artery they serve

DEFINE THE SCALENE MUSCLES?

They act on the cervicle spine and affect the position of the head.

DEFINE THE ROLE OF COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS?

They act within the cruciates and the tibial intercondylar eminence to prevent sideways displacement of the tibia on the femur reinforcing the fibrous capsule

DEFINE THE INTEROSSEI?

They are 4 dorsal and 3 plantar muscles from the sides of adjacent metatarsals of the bases of the proximal phalanges of the 4th toes

WHERE ARE THE PERONEAL TENDONS HELD?

They are held in place behind the lateral malleolus by a retinaculum. The retinaculum can be torn and allow the tendons to dislocate out of their proper anatomic channel

WHAT ARE TROCHANTER, TUBEROSITY, TUBERCLE?

They are roughened bony projections usually for the attachments of muscles. Trochanter abd tuberosities are larger

WHAT ARE SECONDARY CAUSES OF INJURY?

They are sequels to the primary causes but are not direct complications of it. Referred pain and deformity

DEFINE PLATELETS?

Maintain the in intgrity of the lining of blood vessels and release enzymes to promote coagulation of blood

EXTRINSIC COMPLICATIONS OF FRACTURE MAY INCLUDE WHAT INJURIES?

Major blood vessels Nerves Viscera Tendons Joints Fat metabolism

HOW MAY THE AIMS OF REHAB INTENT BE STATED?

Master aim - return the athlete to fullest possible functional fitness in the shortest timescale. Session aim - each attendance for treatment ought to see an improvement in condition

FACIAL FRACTURES USUALLY INVOLVE WHICH BONES?

Maxilla Zygoma Mandible Nasal bones

DEFINE A MUSCULAR STRAIN?

May be chronic as a result of an overuse syndrome or skill deficit. May be acute from a single violent stretching force.

DESCRIBE A SADDLE JOINT?

May be likened to a saddle with a rider on top at right angles. Movements occurring are : Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Some circumduction

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF MENISCUS TEARS?

May cause minimal symptoms of aching only, or full syndrome of a suddenly painful locked knee. Locking and giving way are key symptoms. Medial meniscal tears are often confused and combined with medial ligament tears Lateral tears are difficult to recognise, with some aching and vague instability

DESCRIBE A MENISCAL CYST?

May form on a meniscus, usually the lateral one. It may be pea sized, popping in and out, as the knee bends and straightens

DEFINE AGONIST?

Means the muscle which is the principal mover in the movement

WHAT IS THE SUGGESTED PROCEDURE IN A FIRST AID SCENARIO?

Mechanism of injury Site of injury Approach to the player Examination

NAME THE 2 PARTS OF THE LONGITUDINAL ARCH?

Medial and lateral

WHAT LIGAMENTS OF THE ANKLE ARE AT RISK OF INJURY?

Medial and lateral collaterals

DEFINE THE VASTUS MEDIALIS

Medial component of the quadriceps and arguably the most important in knee stability

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF TRAPEZIUS?

Medial one third of superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Ligamenum nuchae Spines and supraspinius ligaments of the cervical vertebrae

WHERE ARE THE POINTS OF ORIGIN FOR THE TRAPEZIUS MUSCLE?

Medial one third of the superior nuchal line. external occipital protuberance. Ligamentum nuchae. Spines and supraspinous ligamants of all cervical and thoracic vertebrae.

WHAT IS THE MECHANISM OF INJURY FOR LATERAL MENISCUS?

Medial rotation of tibia on femur, fixed foot, slightly bent loaded knee and a degree of varus strain

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF POPLITEUS?

Medially rotates the leg on the thigh, but it is mainly an involuntary action accompanying the beginning of knee flexion. It does function to protect the lateral meniscus from crushing during rotation

FORE-FOOT DISORDERS CAN BE SPLIT INTO WHAT 3 GROUPS?

Metarsalgia Toe problems Toe-nail problems

WHAT ARER CAPILLARIES?

Microscopic vessels connected to arterioles at one end and venules at the other

HOW IS RESPIRATION REGULATED?

Neurogenic and humoral factors

THE NERVOUS SYSTEMS CONTAIN WHAT 2 CELLS?

Neuron Neuroglia

WHAT ARE THE ONLY TYPES OF NERVE CELL?

Neuron Neuroglia

HOW ARE NERVE INJURIES CLASSIFIED?

Neurpraxia Axonotmesis Neurotmesis

DEFINE THE ARTICULAR CAPSULE OF THE KNEE?

No complete, independent, capsule unites the bones of the knee joint. The ligaments sheath surrounding the joint consists mostly of muscle tendons or their expansions. There are however some capsular fibres connecting the articulating bones

WHAT FACTORS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED POST INJURY AND IN CONNECTION WITH DAMAGE LIMITATION?

No hot baths No alcohol Avoid use of "rubs" No indiscriminate rubbing, or pumping of joint

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT OF STRESS FRACTURES

No treatment is required other than rest and complete avoidance of running for 4-8 weeks

DESCRIBE GRANULATION TISSUE?

Non connective tissue and tiny blood vessels that form on the surfaces of a wound during the healing process

NAME THE 2 PARTS OF AN INVEREBRAL DISC?

Nucleus pulposus, which resists and redistributes compression forces. Annulus \fibrosis, which resists tensile forces of torsion, shearing or separation of the vertebral bodies?

DESCRIBE RECOVERY AFTER SEVERE EXERCISE?

O2 usage remains high Muscles contract anaerobically Lactates greatly accumulate

WHERE IS OSTEOCONDRITIS DISSECANS OF TALUS MAINLY FOUND?

On the medial aspect of the ankle. Treatment is rest, with or without joint immobilisation

DESCRIBE THE FLEXOR RETINACULUM?

On the medial side of the ankle

DESCRIBE THE ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI?

On the ulnar border of the hand, ADM stretches between flexor retinaculum and its marginal prominences. ADM abducts the little finger

DEFINE THE GLUTEUS MAXIMUS?

One of the thickest and most powerful muscles of the body. Quadrilateral in shape with long sides running downwards and outwards from the pelvis

WHAT IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF GLUTEUS MAXIMUS?

One quarter of the insertion in into the gluteal tuberosity. The other three quarters is into the iliotibial tract which is part of the fascia lata

DESCRIBE THE PARTIAL RUPTURE OF A TENDON?

Onset is sudden and accompanied by sharp pain. No loss of continuity can be observed and the loss of function is purely pain related

DESCRIBE ACUTE ROTATOR CUFF TENDINITIS?

Onset of symptoms is gradual over a few weeks, evidence of a painful arc and local tenderness

POIMNT OF INSERTION OF THE EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE?

Onto the anterior half of the iliac crest

LIST THE TYPES OF FRACTURE?

Open Closed Complicated

HOW MAY CT BE DIVIDED?

Ordinary or CT Proper Special

WHERE ARE THE POINTS OF ORIGIN AND INSERTION OF THE SCALENE MUSCLES?

Origin - transverse process Insertion - first and second ribs

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF THE GASTROCNEMIUS?

Originates from medial and lateral heads, 2 strong flat tendons, from the back of the respective femoral condyles

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN FOR VASTUS MEDIALIS?

Originates from the linea aspera, as high up as the lower end of the intertrochanteric line and below the upper third of the supracondylar line

WHAT RANGES / ARCS CAN JOINTS MOVE BY MUSCLES BE REFERRED TO?

Outer Middle Inner

DESCRIBE HALLUX VALGUS?

Outward angular displacement of the big toe by more than 10 degrees. Treatment is aimed at inflammatory symptomatology and ensuring that footwear is correct.

WHAT MOST LIKELY CAUSES MUSCLE INJURIES WHERE THE QUADRICEPS INSERT INTO THE PATELLA?

Overuse syndromes

WHAT IS TENDINITIS AND TENSOSYNOVITIS?

Overuse with combined pathologies. Symptomatology and treatment is as for other similar tendon injuries

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF PATELLAR TENDINITIS?

Pain Aching and stiffness after activity

WHAT SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION ARE TO BE EXPECTED?

Pain Swelling Bruising Tenderness Redness Deformity Loss of movement Heat Change in gait and posture Loss of function

SOME COMMON SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF INJURY ARE?

Pain Swelling Haemorrhage Bruising Loss of function

WHAT ARE THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF KNEE INJURIES?

Pain Tenderness Swelling Instabilty

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF PATELLA-FEMORAL PAIN SYNDROME?

Pain - in the knee and behind the knee cap both during and after exercise, or when loaded in the bent position. Tenderness - can be elicited by palpation around the periphery of the patella Crepitus - cane be felt and sometimes heard during repeated flexion/extension Grinding/Compression pain - if patella is compressed and quads contracted whilst pressure is maintained Muscle weakness Malalignment - increased Q angle

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF PLANTAR FASCIITIS?

Pain at the origin of the fascia on activity but not at rest. There may be stiffness in the morning and a limping gait. Localised tenderness on pressure accompanied by swelling.

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF A RUPTURED SOLEUS?

Pain deep in the calf and triggered by specific muscle testing. Haemorrhage produces a slow swelling and bruising can be seen on the inner side of the middle shin. deep local tenderness over the site of injury

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF PERIOSTITIS?

Pain during exercise but not at rest is a prominent feature. It can be triggered by passive ankle dorsiflexion and even by flexion

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF TENNIS ELBOW?

Pain in outer aspect of elbow on grasping Distinct tender point over lateral epicondyle Isometric testing of wrist and / or finger extension causes pain Weakness ar wrist

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF MUSCULAR INJURIES WHERE THE QUADRICEPS INSERT INTO THE PATELLA?

Pain in the knee during and efter exercise, marked local tenderness and stiffness on resting after exercise

WHAT SYMPTOMS MAY INDICATE TENNIS ELBOW?

Pain in the outer aspect of the elbow on grasping Distinct tended point over lateral epicondyle Pained outer elbow on isometric testing of wrist and / or finger extension Weakness at wrist

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF OSGOOD-SCHLATERS DISEASE?

Pain is acute and localised both during and after exercise. Can be triggered by an isometric quadriceps contraction. There will be tenderness, localised swelling, later hardening as callus is laid down and a visible and palpable limp is formed

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF ACUTE ACHILLES TENDINITIS?

Pain is experienced during or following exercise Tendon is tender to touch May be diffuse swelling on and around the tendon with palpable crepetis Altered gait pattern Wear patterns on shoes change

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS?

Pain is felt during activity, often widespread in the knee and the knee aches afterwards. Locking of the knee joint can occur, imitation meniscal injury and swelling is a cyclical feature post activity

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF A PARTIALLY RUPTURED ACHILLIES TENDON?

Pain may be sudden at time of injury or insidious with degeneration. Pain subsides with rest but returns with vengeance if exercise is resumed. Sharp stabbing, shooting or cutting pain is experienced

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF DAMAGED LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT?

Pain on movement and weight bearing Localised tenderness Swelling around the front of the lateral malleolus

IN RELATION TO MEDIAL MENISCUS INJURIES, WHAT IS IT IMPORTANT TO LOOK FOR?

Pain on the inner side of the knee during and after exercise Tenderness Locking Swelling Muscle weakness Giving way, intermittent catching or clicking may be felt

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF CHRONIC POSTERIOR DEEP COMPARTMENT SYNDROME?

Pain peaks gradually with increasing levels of activity, and is associated with "push off" dorsiflexion type actions. There may be numbness and weakness at take off

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR MUSCLE INJURIES WHERE THE QUADRICEPS ENTERS THE PATELLA?

Pain relief Active rest

FOLLOWING ACTIVE REST AND OTHER MEDICALLY ORDERED TREATMENTS, WHAT IS REHAB GEARED TOWARDS?

Pain relief Increasing muscular strength Maintaining and increasing ROM Re-educating gait patterns Improve sporting skills performance

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF FLAT FOOT?

Pain with repeated overuse and there is a general aching of the lower leg as well as the feet

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF CHRONIC ACHILLES TENDINITIS?

Pain, aching and stiffness before, during and after activity Swelling Palpable tenderness Thickening of the paratenon

NAME 2 COMMON ROTATOR CUFF LESIONS?

Painful arc syndrome Rotator cuff impingement syndrome

WHAT MUSCLES FORM THE GROUP OF HYPOTHENAR MUSCLES?

Palmaris brevis Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi brevis Opponens digiti minimi

WHAT IS THE APPLIED ANATOMY OF THE GLUTEUS MEDIUS?

Paralysis of this muscle or damage to its anatomical origin / insertion lead to a "waddling" type gait, called trendelenburg sign

DESCRIBE THE EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS?

Partially overlapped by brachioradialis, it comes from the common extensor tendon and lower third of the lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

DEFINE THE SEMIMEMBRANOSUS?

Partly membranosus in structure (upper 1/3) though it does originate as a thick tendon from the ischial tuberosity

DEFINE THE POSTERIOR TALOFIBULAR LIGAMENT?

Passes almost horizontally and medially from the back of the lateral malleolus forwards to the neck of talus

DESCRIBE THE ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS?

Passes downwards and laterally, becoming superficial in the distal quarter of the forearm. Its tendons insert into the radial side of the base of the 1st MC

WHAT IS MEANT MY ACTIVE AND PASSIVE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS?

Passive treatments are those done to patients. Active treatments are those involving the patients doing

DEFINE DIET?

Patterns of everyday eating habits and food selections

LIST THE POINTS OF ORIGIN OF THE TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS?

Pelvic Vertebral

WHAT JOINTS ARE CONSIDERED IN THE ARTHROLOGY OF THE LOWER LIMBS?

Pelvic Hip Knee Tibio fibular Ankle Joints of the foot

WHAT DOES EACH EXTREMITY OF THE LOWER LIMB INCLUDE?

Pelvic Gridle Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsal bones Metatarsals Phalanges

WHERE DO FRACTURES OF THE LOWER LIMB OCCUR?

Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia and fibula Ankle Foot

WHAT IS A PUNCTURE WOUND?

Penetration of the skin by a sharp pointed impliment

LATERAL CRURAL MUSCLES CONSIST OF WHICH 2 MUSCLES?

Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis

WHAT 3 CONDITIONS OF THE HIP REGION ARE COMMON IN ADOLESCENTS?

Perthes disease Slipped femoral epiphyses Inflammation of the hip joint-synovitis

DEFINE THE JOINTS OF THE RIBS?

Ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae behind and the sternum in front. The joints of the heads of the ribs are formed by the heads and the facets on the margins of the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. They are synovial joints.

DESCRIBE A PIVOT JOINT?

Rotary movements are the only ones permitted

LIST COMMON SHOULDER INJURIES?

Rotator cuff lesions Frozen shoulder Muscular lesions

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF SARTORIUS?

Running obliquely and superficially down the front of the thigh. It inserts into the medial side of the tibia via a flattened tendon onto the upper medial shaft

DEFINE THE FLEXOR HALLUCIS BREVIS?

Runs from the ligaments at the base of the first metatarsal to the base of the proximal phalanx of the hallux

LIST THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TENDON INJURY?

Rupture Focal degeneration Tendinitis Patarendinitis / tenosynovitis Tendovaginitis Tendon attachments

WHAT ARE THE PELVIC JOINTS?

Sacro Iliac Symphysis pubis

NAME THE JOINTS OF THE PELVIS?

Sacro iliac Symphysis pubis

DESCRIBE THE SECONDARY LIGAMENTS OF THE SACRO ILIAC JOINT?

Sacrotuberous : lower part of sacrum and coccyx to ischial tuberosity Sacrospinous : lower part of the sacrum and coccyx to ischial spine

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND TREATMENT FOR POSTERIOR SUPERFICIAL COMPARTMENT SYNDROME?

Same as for anterior compartment syndrome

HOW WOULD YOU TREAT MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT INJURIES?

Same as for lateral collateral ligament injuries

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT INJURIES?

Same as for lateral ligament injuries but are perceived to be around the medial maelleolus of the ankle

DESCRIBE THE JOINTS OF THE VERTEBRAL BODIES?

They are united by longitudinal ligaments and invertebral discs. Anterior lingitudinal ligaments is a strong band along the anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies. Posterior longitudinal ligament lies inside the vertebral canal on the posterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae.

WHAT INJURIES OCCUR TO DISCS / MENISCI?

They can split, fracture of rupture under the influence of shearing and rotary stresses

WHY ARE KNEE LIGAMENT INJURIES POTENTIALLY SERIOUS?

They disrupt the passive stability of the knee

DEFINE SYNERGISTS?

They ensure that the joints over which the main muscles are working are placed in functional positions

DESCRIBE THE GROSS STRUCTURE OF LUNGS?

They have an apex and 2 surfaces, apex and base, surfaces are costal and medial

WHAT FUNCTIONS DO THE MUSCLES OF THE SPINE PERFORM?

They initiate or control any movement required

WHAT ROLE DO LIGAMENTS PLAY IN THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN?

They prevent excess movement at each segmental level

DEFINE NEUROGLIA?

They protect and support neurons

DESCRIBE THE ILIO FEMORAL LIGAMENT?

Thickened portion of the articular capsule that extends from the anterior inferior spine of the hip bone to the intertrochantric line of the femur

DESCRIBE THE ISCHIOFEMORAL LIGAMENT?

Thickened portion of the articular capsule that extends from the ischial wall of the acetabulum to the neck of femur

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF THE NAVICULAR BONE?

This caps the head of the talus behind and articulates anteriorly with the 3 cunieform bones - medial, intermediate and lateral.

DEFINE TENSOR FASCIA LATA

This could be described as a muscle of the thigh

DESCRIBE SPONDYLOLYSIS?

This is a fracture of the neural ring

WHAT IS A FORAMEN?

This is a hole through a bone

DEFINE THE GRACILIS?

This is a strap like bi articular muscle from near the symphysis pubis descending vertically to the medial side of the tibia

DEFINE AN INTRINSIC INJURY?

This is an injury caused by forces generated within the body

WHAT IS FLAT FEET / PES PLANUS?

This is an insufficiency of the longitudinal arch of the foot, with an inward collapse of the apex of the arch. The result is that the medial border of the foot is longer than the lateral edge. In severe cases the metatarsals and toes are rotated outwards

WHAT IS FOCAL DEGENERATION OF A TENDON?

This is an overuse / disuse syndrome and the result of poor skill levels and limited training for the particular sport. There is a tiny lesion in the tendon, with microscopic loss of continuity of collagen fibres and the presence of new blood vessels and granulation tissue

DEFINE THE MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT?

This is broad and flat on the medial surface of the knee joint, extending from the medial femoral condyle to the medial tibial condyle. Above, it starts on the medial epicondyle of femur, inclining forwards as it descends to insert on the medial tibial condyle and medial surface of the shaft of tibia.

DESCRIBE THE INTERMEDIATE RADIO-ULNAR JOINT?

This is not a joint in the strictest sense of the word

DEFINE THE CRURAL INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANE?

This is not a joint in the strictest sense of the word, but an interosseous membrane uniting the tibia and fibula at their interosseous borders and allow the passage of blood vessels from 1 leg compartment to another

DEFINE THE SCAPULO THORACIC JOINT?

This is not a true joint. The scapula gives attachment to many muscles and is held onto the back of the thorax by them but free to move

WHAT IS REFERRED PAIN?

This is perceived at a location distant from the source, usually as a result of nerve pressure or entrapment

DESCRIBE THE POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT OF THE KNEE?

This is stronger, shorter and less oblique than anterior. It is attached to the posterior part of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia plateau and the anterior part of the lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle, preventing forward displacement of the femur on the tibia. The fibres are directed upwards, forwards and inwards

DEFINE THE SUBTALAR JOINT?

This is the joint between the talus and calcaneus

DEFINE THE DELTOID LIGAMENT OF THE ANKLE JOINT?

This is the medial collateral ligament. It is very strong and is triangular. It is crossed by the tendons of tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus

DEFINE THE EXTENSOR DIGITORUM BREVIS (EDB)?

This is the only muscle arising on the dorsum of the foot

DESCRIBE THE ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT OF THE KNEE?

This is the pivot for the screw-home movement in the knee extension. It is attached to the anterior part of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia and to the posterior part of the medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle. Its fibres run upwards, backwards and outwards preventing backward displacement of the femur on the tibia

DESCRIBE THE BODY OF THE VERTEBRAE?

This is the thick disc shaped anterior part which bears the weight of the head and / or other superimposed vertebrae

DEFINE THE BODY OF THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE?

This is the thick disc shaped anterior part, which bears the weight of the head and / or other superimposed vertebrae

DESCRIBE THE DISTAL END OF THE FEMUR?

This looks like a big knuckle with medial and lateral condyles, articulating with the tibia. Superior to each is an epicondyle (medial and lateral) which gives attachment to important ligaments and also serve as anatomical landmarks in surface anatomy

DESCRIBE THE FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS?

This muscle has a fusiform belly which attaches to the palmar surface of the base of the 2nd MC. It flexes the wrist in concert with flexor carpi ulnaris

DESCRIBE THE PUBOFEMORAL LIGAMENT?

This portion of the articular capsule that extends from the pubic part of the rim of the acetabulum to the neck of the femur

HOW MAY ACUTE LATERAL COMPARTMENT SYNDROME OCCUR?

This results from direct violence or sudden muscular overuse.

HOW MAY CHRONIC ACHILLES TENDINITIS OCCUR?

This results from ignoring the early warning signs, too quick a return after the acute stage or from poor treatment

WHAT FRACTURES ARE COMMON IN THE TRUNK REGION?

Thoracic and lumbar pine are subjected to the sam fractures as the neck : Wedge fractures Burst fracture Fracture of spinous process

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES THE LATISSIMUS DORSI?

Thoraco dorsal from the brachial plexus

DEFINE THE THORAX?

Thorax refers to the chest. It is a bony cage formed by the sternum in front, the ribs laterally and tne thoracic vertebrae behind

WHERE ARE POSSIBLE SITES OF STRESS FRACTURES?

Tibia Fibula

NAME 3 HARD BONES IN THE BODY?

Tibia Fibula Femur Ulna Radsius Phalanges Humerous Long bones consist mostly of compact bone tissue

HOW MAY PAIN ARISE ON THE MEDIAL SIDE OF THE LOWER LEG?

Tibia stress fracture Posterior deep muscle compartment Periosteum

FROM WHERE IS THE NERVE SUPPLY OF THE TIBIALIS POSTERIOR?

Tibial nerve

FROM WHERE IS THE NERVE SUPPLY TO THE POSTERIOR CRURAL MUSCLES?

Tibial nerve

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES THE POPLITEUS?

Tibial nerve

LIST THE ANTERIOR CRURAR MUSCLES?

Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Extensor digitorum brevis

WHAT 3 TENDONS CAN CAUSE PROBLEMS IN THE ANKLE AREA?

Tibialis anterior Tibialis posterior Peronei

WHAT ARE THE 3 MAIN FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE ASSESSMENT OF HEALING OF A FACTOR?

Time X-ray examination Clinical picture

WHAT BENEFITS ARE GAINED THROUGH THE USE OF RESISTED EXERCISES?

Strengthens working muscles and causes hypertrophy in response to tension Increases muscle endurance Balances muscle power to restore stability and co-ordination between muscle groups Increases blood flow to working muscles Conditions the CV system

HOW IS CARDIAC OUTPUT DETERMINED?

Stroke volume x HR

DESCRIBE THE INFERIOR TRANSVERSE LIGAMENT OF THE INFERIOR TIBIO-FIBULAR JOINT?

Strong yellow fibres run transversely from the upper lateral malleolar fossa of the fibula to the posterior border of the articular surface of the tibia, almost to the malleolus. It deepens the hollow for the reception of the talus

DESCRIBE THE POSTERIOR TALOFIBULAR LIGAMENT?

Stronger and similar to the anterior ligament but behind the joint

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF THE CALCANEUS?

Strongest and largest of the tarsal bones, it tries to provide some support for the overhanging talar head by projecting a shelf of bone beneath it. The heal is a lever for the calf muscles to raise the body on tip toes

DEFINE THE SARTORIUS?

Strongest muscle in the body with the longest individual muscle fibres. It is narrow, strap like and follows a sinuous course, like a lazy S shape, down the surface of the front of the thigh

DEFINE PATHOLOGY?

Study of disease processes Some are congenital but majority are acquired via - trauma, infection, degeneration, tumours

DEFINE PHYSIOLOGY

Study of processes and functions of body tissue and organs

WHAT IS A PARTIAL BONE DISPLACEMENT CALLED?

Sublaxation

NAME THE BURSAE ASSOCIATED WITH THE SHOULDER JOINT?

Subscapular Subacromial

WHAT ARE THE MAIN BURSAE ASSOCIATED WITH THE SHOULDER JOINT?

Subscapular - between the tendon of subscapularis and the joint capsule underneath Subacromial - between acromium and joint capsule

LIST THE 5 JOINTS OF THE FOOT?

Subtalar Talocalcaneonavicular Calcaneocuboid Metatarsophalangeal Interphalangeal

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF TENNIS LEG?

Sudden and acute pain in the calf and the sportsman may feel like he has been struck from behind

LIST THE 3 CLASSIFICATION GROUPS OF FRACTURES?

Sudden injury Fatigue / stress Pathological

DEFINE METABOLISM?

Sum of all chemical processes or reactions taking place in body organs and cells

WHAT 2 BURSAE RELATE TO THE GREATER TROCHANTER?

Superficial Deep

HOW IS THE SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER ALSO KNOWN?

Superficial fascia of hypodermis

NAME THE 3 LAYERS THAT OCCUPY THE MEDIAL COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH

Superficial layer - Pectineus, Adductor longus, Gracilis Middle layer - Adductor brevis Deep layer - Adductor magnus

FROM WHERE IS THE NERVE SUPPLY TO THE PERONEL (PERONEUS) MUSCLES?

Superficial peroneal nerve

WHAT IS THE NERVE SUPPLY FOR THE GLUTEUS MINIMUS?

Superior gluteal nerve

WHAT IS THE NERVE SUPPLY TO GLUTEUS MEDIUS?

Superior gluteal nerve

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES TENSOR FASCIA LATA?

Superior gluteal nerve

NAME THE LIGAMENTS OF THE SYMPHYSIS PUBIS?

Superior pubic Acruate pubic Interpubic disc

WHAT LIGAMENTS ARE IN THE SYMPHYSIS PUBIS?

Superior pubic - connects bones above Inferior pubic - connect bones below In interpubic disc connects the opposing surfaces

HOW MANY SEPARATE JOINTS ARE INVOLVED IN THE RADIO-ULNAR JOINT?

Superior radio-ulnar Intermediate radio-ulnar Inferior radio-ulnar

NAME THE 3 TIBIO-FIBULAR JOINTS BETWEEN THE TIBULA AND FIBULA?

Superior tibio-fibular joint Crurar interosseous membrane Inferior tibio-fibular joint

WHAT IS THE MECHANISM OF INJURY THAT CAUSES LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT DAMAGE?

Supination

WHAT 5 MUSCLES CONSIST THE DEEP GROUP OF THE ANTERIOR FOREARM?

Supinator Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus Extensor inidicis

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF BONE?

Support Protection Movement Mineral storage Factories Storage of energy

WHAT DO ARCHES OF THE FOOT ENABLE IT TO DO?

Support the body weight Distribute the body weight ideally over the soft and hard tissues of the foot Provide leverage for walking

DESCRIBE THE CEREBRUM?

Supported on the stack of the brainstem, the cerebrum forms the bulk of the brain. It is divided into 2 halves, or hemispheres

LIST THE ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES?

Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis

WHAT IS USUALLY AFFECTED IN ACUTE TENDINITIS SHOULDER INJURIES?

Supraspinatus, close to its insertion into the humerus

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR ACUTE ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT SYNDROME?

Surgical decompression by fasciotomy may be essential to prevent tissue necrosis, however if not and following active rest treatment should be aimed at trying to : - relieve pain - limit swelling - maintain general fitness - analyse sporting skills - prevent recurrence

DESCRIBE THE SUPINATOR MUSCLE?

Surrounds the upper third of the radius and has superficial tendinous and deep muscle parts.1544225 It comes from : Common tendon, Lateral ligament, Annular ligament, Ulna supinator crest and the Depression on crest. Insertion is into the lateral surface of the proximal third of the radius. Action is to supinate the forearm

THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CONSISTS OF WHAT 2 COMPLEMENTARY, RECIPROCALLY FUNCTIONING SYSTEMS?

Sympathetic Parasympathetic

DEFINE THE RADIO CARPAL JOINT?

Synovial Condyloid Ellipsoid

WHAT KIND OF JOINT IS THE ELBOW?

Synovial hinge

DEFINE THE TEMPORO MANDIBULAR JOINT?

Synovial joint, this is the jaw jpoint. Found immediately anteriorly to the tragus of the ear and is easily palpable during jaw movements

DEFINE THE ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL JOINTS?

Synovial joints These are 2 paired joints between the atlas and occiput (skull)

DEFINE THE ALTANTO AXIAL JOINTS?

Synovial joints. The articulation formed between the anterior arch of the atlas and the dens of the atlas

DESCRIBE THE SI JOINT?

Synovial plane joint. The articular surfaces are only flat in infants, in adults they have irregular elevations and depressions. these regularities restrict movement and contribute to the strength of the joint

WHAT ARE THE TENDONS AROUND THE ANKLE ENCLOSED IN?

Synovial sheaths

WHAT TYPE OF JOINT IS THE STERNO CLAVICULAR?

Synovial, atypical ball and socket

HOW MAY SYNOVIUM BECOME INJURED?

Synovitis is caused by direct or indirect trauma with a resultant slowly developing : Effusion Pain Loss of function Loss of ROM

WHAT ARE THE 2 MAJOR SUB-DIVISIONS OF HAEMODYNAMICS?

Systemic and pulmonary circulations

LIST THE TARSAL BONES?

Talus Calcaneus Navicular Cuboid Cunieforms (3)

OF WHAT DO THE BONES OF THE FOOT COMPRISE?

Tarsal Metatarsal Phalanges

WHERE ARE THE FRACTURES OF THE FOOT MOST COMMONLY FOUND?

Tarus Metatarus Phalanges

EACH HEMISPHERE OF CEREBRUM IS SUBDIVIDED INTO WHAT LOBES?

Temporal Parietal Occipital Frontal

WHAT ARE THE ARTICULATIONS OF INTEREST IN THE HEAD AND NECK?

Temporo mandibular joint Articulations of the cervical spine

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF THE FDL?

Tendon runs down behind the medial malleoulus in a common groove. It divides into 4 slips for the lateral 4 toes, inserting into the bases of their distal phalanges

WHAT CAN BE FOUND IN THE SECOND LAYER OF MUSCLES IN THE FOOT?

Tendons of the FHL and FDL

WHAT DOES THE FORTH LAYER OF THE MUSCLES OF THE FOOT CONSIST OF?

Tendons or peroneus longus and tibialis posterior and the interossei

HOW WOULD YOU TREAT PATELLO-FEMORAL PAIN SYNDROME?

Tends to be self limiting but can take 1-2 years. Following initial active rest the mechanical defect must be remedied by isometric, straight leg contractions together with dedicated straightening of the medialis component. Cryotherapy and thermotherapy may enhance pain relief and preparation for exercise

LIST COMMON ELBOW INJURIES?

Tennis elbow Golfers elbow Bursitis Loose bodies in the joint

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON FOREARM INJURY?

Tenosynovitis

WHAT HAPPENS IN THE TETHERING OF SCAR?

Tethering is an adherence of the scar tissue to underlying soft tissues, causing the skin to be less mobile or supple

WHERE IS THE MAIN BURSA OF NOTE AROUND THE ELBOW?

That at the top of the olecranon process. Direct trauma or continued pressure on this area results in an inflammatory reaction

WHAT ARE THE SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE KNEE JOINT?

The 2 articular discs - medial and lateral meniscii, incorrectly referred to as cartilages.

DESCRIBE THE BRONCHUS?

The 2 main bronchi pass to their respective lungs

DESCRIBE THE INTEROSSEII?

The 7 interosseii occupy the intervals between the MC bones and take origin from them. They are divided into dorsal and palmar groups, the former of 4 muscles and the latter 3. Dorsal interosseii abduct the fingers around an imaginary axis of the hand through the 3rd MC and middle finger. Palmar interosseii adduct the fingers

DEFINE THE EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS?

The EDL in a pennate muscle, easily felt lateral to the tibialis anterior

DEFINE THE CONTRACTILITY OF MUSCULAR TISSUE?

The ability of muscle to actively generate force to shorten and thicken to work if sufficiently stimulated

DEFINE THE EXTENSIBILITY PROPERTY OF MUSCULAR TISSUE?

The ability to be stretched

DEFINE CONDUCTIVITY?

The ability to conduct a wave of excitation

WHAT ARE THE 3 CLINICAL TESTS OF UNION OF A FRACTURE?

The absence of : Mobility Tenderness on firm palpation over the fracture site Pain when angulation stress is applied to the site

DEFINE INSPIRATION?

The act of breathing in brought about by muscle action to alter the relative diameters and dimensions of the thoracic cavity

OF WHAT IS NERVE CONDUCTION BASED?

The all or nothing principal

DEFINE MUSCLE POWER?

The amount of tension a muscle can generate, depending on its cross sectional area and the number of fibres it contains. Muscles are capable of hypertrophy by working against resistance

WHAT IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN RECOGNITION, DIAGNOSIS, EXAMINATION AND TREATMENT OF KNEE LIGAMENT INJURIES?

The analysis of the mechanism of injury

DEFINE THE ANKLE JOINT?

The ankle is a pure hinge, permitting dorsiflexion and plantarflexion. Any other movements would be undesirable and would weaken the ankle. It is a synovial joint.

WHAT IS CRYPTHERAPY / CTROKINETICS?

The application of cold as a precursor to, and in combination with, other methods of treatment

WHAT IS THERMOTHERAPY?

The application of heat

DESCRIBE A PLANE OR GLIDING JOINT?

The articulating surfaces are flat and permit gliding movements and limited rotary movements only

DESCRIBE THE CARPOMETACARPAL JOINTS?

The articulations are between the bases of 2-5 metacarpals and 3 bones of the distal row of the carpus

NAME THE 4 CHAMBERS OF THE HEART?

The atria and ventricles

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES THE DELTOID?

The axiallary nerve

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF THE TRAPEZIUS?

The back of the lateral end of clavicle

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF THE PERONEUS BREVIS?

The base of the 5th metatarsal

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION FOR VASTUS LATERALIS?

The belly forms a large fleshy mass, ending as a flat tendon into the lateral border of the patella and giving expansions to the knee joint capsule and blending in with the ITB

DEFINITION OF INFLAMMATION?

The bodys attempt at self protection

DESCRIBE A SYNOVIAL, OR FREELY MOVABLE, JOINT?

The bones forming the joint have a synovial cavity and are united by the dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule, and often by accessory ligaments

DESCRIBE LOBULES?

The bronchopulmonary segments of the lungs are broken down into many small and individual lobules

DESCRIBE BURSITIS OF THE ELBOW?

The bursa of note is at the tip of the olecranon process. Direct trauma of continued pressure on the area results in an inflammatory condition. Swelling will produce pressure, pain and possible interference with joint function

WHAT ARE THE LIGAMENTS OF SUBTALAR JOINT?

The capsule does not communicate with any other joint and the main restraining ligaments are those of the ankle joint spanning the talus to insert onto the calcaneus

DESCRIBE THE CAPSULE LIGAMENT OF THE ANKLE JOINT?

The capsule is thickened to form collateral ligaments. The capsule surrounds the joint and is lined by synovium, which extends above the joint about 4mm and in front extends onto the dorsum of the neck of talus

DESCRIBE THE LIGAMENTS OF THE INFERIOR RADIO-ULNAR JOINT?

The capsule loosely surrounds the joint and projects upwards in front of the interosseous membrane as the recessus sacciformus

DESCRIBE THE CELL BODY?

The cell body has a nucleus and contained nucleolus surrounded by the fluid cytoplasm

FROM WHERE ARE THE NERVES OF THE UPPER LIMBS DERIVED?

The cervical and brachial plexuses

WHEN SHOULD IV DISC DAMAGE BE SUSPECTED?

-suggestive history or mechanism of injury -pain in the lumbar region, with or without radiation into legs -stiffness -trunk movements trigger pain -pain related to dura matter (cough / sneeze) -asymmetrical posture

DESCRIBE THE INSERTION OF THE INTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE?

The chief insertion is into the midline linea alba from xiphoid to symphysis pubis

WHAT DOES THE ATHLETE FEEL IF SUFFERING ITB SYNDROME?

A clicking discomfort is occasionally felt over the outside of the knee, near the lateral hamstring insertion

WHAT IS THE ARTICULAR SURFACE OF THE SUPERIOR RADIO-ULNAR JOINT?

The circular head of radius is located in the osseo-fibrous ring of the radial notch of ulna and the annular ligament

DEFINE MEMBRANES?

The combination of a layer of epithelium and an underlying CT layer

WHAT IS CHRONIC ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT SYNDROME?

The common type of compartment syndrome and mainly affects those involved in prolonged, excessive or badly managed exercise. Onset is gradual and effects frequently bilateral

DEFINE THE CORACOACROMIAL ARCH?

The coracoid, cora acromial ligament and the acromion together form a secondary socket, a continuous protective arch above the gleno humeral joint

WHAT IS THE FIRST BRANCH OFF THE AORTA?

The coronary artery

DESCRIBE THE TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS?

The deepest and thinnest of the abdominal muscles whos fibres transverse the abdomen from the periphery of the abdominal wall

WHAT IS SYMPTOMATOLOGY?

The degree of violence Mechanism of injury The tissue concerned

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF THE DELTOIDS?

The deltoid tuberosity on the lateral side of the humerus

HOW DO CAPILLARIES REACT TO EXERCISE?

The dilate and many closed ones become patent because of the action on them of metabolites

DESCRIBE THE ARTICULAR SURFACES OF THE INFERIOR RADIO-ULNAR JOINT?

The disc like head of the ulna articulates with a small hollow on the side of the radius-ulnar notch

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF THE GASTROCNEMIUS?

The fibres from each unit spread out initially but quicvkly unite less than half way doen the leg to form a wide flat tendon. This tendon unites with that of the soleus to form the tendo calcaneus This inserts into the posterior surface of the calcaneus

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION FOR SEMIMEMBRANOSUS?

The fibres run downwards and medially to attach to the posterior surface of the medial tibial condyle

POINT OF INSERTION FOR TENSOR FASCIA LATA?

The fibres run vertically down to the junction between middle and upper third of the outer side of the thigh where it inserts into and becomes known as the IT band

DEFINE THE CAPSULAR LIGAMENT OF THE GLENO HUMERAL JOINT?

The fibrous capsule envelops the joint

WHAT ARE LIGAMENTS?

A collection of tough inelastic fibrous tissue which joins 2 bones

WHAT IS THE CARDIAC CYCLE?

A complete heartbeat, consisting of systole of atria with concurrent diastole of ventricles and simultaneous atrial diastole

DESCRIBE A TENDON RUPTURE?

A complete or partial tear

WHAT IS MORTONS METATARSALGIA?

A compression syndrome of ill fitting shoes or depressed anterior arch. Pain is described as like an electric shock in the forefoot and treatment is geared towards footwear correction

DEFINE TENNIS ELBOW?

An overuse syndrome, or the result of unaccustomed activity whereby the common extensor origin on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus is subjected to repeat overstretching, and inflammatory insults

WHEN EXAMINING AND ASSESSING A KNEE INJURY, WHAT IS IT ESSENTIAL TO INCLUDE?

Analysis of mechanism of injury Inspection of injured tissue Palpation of injured tissues Testing of ROM Stability of joint

WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF ANATOMY?

Anatomy is the science/study of the parts of the body, involving naming of the parts, describing their arrangements, position and relationship with other parts

WHAT IS PERITENDINITIS / TENOSYNOVITIS?

Another example of overuse / disuse / misuse syndromes with an acute inflammatory response in the soft paratendon / synovial sheath. Onset can be quick after excessive or unaccustomed use. Initial pain can be intense with swelling and crepetis on movement

LIST THE 4 RELATIVELY INFLEXIBLE COMPARTMENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN THE LOWER LEG?

Anterior Deep posterior Superficial posterior Lateral

NAME 3 COMMON LIGAMENTS?

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Posterior Cruciate Ligament Medial Collateral Ligament Patellar Ligamament

WHAT ARE THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE ARM?

Anterior biceps Prosterior triceps

WHAT MAY PAIN IN THE FRONT OF THE LOWER LEG BE CAUSED BY?

Anterior compartment syndrome Tibialis anterior syndrome

LIST THE COMPARTMENTS OF MUSCLE OF THE FOREARM?

Anterior forearm muscles Posterior forearm muscles

LIST THE 3 BANDS WITHIN THE LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT OF THE ANKLE JOINT?

Anterior talofibular Posterior talofibular Calcaneofibular

WHAT MEDICAL PROBLEMS ARE CAUSED BY THE INFLAMMATION OF INTERNAL ORGANS?

Appendicitis - aching pain lower right quadrant of abdomen Prostatitis - inflamed prostate gland Urinary tract infection - burning pains on passing passing water

dESCRIBE MYOTOMES?

Are served by pairs of spinal nerves

DEFINE THE ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS?

Arises from near the base of the metatarsals to the lateral sesamoid bone at the head of the first metatarsal

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN FOR SARTORIUS?

Arises from the anterior superior iliac spine

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN FOR VASTUS INTERMEDIUS?

Arises from the front upper two thirds of the femoral shaft, from as high as the intertrochanteric line

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF THE TIBIALIS ANTERIOR?

Arises from the lateral surface of the tibial shaft, the neighbouring interosseous membrane and the deep fascia

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS?

Arises from the middle of the front of the shaft of fibula and interosseous mambrane

WHERE DOES THE RECTUS ABDOMINIS ORIGINATE?

Arises from xiphesterum and the 5-7 costal cartilages

DESCRIBE THE EXTENSOR DIGITORUM?

Arising from the common extensor tendon on the lateral epicondyle of humerus, ED divides below into 4 tendons for the respective digits. ED extends fingers at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

LIST THE 5 TYPES OF BLOOD VESSEL?

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins

NAME THE 2 TYPES OF BLOOD VESSEL?

Artery Vein

WHAT IS CARTILAGE?

Articular hyaline cartilage covers the ends of bone involved in joints. Specialised types provide a temporary skeletal framework in young children

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF THE TALUS?

Articulates with the tibia above and lies on the calcaneus. The upper surface permits only the simple hinge movements of flexion and extension. The talus consists of a body behind, separated from the head on front by a neck. the body rests on the calcaneus below but the head projects over the front edge of the calcaneus

HOW MAY GAIT BE AFFECTED IN A POST JOINT INJURY?

As a a result of stiffness an athlete may suffer from an altered gait pattern (limp)

HOW DOES SEMIMEMBRANOSIS BURSITIS APPEAR?

As a cyst in the inner side of the back of the knee

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ADDUCTORS?

As a group they produce strong adduction of the thigh Primarily dynamic function is to adduct the leg

HOW MAY SPECIAL CT BE CLASSED?

As either :@ Supporting or sclerous Haemopoietic

SUMMARISE THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?

As exercise commences, increased metabolism by muscle cells leads to an increase in CO2 levels, which will directly stimulate the respiratory system

WHY DO CELLS DIE?

As the cells fail to achieve their metabolic needs, their vital processes run down and they die

HOW ARE THE PSOAS MAJOR AND ILIACUS OFTEN REFERRED?

As they have separate origins but share a common tendon of insertion they are often referred to as one muscle - iliopsoas

DEFINE EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME?

As you can breath in more you can blow out more

WHAT MUST A THERAPIST DO DURING A PRIMARY, ON FIELD, ASSESSMENT?

Ask Look Feel Move

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE SCALENE MUSCLES?

Assist in neck side flexion Main function is to suspend the thorax

WHAT DOES THE SARTORIUS MUSCLE DO?

Assists in flexing, adduction, abduction and lateral rotation of the hip and flexion of the knee

HOW DOES THE AC JOINT GLIDE?

Backwards Forwards Up Down Rotate

DESCRIBE THE FIBROUS AND SYNOVIAL CAPSULE OF THE HIP JOINT?

The fibrous capsule extends from the rim of the acetabulum to the neck of femur. It consists of circular and longitudinal fibres. The circular fibres form a collar around the neck of femur. The longitudinal fibres are reinforced by accessory ligaments

DEFINE THE INVERTEBRAL DISC?

Between adjacent vertebral bodies from axis to sacrum, they are the chief bonds between vertebrae. Each disc consists of an outer laminated part - annulus fibrosus, and an inner core - nucleus pulposus

DESCRIBE THE SUBSCAPULAR BURSAE?

Between the tendon of subscapularis and the joint capsule underneath

WHAT ARE THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE ARM?

Biceps and triceps

WHERE ARE THE PECTORALIS MAJORS POINTS OF INSERTION?

The finbres coverage in a broad tendon which inserts into the lateral lip of the bicepital groove

WHAT IS MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS?

The formation of bone in a muscle that occurs after dislocation or fracture

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION FOR GLUTEUS MEDIUS?

The greater trochanter of the femur

DEFINE THE HAMSTRINGS?

The hamstring group occupies the posterior compartment of the thigh, behind adductor magnus. They are long, extending from a common origin of the ischial tuberosity of the pelvic griddle to behind the knee joint

DEFINE THE ARTICULAR SURFACES OF THE INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT?

The head of each phalanx is pulley shaped and matched by the corresponding bases of adjacent phalanges

WHAT ARE THE ARTICULATING SURFACES OF THE INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT?

The head of each phalanx is pulley shaped and matched by the corresponding bases of adjacent phalanges

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF BICEPS BRACHII?

Biceps originate via a long head and a short head. Th short head arises from the tip of the coracoid. The long head arises from the supra-glenoid tubercle

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES PECORALIS MAJOR?

Bilateral and medial pectoral nerves

DEFINE THE ARTICULAR SURFACE OF THE SUPERIOR TIBIO FIBULAR JOINT?

The head of fibula has a small flat oval articular surface, which is in contact with a similar area under the back part of the overhang of the lateral tibial condyle

WHAT IS CONSIDERED IMPORTANT TO LOOK AT IN COMMON INJURIES OF THE TRUNK?

Biomechanics Pathomechanics

WHAT ARE FEET SPECIALISED FOR?

Bipedal support and lovcomotion

LIST THE 5 MAIN MUSCLES OF THE ARM?

Bipeps brachii Triceps brachii Brachialis Anconeus

NAME 3 SMOOTH MUSCLES?

Bladder Uterus Ureters Sphincter Prostate Trachea

WHAT ARE THE MAIN PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM MUSCLE INJURY?

Bleeding Raised tension Pain Decreased function

LIST LOCAL CHANGES ON ACTIVE MUSCLES RESULTING FROM EXERCISE?

Blood content - on contraction the blood volume decreases and increases on relaxation Blood flow - little change with contraction but large change with relaxation

WHAT IS EXTRAVASATED BLOOD?

Blood released from damaged blood vessels consisting of cells, platets and plasma. The cells and platelets are dead owing to lsack of oxygen

DESCRIBE A HEAMATOMA AT A FRACTURE SITE?

Blood seeps out of the torn blood vessels, forming a haematoma between and around fractured surfaces, but contained by the surrounding soft tissue

HOW IS BP CALCULATED?

Bloodflow x resistance

WHAT TISSUES ARE AT RISK OF TRAUMATIC INJURY AROUND THE HIP?

Bone Ligament Bursa Muscle

WHAT IS A SCLEROUS?

Bone and cartilage

DEFINE BONE (CELLS)?

Bone is a fibrous material hardened by the deposit of salts. Fibrous material gives bone its toughness, minerals give rigidity

HOW IS BONE FORMED?

Bone is formed from a hyaline cartilage and is hardened by the deposition of calcium salts

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES THE BRACHIALIS?

Both the musculcutaneous and radial nerves

DEFINE THE POSTERIOR TRAINGLE?

Bounded by the sternomastoid anteriorly, posteriorly by the anterior border of trapezius and the base is formed in the clavicle

WHAT MUSCLES MAKE UO THE SUPERFICIAL GROUP OF THE POSTERIOR FOREARM?

Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi

OF WHAT DIES THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONSIST?

Brain Spinal cord

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES THE HAMSTRINGS?

Branches of the sciatic nerve

WHAT IS PATELLO-FEMORAL PAIN SYNDROME?

A condition commonly known as sportsman's knee. The age group concerned is 10-25 years and is predominant in young girls. The causation mechanism is not completely understood, however the condition is usually due to a functional distortion of the muscles acting on the patella, which in turn reflect underlying abnormalities of leg alignment

WHAT IS SINDING-LARSEN-JOHANNSON DISEASE?

A condition that mimics Osgood-schlaters disease but affects the apex of the patella at the origin of the patella ligament. Presentation and treatments are the same

DESCRIBE THE METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT?

A condyloid joint better known as the knuckles

DESCRIBE THE TEMPOERO MANDIBULAR JOINT?

The head of mandible moves forwards and backwards in the mandibular fossa on the temporal bone. The joint space is divided into upper and lower compartments by an articular disc, allowing gliding movements to take place

DESCRIBE THE BALL OF THE HIP JOINT?

The head of the femur forms 3/4 of a sphere, fitting very accurately into the socket

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF A STRESS FRACTURE?

The history is one of no direct violence or impact. Onset of pain is gradual and peaks after long distances. Local tenderness and swelling over the site may be palpable

DESCRIBE THE HUMERUS BONE

The humerus has a shaft and 2 expanded ends

DESCRIBE THE VERETBRO-PELVIC LIGAMENTS?

The ilium is connected to L5 by the ilio-lumbar ligament and the sacrum to the ischium by the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligamants

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF THE ISCHIUM?

The infero-posterior parts who's major bony prominence is the ischial tuberosity.

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION FOR POPLITEAL?

The insertion is fleshy, broad and lies above the oblique soleal line on the posterior surface of the upper tibia

WHAT IS THE MIDCARPAL JOINT?

The joint between the proximal and distal rows of the carpal bones that form a lazy S shape

DESCRIBE MEDIAL IMPACT ON THE KNEE?

The knee is bent and foot is bearing body weight, lateral collateral ligament injury will occur. The end result is lateral and antero-posterior instability of the knee joint

DEFINE THE KNEE JOINT?

The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint of the body. It is a modified hinge joint that consists of 3 joints within a single synovial cavity

DESCRIBE THE PROXIMAL END OF THE FIBULA?

The knob like upper end - head of fibula, fits against the facet on the upper lateral overhang of the tibial condyle

DEFINE THE NUCLEUS OF AN ORGANELLE?

The largest organelle, spherical or oval in shape. Contains the hereditary factors of the cell - genes

DESCRIBE THE FIBULA?

The lateral bone of the keg, it is a long thin stick, twisted in shape and moulded by the many muscles attached to it. It is non weight bearing

DESCRIBE THE MAXILLE?

The left and right mandible form the upper jaw bones and articulate with every other bone in the face, except the mandible

WHAT IS THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON?

The limbs, or body appendages

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION FOR THE HALLUCIS LONGUS?

The long FHL tendon passes behind the medial malleoulus in a shallow groove. It inserts into the base of the distal phalanx of the hallux

DEFINE THE FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS?

The long flexor of the great toe

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION FOR BICEP FEMORIS?

The long head has a fusiform belly whose fibres run down and laterally, crossing the sciatic nerve and uniting with the short head to attach to the head of fibula

DESCRIBE BICIPITAL TENDINITIS?

The long head of bicep travels through the shoulder joint cavity and onto the arm in the bicipital groove. When irritated or inflamed, local swelling and restricted movement results in pain or tension generated

WHAT DOES A RUPTURE OF BICEPS AFFECT?

The long head of the muscle

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES THE SERRATUS ANTERIOR?

The long thoracic nerve from the brachial plexus

WHAT FORMS THE SYNOVIAL PART OF THE SACRO ILIAC JOINT?

The lower anterior part of the hip bone shows an ear-shaped area - auricular surface, with a corresponding area on the sacrum.

DEFINE THE MANDIBLE?

The lower jawbone. This is the largest and strongest facial bone and is the only movable skull bone. It consists of a curved horizontal part and 2 perpendicular parts.

DESCRIBE INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME?

The lungs are capable of much more than the tidal volume

WHAT IS VENOUS RETURN?

The major factor exerting a control over cardiac output

DESCRIBE OS TRIGONUM INJURY?

A congenital anomaly - extra small bone at the back of the talus which may be completely separate or an outgrowth from the talus. It can occasionally cause a mechanical block to full range of movement (decreased plantarflexion or bilateral limitation)

WHAT IS PES CAVUS / CLAW FOOT?

A congenital deformity that is the opposite to flat foot. The longitudinal arch is high with a resultant loss in foot flexibility and ROM. Often there is a combined tightness of the achilles tendon and the plantar arch

WHERE IS THE DELTOIDS POINT OF ORIGIN?

A continuous bony V shape formed by clavicle, acromium and spine of scapula

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF THE SOLEUS?

A continuous horse shoe shaped origin from the back of the tibia and fibula

DESCRIBE THE SPINAL CORD?

A cylindrical cord 46cm long Is surrounded by CSF Sectioned in 31 segments Consists of areas of white and grey matter

DESCRIBE THE DORSAL DIGITAL EXPANSIONS?

A diamond shaped hood covering the dorsum of the proximal phalanx and the sides of its base.

WHAT MAY CAUSE PRE PATELLAR BURSITIS?

A direct blow to the knee

DESCRIBE MIDBRAIN?

A direct continuation of the cerebrum Consists of mostly white matter with a few discrete areas of grey

WHAT HAPPENS IN THE CLOT RETRACTION?

A few minutes after clotting, it begins to contract and the edges of broken blood vessels are pulled together

DEFINE THE INFERIOR TIBIO-FIBULAR JOINT?

A fibrous union of the lower end of the fibula, just above the lateral malleolus, into the hollow on the lateral side of the lower end of shaft of tibia

DESCRIBE THE ANTERIOR TALOFIBULAR LIGAMENT?

A flat band running obliquely down and laterally from tibia to fibula

DESCRIBE THE QUADRATUS LUMBORUM?

A flat irregular muscle between the crest of ilium, transverse process of lumbar vertebrae and the 12th rib

DEFINE THE STERNUM?

A flat narrow bone about 15cm ling in the medial line on the front of the chest wall. It has a manubrium, body and xiphoid

DESCRIBE THE TRAPEZIUS?

A flat triangular muscle sheet over the neck and upper thorax. There are upper, middle and lower sets of fibres

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF BRACHIALIS?

A flexor of the elbow joint

DESCRIBE GOLFERS ELBOW?

A form of medial epicondylitis, affecting the common flexor tendon of origin. Another overuse syndrome whos symptmatology is similar to tennis elbow

WHAT IS THE ACROMIUM PROCESS / ACRONIUM?

A free bony process that projects above and behind the glenoid cavity, articulating with the lateral end of the clavicle.

DESCRIBE THE PRONATOR TERES MUSCLES?

A fusiform muscle that pronates the forearm

DESCRIBE THE ULNA?

The medial of the 2 forearm bones and shaped like a spanner. The upper jaw is the olecranon process, and the lower jaw the coronoid process. The large "mouth of wrench" facing forward is the trochlear notch for the trochlea of the humerus. On the lateral side of the coronoid process is a radial notch for the head of radius

DESCRIBE A BALL AND SOCKET JOINT?

A globular head of bone fits into a cup shaped cavity. they constitute the most mobile group of synovial joints. Movements permitted are : Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation Circumduction

WHAT IS AN ABRASION?

A graze

WHAT IS A BONE?

A hard tissue strengthened by the inclusion of calcium salts. There are 2 types - hard/compact and soft/cancellous bone

WHAT IS A HERNIA?

A hernia is a protrusion of the abdominal contents through the peritoneum as a result of weakness of the muscles and connective tissue of the abdominal wall

DEFINE NEURONS?

A highly specialised cell with enhanced powers of irritability and conductivity

DEFINE THE INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT?

A hinge joint 9 joints in total

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF INJURIES OF THE KNEE JOINT SURFACE?

A history of recurrent episodes of synovitis and exertional pain, often mimicking a meniscal lesion

WHAT IS CYTOPLASM?

A jelly like substance containing all of the processes necessary for maintaining life

WHAT IS A FIBROUS OR IMMOVABLE JOINT?

A joint in which bone is united directkly to bone by fibrous tissue

DESCRIBE THE LATISSMUS DORSI?

A large flat triangular muscle covering the lower half of the back.

DESCRIBE THE SUBSCAPULARIS?

A large triangular muscle covering the front of the shoulder joint and forming the greater part of the posterior wall of the axilla

DESCRIBE THE RECTUS ABDOMINIS?

A long and powerful muscle on either side of the midline of the abdomen from sternum to pubis

DESCRIBE THE BICEPS BRACHII

A long fusiform muscle within the anterior compartment of the upper arm, extending from scapula to radius, crossing and acting upon both shoulder and elbow joints.

DEFINE THE CALCANEOFIBULAR LIGAMENT?

A long rounded cord passing down and backwards from the apex of the lateral malleolus to a tubercle on the lateral side of the calcaneus

WHAT IS GRANULATION TISSUE?

A mass of new connective tissue and capillaries formed on the surface of a healing wound. This process starts within 12 hours of injury

DEFINE MINUTE VOLUME?

A measure of the air moved in and out of the lungs in 1 minute

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF THE DISTAL END OF THE TIBIA?

The medial surface of the distal end forms the medial malleolus. This structure articulates with the talus of the ankle and forms the prominence that can be felt in the medial surface of the ankle.

DEFINE INJURY?

The medical term for cellular damage

WHAT IS SYNOVIUM?

The membrane that forms the sac enclosing a freely movable joint

WHAT IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN FOR TRAPEZIUS?

The middle and lower fibres come from spines and supraspinous ligaments of all the thoracic vertebrae

WHERE ARE THE POINTS OF INSERTION FOR THE TRAPEZIUS?

The middle fibres pass horizontally and laterally. Lower fibres go upwards and laterally.

DEFINE CONNECTIVE TISSUE?

The mist abundant tissue in the body, CT protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together and stores energy reserves

DESCRIBE THE FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS?

The most medial of the superficial forearm flexors, it attaches to the pisiform bone in the carpus. FCU flexes the wrist

DESCRIBE THE BRACHIORADIALIS?

The most superficial muscle on the radial side of the forearm, taking origin from the upper two thirds of the lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus. Brachioradialis is a flexor of the elbow joint

DEFINE THE EXCITABILITY PROPERTY OF MUSCULAR TISSUE?

The muscle can receive and respond to stimuli

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES THE BICEPS BRACHII?

The musculocutaneous nerve

DESCRIBE A HINGE JOINT?

The name describes its configuration adequately. The movements that occur are flexion and extension

EXPLAIN OSMOSIS?

The net movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration until equilibrium is reached

DESCRIBE THE TRICEPS BRACHII?

The only muscle in the posterior compartment of the arm

WHAT IS HAPPENING WHEN A MUSCLE IS WORKING CONCENTRICALLY?

The origin and insertion move towards one another

DESCRIBE THE LARYNX?

The origin of the voice as well as an air conditioning passage

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN FOR TENSOR FASCIA LATA?

The outer surface of the ilium, just behind the anterior superior iliac spine

UPON EXAMINATION, HOW DOES THE LATERAL MENISCUS DIFFER FROM THE MEDIAL?

The pain and tenderness are perceived over the lateral joint line and produced by medial rotation

DESCRIBE JOINT SPRAINS OF THE WRIST?

The pain, swelling and tenderness experienced can usually be localised to ligamentous structure

WHAT IS THE APPLIED ANATOMY OF THE SHOULDER JOINT?

is easily dislocated and will likely be anteriorly

DEFINE FACET JOINT SYNDROME?

facet joints are synovial and therefore subject to wear and tear. Disc degeneration is the functional units can lead to overload on the facet joints and onset of early osteoarthritic changes. This can lead to impingement syndromes of spinal nerves

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR TENNIS LEG?

following immediate first aid and active rest treatment is aimed to - relieve pain - limit localised swelling - maintain general fitness - retrain flexibility / extensibility / muscle power / sports specific - test fitness under competitive conditions - analysis of sporting skills - prevent recurrence

DESCRIBE THE TIBIA?

larger and medial bone of the lower leg, it bears the major part of the weight and is therefore very strong.

WHAT IS MEANT BY HUMORAL CONTROL OF RESPIRATION?

the regulation of erspiratory activity by changes in concentrations of O2, CO2 and H+ in the body fluids

WHEN HAS A DISLOCATION OCCURRED?

when the normally opposed bones in a joint are wholly displaced from one another with all opposition between them lost

WHAT IS PATELLAR TENDINITIS?

An overuse injury affecting the knee

DEFINE TENOSYNOVITIS?

An overuse injury of either flexor or extensor tendon sheaths. Repetetive unaccustomed loading causes a frictional inflammation

DEFINE TENOSYNOVITIS

An overuse injury of either flexor or extensor tendon sheaths. Repetitive unaccustomed loading causes a frictional inflammation. Pain is experienced at either back or front of the wrist, depending on the injury mechanism

DESCRIBE TENNIS ELBOW?

An overuse syndrome of the result of unaccustomed activity whereby the common extensor origin on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus is subjected to repeated stretching and inflammatory insults

WHAT IS A TENDON ATTACHMENTS INJURY?

An overuse syndrome or repetetive minor trauma, eg tennis elbow

DEFINE SKIERS THUMB?

Caused by forcible abduction and extension of the thumb, stressing the MCPh joint of the thumb

WHAT IS ELECTRO CARDIOGRAPHY?

ECG. The events during the cardiac cycle

DESCRIBE THE SUPERIOR PERONEAL RETINACULUM?

On the lateral side of the ankle

HOW MAY DAMAGE TO MUSCLES BE CLASSED?

Strain Sprain Tear Complete tear Partial tear

LIST THE MEDIAL THIGH MUSCLES?

Adductor magnus Adductor longus Adductor brevis Pectineus Gracilis

LIST THE MAIN MIXED PERIPHERAL NERVES FORMED FROM THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS?

Axillary Musculocutaneous Radial Median Ulnar

DEFINE AN OVERUSE INJURY?

An injury that involves repetitive sub maximal loading of a particular musculoskeletal unit

DEFINE FORAMEN?

An opening, hole

WHAT MATERIAL ARE DISCS COMPOSED OF?

An outer fibrous ring and an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic substance

HOW SHOULD YOU TREAT A RUPTURED ACHILLES TENDON?

Best results afre from surgical repair

HOW IS THE REDUCTION OF FRACTURE ACHIEVED?

Closed manipulation Mechanical traction and / or manipulation Open operation

DESCRIBE THE SUBACROMIAL BURSAE?

Between acromiom and joint capsule, superficial to the humerus and separated from it by the supraspinatus

WHERE IS THE INVERTEBRAL DISC LOCATED?

Between adjacent vertebral bodies

WHAT ARE THE 2 BASIC ORIGINS FOR THE MUSCLES OF THE FOOT?

1- back of the undersurface of the calcaneus 2- near the bases and along the shafts of the metatarsals

FOLLOWING A FRACTURE, WHAT ARE THE AVERAGE HEALING TIMES OF 1. SPIRAL OR OBLIQUE? 2. TRANSVERSE?

1. 6 weeks 2. 12 weeks

IN ADDUCTOR LONGUS INJURIES, WHERE ARE THE FOLLOWING LIKELY TO OCCUR? 1. RUPTURE? 2. COMPLETE TEAR? 3. PARTIAL TEAR?

1. At any point 2. At insertion into femur 3. Muscle belly or pubic region

LIST THE SUPPORTIVE ROLES THESE MUSCLES PLAY IN RELATION TO CONTROL OF SPINAL MOTION? 1. ERECTOR SPINAE 2. RECTUS ABDOMINIS 3. OBLIQUE ABDOMINAL 4. QUADRATUS LUMBORUM 5. PSOAS MAJOR

1. Controls extension, rate of flexion, rotation and lateral flexion 2. Flexes trunk and resists extension 3. Rotate and side flex the trunk 4. Causes side flexion 5. Controls hip / trunk flexion and lumbar posture

WHEN CAN JOINT DEFORMITY OCCUR?

1. In ligament tears which result in altered relationships between joint surfaces 2. Fractures, when bones are not perfectly aligned 3. Adaptive muscle shortening

HOW DO YOU DESCRIBE A JOINT?

1. Type and sub type 2. Bony parts involved 3. Fibrous and synovial capsule 4. Ligaments and their uses 5. Special features, such as discs 6. Movements, muscles producing them and limiting factors 7. Special factors 8. Important relationship to other structures 9. Surface anatomy 10. Applied anatomy

WHAT ASPECTS OF SAFETY ARE OF PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE DURING RESISTED EXERCISE?

Equipment Overload Lifting area, Posture

HOW MANY BURSAE ARE WITHIN THE KNEE?

13-14

HOW MANY PHALANGES ARE IN EACH HAND?

14

WHAT ARE THE COMMON SPORTING INJURIES OF THE SPINAL EXTENSOR SYSTEM?

Erector spinae - bend position Latissimus dorsi - explosive acts

DEFINE THE MUSCLES OF THE LEG?

3 muscle compartments in the leg - anterior, posterior and lateral tibial muscle groups

WHAT IS THE NATURAL HEALING PROCESS OF LIGAMENTS?

Fibrosis

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES : 1: PECTINEUS? 2: ADDUCTOR MAGNUS? 3: OTHER ADDUCTORS?

1: Femoral and obturator nerves 2: Tibial and obturator nerves 3: Obturator nerves

WHAT JOINTS FORM THE BASIS FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE SPINE?

2 synovial plane facet joints posterior and an anterior cartilaginous joint between adjacent discs / vertebral bodies

WHERE DOES THE FIBULA OFTEN FRACTURE?

2-3 inches above the tip of the lateral malleolus

WHERE DOES THE ACHILLIES TENDON TEND TO RUPTURE?

2.5cm above the insertion into the calcaneum

DEFINE THE DEEP LAYER OF THE POSTERIOR CRURAL MUSCLES?

3 muscles arise from under the triceps surfae. Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis longus

WHAT COMPRISES THE THIRD LAYER OF MUSCLES OF THE FOOT?

3 short muscles associated with the hallux and little toe

DESCRIBE CEREBELLUM?

2nd largest part of brain substance Has 2 cerebellar memispheres

WHAT DOES THE LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT CONSIST OF?

3 bands

DESCRIBE THE GLENO HUMERAL LIGAMENT?

3 bands of slight thickening of the anterior capsule of the joint from glenoid to humerus

WHAT 2 ARCHES ARE BONES OF THE FOOT ARRANGED?

Longitudinal Transverse

DESCRIBE HEAT EXCHANGES IN RELATION TO EXERCISE?

3/4 of energy output is lost as heat. Total energy output rises in proportion to severity of work

HOW MAY A TEAR IN LIGAMENTS BE?

Longitudinal Transverse Oblique

WHAT ARE THE CELLS OF ORIGIN OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?

4 cranial nerves (nuclei I-III, VII, IX, X) S2-4 spinal cord segment Together known as the cranial sacral outflow

DEFINE THE TECTORIAL MEMBRANE LIGAMANT?

A broad ligamentous band covering the atlanto axial mechanism

DESCRIBE THE EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUES?

A broad muscle, outermost of the abdominal group

DEFINE THE OBLIQUE POPLITEAL LIGAMENT?

A broad, flat ligament that extends from the intercondylar fossa and lateral condyle of the femur to the head and medial condyle of the tibia

DESCRIBE THE SOLEUS?

A broad, flat muscle placed immediately in front of the gastrocnemius

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF THE METATARSALS?

5 bones numbered 1-5 from medial to lateral. Each consists of a base at the proximal end, shaft and head at the distal end of the bone.

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR STRESS FRACTURES?

6-8 weeks of active rest

DESCRIBE THE TRAPEZIUS MUSCLE?

A broad, flat triangular muscle which takes its name from the shape created. There are upper, middle and lower sets of fibres.

DEFINE THE GLUTEUS MEDIUS?

A broad, thick and powerful muscle with its anterior 2/3 superficial and the other 1/3 covered by maximus

WHAT IS A CONTUSION?

A bruise

WHAT 3 TECHNIQUES MEDIATE IMPULSES FROM NERVE ENDINGS THROUGH LARGE DIAMETER NERVE FIBRES?

Heat Cold Massage

THE LOWER EXTREMITIES ARE COMPOSED OF HOW MANY BONES?

60

THE UPPER EXTREMITIES / ARM / UPPER LIMB CONSISTS OF HOW MANY BONES?

60

HOW MANY BONES COMPRISE THE UPPER EXTREMITIES?

64

HOW IS PLANTAR FASCIITIS OTHERWISE KNOWN?

Heel spur or Policemans heel

DESCRIBE THE VERTEBRAE?

7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4 coccygeal

IN RELATION TO HIP PROBLEMS, HOW MAY THE ILIOPSOAS BE EFFECTED?

A bursa that lies beneath the tendon of the muscle can become inflamed either alone or in combination with the muscle itself

DEFINE DENSE ORDINARY CT?

A callagenous tissue with fibrous bundles interwoven and irregularly arranged

WHAT IS A LYMPH?

A clear, colourless liquid drained from the tissue spaces by lymph cappilaries

DEFINE THE HIP JOINT?

A ball and socket joint formed by the head of the femur and the acteabulum of the hip bone

DEFINE RECTUS FEMORIS?

A bi articular muscle that spans the hip and knee joint. It is fusiform in shape and bipennate in structure

WHAT IS THE APPLIED ANATOMY OF SARTORIUS?

A bi articular muscle, this is the only one that flexes both hip and knee

DEFINE THE GASTROCNEMIUS?

A biarticular muscle, crossing both knee and ankle joints

DEFINE A FRACTURE?

A break in the continuity of the bone

DESCRIBE THE INTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE?

A broad flat muscle, the intermediate and thickest of the abdominal muscles

DEFINE THE TRAPEZIUS?

A broad flat triangular muscle. Both left and right muscles over the back of the neck and upper thorax

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF LATISSIMUS DORSI?

Adduction Extension Medial rotation of the humerus When the arm is fixed above the head, LD will raise the body LD also takes part in all the violent expiratory movement

DESCRIBE THE PATHOLOGY OF THE ABDOMINALS?

Abdominal muscles from the compression support system of the cantilever. Increased intra abdominal pressure produces an "air cushion" supporting the spine

MALLEOLAR FRACTURES OR DISLOCATION OF TALUS CAN RESULT FROM WHAT 3 TYPES OF INJURY?

Abduction / lateral rotation force, or a combination of both Adduction force Vertical compression force

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF GLUTEUS MEDIUS?

Abduction and medial rotation of the hip

LIST THE MUSCLES THAT MAKE UP THE THENAR MUSCLES?

Abductor Pollicus Brevis Opponens Pollicis Flexor Pollicis Brevis Adductor Pollicis

WHAT 3 MUSCLES ARE FOUND WITHIN THE FIRST LAYER OF MUSCLES IN THE FOOT?

Abductor longus Flexor digitorum brevis Abductor digiti minimi

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF TENSOR FASCIA LATA?

Abducts and medially rotates the hip. Helps stabilise the thigh on the leg and the pelvis on the neck of femur. ITB can also extend the knee

DEFINE CONTRACTILITY?

Ability to alter shape so the a cell or part of one becomes shortened in some direction

DEFINE EXCRETION AND SECRETION?

Ability to get rid of wastes from cell surface = excretion If product is useful = secretion

DEFINE IRRITABILITY?

Ability to respond to external stimuli

DEFINE ABSORPTION?

Ability to take up fluid and dissolved substances through their surfaces

WHAT 5 MUSCLES COMPRISE THE ADDUCTOR GROUP?

Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Pectineus Gracilis

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES TRAPEZIUS?

Accessory and branches of cervical plexus

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES THE STERNOMASTOID?

Accessory nevre

DESCRIBE THE EXTENSOR POLLICIS BREVIS?

Accompanies APL downwards and attaches distally to the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. The muscle extends the proximal phalanx to the thumb.

DESCRIBE THE SOCKET OF THE HIP JOINT?

Acetabulum is hemispherical. Nita ll of the fossa is lined with hyaline cartilage, there is a missing central area. The open ends of the show are joined by the transverse ligament of the acetabulum. The rim of the socket has a build up of fibro-cartilage acetabular labrum which is a complete circle

NAME 3 TENDONS OF THE LOWER LIMB?

Achilles Patellar Posterior Tibial Quadriceps

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ILIOPSOAS MUSCLE?

Acting together, these muscles flex the hip joint on the pelvis in the recumbent position. Functionally, it is a postural muscle in concert with the large gluteal muscles

WHAT TYPES OF EXERCISE CAN BE USED IN REHAB?

Active Passive

WHEN CONDUCTING A PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF A PATIENT, TESTING SHOULD BE WHAT?

Active Passive Resisted

WHEN CONDUCTING EXAMINATIONS, INITIAL MEASUREMENTS SHOULD BE MADE OF WHAT?

Active ROM Passive ROM Resisted testing of muscles Swelling Neurological testing (sensation, reflex, muscle action)

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR ACUTE ACHILLES TENDINITIS?

Active rest Cryotherapy Heel wedge of 1cm in all shoes Strength and flexibility training

IN BURSAE DAMAGE TO THE HIP, WHAT MAY TREATMENT INCLUDE?

Active rest Pain relief Reduction of swelling Alteration in training methods

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR CHRONIC ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT SYNDROME?

Active rest and first aid followed by treatment aimed at : - relieving pain - limit localised swelling - maintenance of fitness - analysis of sporting technique - prevent recurence

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS?

Active rest during the acute phase is necessary, or a short period in plaster will alleviate the symptoms however surgery is usually preferred

DESCRIBE THE EPIGLOTTIS?

Acts like a trap door to prevent food entering the trachea and passing down the lungs

HOW MAY POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT SYNDROME PRESENT?

Acute Chronic

TO WHAT DEGREE CAN LESS SERIOUS INJURIES BE CATEGORISED?

Acute - within 48 hours of onset Sub acute - 48 hours to 7 days of injury Chronic - longer than 7 days from onset

DEFGIONE ADOLESCENT INFLAMMATION OF THE HIP JOINT SYNOVITIS?

Acute pains are often experienced in children under 10 years and are due to the inflammatory reactions in soft tissues surrounding the hip joint

WHICH ADDUCTOR MUSCLE MAINLY CAUSES TROUBLE IN THE HIP REGION?

Adductor longus

DEFINE PERTHES DISEASE?

Affects children between 3 and 11 years. The bone structure of the head of femur degenerates, deforms and flattens, resulting in groin +/- knee tiredness and a limp

DESCRIBE THE FORMATION OF THE NON-CONTRACTIVE FIBRES?

After injury, the tissues are infiltrated by macrophages / phagocytes which are converted to fibroblasts. Fibroblasts divide rapidly in 24 hours. Collagen is laid down, matures and irreversible shortening occurs. Fibroblasts revert to fibrocytes after completing their function.

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR INJURIES TO THE KNEE JOINT SURFACE?

Aimed at minimising the effect and dealing with the symptoms as they arise, thus : Pain relief Improving muscle bulk and power Maintaining movement and function

DEFINE RESIDENTIAL VOLUME?

Air left in the lungs to maintain patency of the alveoli and filling the air passages

WHAT ARE VENULES?

Akin to arterioles, but on the venular side of the capillary loops / networks, these are small veins

FROM WHERE IS THE NERVE SUPPLY OF THE ANTERIOR CRURAL MUSCLES?

All anterior crural muscles are supplied by the peroneal nerve

WHAT DOES A TYPICAL LONG BONE CONSIST OF?

An outer framework of hard, compact bone A central medullary cavity in the main shaft which is filled with bone marrow Expanded extremities which consists of soft cancellous bone internally

DESCRIBE A POPLITEAL CYST?

Also known as a bakers cyst. It is an enlargement of the posterior joint capsule, forming a pouch behind the knee. It is connected to the joint and will therefore fluctuate in size with synovial fluid under loading and in various knee postures

WHAT IS PERIOSTITIS?

Also known as shin splints, it is a periostitis of the medial margin of the tibia

DEFINE VISCERAL / NON STRIATED / INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES?

Also known as smooth muscles Involved in maintaining the internal environment

DEFINE THE VERTEBRAL ARCH OF THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE?

Also known as the neural arch, it extends backwards from the body. There are 7 processes arising from the vertebral arch

DESCRIBE THE VERTEBRAL ARCH?

Also known as the neural arch, it extends backwards from the body. With the body it surrounds the spinal cord in a space known as the vertebral forearm

DESCRIBE GOLFERS ELBOW?

Also known as throwers elbow and a form of medial epicondylitis, affecting the common flexor tendon. Symptoms are similar to that of tennis elbow except pain is experienced during resisted wrist flexion, with fingers extended

WHAT 5 THINGS CAN PROGRESSING THE LEVELS OF DIFFICULTY OF INDIVIDUAL FREE ACTIVE EXERCISES INVOLVE?

Altering start position Increasing required ROM Controlling the speed of completion Increasing the number and rate of reps Modifying the leverage involved

DESCRIBE GREY MATTER?

An H shaped central area around the spinal canal, showing 3 distinct areas called Horns - anterior, lateral and posterior

DEFINE OEDEMA?

An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid

WHAT IS TIBIALIS ANTERIOR SYNDROME?

An acute inflammation of the tens=don sheath of tibialis anterior and results from overuse in jumping and running activities, especially on hard surfaces

DEFINE CAUSTIC?

An agent that destroys tissue

WHAT IS AN ISOKINETIC EXERCISE?

An exercise that provides a variable resistance to a constant limb movement

WHAT IS AN ISOMETRIC EXERCISE?

An exercise where the muscle power equals the resisting force

WHAT IS AN ISOTONIC EXERCISE?

An exercise where the resistance is moved by muscle action through a pre determined range

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN FOR THE BRACHIALIS?

An extensive origin on the lower half of the front of the humerus

WHAT IS CELLULITIS?

An infection of the deep dermis of the skin

WHAT IS TENDOVAGINITIS?

An inflammation and thickening of the tendon fibrous sheath. Common over the wrist at the base of the thumb, around the malleoli, and in the long head of biceps

WHAT IS OSGOOD-SCHLATERS DISEASE?

An inflammatory condition, mainly in boys aged 10-16, which is the result of repeated micro trauma by the quadriceps tendon pulling on its attachment to the tibial tuberosity

WHERE WILL TRICIPITAL TENDINITIS COMMONLY OCCUR?

At the insertion of triceps into the back of the elbow

WHERE CAN THE STERNAL CAVITY OF CLAVICLE BE FOUND?

At the medial end of the clavicle, and is enlarged and bulges at its articulation with the sternum

DEFINE THE STERNOMASTIOD?

Attaches to the sternum, clavicle and mastiod process

OVERALL, WHAT ARE THE 2 DISTINCT PARTS THAT THE SKELETON CAN BE DIVIDED IN TO?

Axial and appendicular

HR IS REGULATED BY WHICH FACTORS?

Baroreceptors Chemicals Temperature Emotions Sex and age

DEFINE ADIPOSE ORDINARY CT?

Basically a form of loose CT whose cells are specialised for fat storage

WHAT RUlES MUST PREVAIl IN THE EXAMINATION AND ASSESSMENT OF INJURIES?

Be cautious Be calm Engage eyes and ears before hands Prevent rather than cure

DESCRIBE THE HEALING OF CANCELLOUS BONES?

Because the bone is uniformly spongy in texture and without a medullary canal, there is a much broader area between fragments. Union can occur directly between bone surfaces and does not have to take place through external / endosteal callus. Heamotoma forms and osteogenetic cells, proliferating from facial fracture surfaces and fuse with similar tissue from opposing fragment. Then follows same remodelling process as with tubular bones

DEFINE EXPIRATION?

Breathing out, caused by the passive recoil of the elastic lung tissue

WHAT CHANGES OCCUR TO PULMONARY VENTILATION WITH SEVERE EXERCISE?

Breathing stays above resting levels for prolonged periods after exercise is over

DESCRIBE PONS?

Bridges the 2 cerebellar hemispheres and separates the midbrain. Contains white matter as well as various muclei

DESCRIBE CALLUS HEALING OF A FRACTURE?

Bridging tissue matures to form immature (woven) bone. This gives rigidity to the fracture and can usually be felt as a hard mass in superficial bone fractures

WHAT SUPPLY THE LUNG TISSUE WITH NUTRITION?

Bronchial arteries and veins

WHAT ARE THE DANGERS OF ICE TREATMENT?

Burn Fat necrosis Fainting

WHAT ARE THE COMMON DANGERS OF HEAT THERAPY?

Burns Electric shock Overdose Headache Faintness

HOW MAY BURSAE BE INJURED?

Bursae sometimes become inflamed either from direct violence, indirectly during a fall or by overuse

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF THE PERONEUS LONGUS?

By 2 slips, into the lateral side of the base of the first metatarsal and later side of the medial cuneiform bone

WHERE IS THE ORIGIN OF THE EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE?

By 8 fleshy slips from the lower 8 ribs

HOW MAY THE MEDIAL MENISCUS BE INJURED?

By lateral rotation of the tibia on the femur with the foot fixed, loaded knee slightly bent and a degree of valgus strain

HOW IS FROZEN SHOULDER CHARACTERISED?

By the inability to abduct arm in normal scapulo-humeral rhythm

HOW IS THE HEART ENCLOSED AND HELD IN PLACE?

By the pericardium

HOW MAY MEDIAN NERVES BE AFFECTED?

By trauma to the elbow joint or by compression in the carpal tunnel

DESCRIBE WHITE MATTER

Consists of nerve fibres and connective tissue. It is split into specific areas - anterior, lateral and posterior - named according to the regions of the spinal cord

DEFINE SKIERS THUMB?

Caused by flexible abduction and exertion of the thumb, stressing the MCPh joint of the thumb

DEFINE CARTILAGE CT?

Can endure considerably more stresses and strains than any ordinary CT. Has no nerves or blood supply, except at its periphery

WHAT IS ACUTE ACHILLES TENDINITIS?

Can occur in individuals who begin training at very high loads of following a change is training pattern Running on sand or very soft ground can trigger pain

WHAT IS ACUTE ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT SYNDROME?

Can result from a direct blow to the area or from excessive unaccustomed exercise. Acute haemorrhage can lead to pressure symptoms impairing blood flow through the compartment

WHAT CAN CAUSE HAMSTRING TEARS?

Can result from direct violence but are more common in sports where explosive ballistic movements are main features

WHAT 4 FACTORS AFFECT VENOUS RETURN, AND THEREFORE CARDIAC OUTPUT?

Capacity of venous system Respiratory pump Muscle pump BP

WHAT DETERMINES FLUID MOVEMENT THROUGH CAPILLARY MEMBRANES?

Capillary hydrostatic pressure Interstitial hydrostatic pressure Capillary osmotic pressure Interstitial osmotic pressure

LIST THE LIGAMENTS OF THE SC JOINT?

Capsule Anterior SC Posterior SC Inter clavicular Costoclavicular

LIST THE LIGAMENTS OF THE METARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT?

Capsule Collarterals Deep transverse

LIST THE 3 LIGAMENTS OF THE ANKLE?

Capsule Deltoid Lateral collateral

LIST THE LIGAMENTS IN THE JOINTS OF VERTEBRAL ARCHES?

Capsule Ligamentum flavum Supraspinous Ligamentum nuchae Interspinous Intertransverse

LIST THE 2 LIGAMENTS WITHIN THE CALCANEOCUBOID JOINT?

Capsule Short plantar / plantar calcaneocuboid

LIST THE LIGAMENTS OF THE SI JOINT?

Capsule Ventral sacro iliac Interosseous sacro iliac Dorsal sacro iliac

LIST THE LIGAMENTS OF THE SUPERIOR TIBIO-FIBULAR JOINT?

Capsule - attached to the margins of the articular facets Anterior - 2-3 flat oblique bands across the front of the joint Posterior - a thickened oblique band from the back of the head of fibula to the back of the lateral tibial condyle

LIST THE LIGAMENTS OF THE ACROMIO-CLAVICULAR JOINT?

Capsule - surrounds the joint Acromio-clavicular - crosses the top of the joint surfaces Coraco-clavicular - provides a fibrous joining of strength between the under surface of the clavicle to the coracoid process

HOW MAY CAPSULES BECOME INJURED?

Capsules behave like ligaments and are susceptible to the same traumas and problems

HOW IS FROZEN SHOULDER MORE PROPERLY KNOWN?

Capsulitis

HOW IS FROZEN SHOULDER MORE PROPERLY KNOWN?

Capsulitis. Characterised by inability to abduct arm in normal scapulo humeral rhythm. It is an inflammatory condition

NAME THE 3 SOFT BONES IN THE BODY?

Carpal Tarsal Trapeziod

OF WHAT DO THE BONES OF THE HAND COMPROMISE?

Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges

HOW IS INFRA PATELLAR BURSA OTHERWISE KNOWN?

Carpet layers knee

DEFINE A MUSCULAR SPRAIN?

Caused by a greater violence than a strain with a greater resultant tissue damage and loss of function

WHAT ARE THE PHSYIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF USING ICE?

Circulatory Nervous Stimulatory

LIST THE COMMON FRACTURES OF THE UPPER LIMB?

Clavicle Humerus Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand

WHAT IS TENNIS LEG?

Clinically an injury of the gastrocnemius muscle and common in older players. The calf and achilles mechanism are often strained by sudden changes of movement or direction

DEFINE FEMORAL EPIPHYSES?

Common in boys 12-15 years, a fall of recurrent sprains around the hip cause movement in the growth plate at the neck of femur - slippage. Pain is felt in the groin and may be referred to the knee

WHAT MAY CAUSE SEMIMEMBRANOSIS BURSITIS?

Constant irritation or pressure, eg horse riders

DEFINE WHIOTE BLOOD CELLS?

Constitutes the defence mechanisms of the body against bacterial and inflammatory injury

DEFINE RED BLOOD CELLS?

Contain haemoglobin for carrarie of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the lungs and tissues. Produced in red bone marrow

DEFINE THE SKULL?

Contains 22 bones in 2 sets. Rests on the vertebral column Bones are arranged in cranial and facial sets

DESCRIBE THE TRACHEA?

Commonly called the windpipe

DEFINE THE ZYGOMATIC BONES?

Commonly known as the cheek bones, they form the prominence of the cheek

HOW IS BONE CLASSIFIED?

Compact or dense Cancellous or spongy

DESCRIBE DERMIS?

Composed of connective tissue with collagen elastic fibres. There are many blood vessels, nerves, glands and hair follicles embedded in the dermis

DESCRIBE EPIDERMIS?

Composed of stratified squamous epithelium. Contains 2 cell types - keratinocyte, which produces keratin, and melanin

HOW MAY DISLOCATION OR SUBLUXATION OF A JOINT OCCUR?

Congenital Spontaneous Traumatic Recurrent

WHAT TYPE OF TISSUE IS SYNOVIUM?

Connective

WHAT IS FASCIA?

Connective tissue forming layers in all regions of the body

DEFINE THE NASO-PHARYNX?

Connects the nose/mouth to the ears

DEFINE THE METACARPUS?

Consists of 5 bones and constitutes the palm of the hand

WHAT FASCIA INJURIES MAY OCCUR?

Damage to fascia is rare by itself and usually occurs in company with other soft tissue damage. Plantar fascitis may arise, produced by a chronic overuse syndrome

WHAT ARE BURNS?

Damage to the skin or other tissues by the application of heat

DESCRIBE COMPLICATION OF TENDON INJURY WITH SOFT TISSUE ADAPTION?

Damaged tissues are placed in a shortened position for healing to take place, new collagen is laid down and contracts thus affecting flexibility and extensibility

WHAT ARE THE RISKS OF EXERCISE?

Death Injury addiction

SUMARISE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TRAINING?

Decreased cardiac rate Increased stroke volume Lower ventilatory equivalent Greater O2 consumption Less utilisation on anaerobic sources for a given workload Capacity for a greater O2 debt Less changes to physiological levels for a quicker return to normal

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF TISSUE COOLING?

Decreased pain and muscle spasm Decreased metabolism Decreased local blood flow

WHAT DOES TISSUE COOLING CAUSE?

Decreased pain and muscle spasm Decreased metabolism Decreased local blood flow

DESCRIBE THE FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS?

Deeo to the other superficial flexors and the largest of the group. FDS flexes the middle and then the proximal phalanx. It is also a flexor of the wrist

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES TIBIALIS ANTERIOR?

Deep peroneal nerve

DESCRIBE THE OPPONENS POLLICIS?

Deep to APOB, OP is inserted into the whole length of the 1st MC shaft. OP flexes the first MC and rotates it medially

DEFINE THE TIBIALIS POSTERIOR?

Deepoest of the 3 calf muscles, between the FHL and FDL. It lies on the same plane as the bones of the leg

IN THE GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT, WHAT DOES THE SACRAL SERVE?

Descending colon to rectum, bladder and genito-urinary tract

A TYPICAL LONG BONE CONSISTS OF?

Diaphysis Epiphyses Metaphyses Articular cartilage Periosteum Medullary or marrow cavity Endosteum

WHAT ARE THE 2 EXTRINSIC MECHANISMS?

Direct and indirect voilence

WHAT ARE THE COMMON CAUSES OF MUSCULAR PROBLEMS IN THE QUADS?

Direct and indirect voilence

HOW MAY SUDDEN INJURY FRACTURES OCCUR?

Direct or extrinsic violence or Indirect or intrinsic violence

LIST THE MUSCLE GROUPS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN?

Dorsal Ventral

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN MUSCLES?

Dorsal muscles extend the vertebral column, and side flex the spine

WHAT MOVEMENT IS PERMITTED IN THE ANKLE JOINT?

Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion

WHAT MAKES UP THE MENINGES?

Dura matter Arachnoid matter Pia matter

DESCRIBE THE EFFECT EXERCISE HAS ON THE CV SYSTEM?

During exercise the cardiac rate increases, as does stroke volume and blood pressure. Systolic pressure mat rise Blood is redistributed to working muscles and skin for heat loss

WHAT HAPPENS TO THE RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT DURING SEVERE EXERCISE?

During exertion it may rise above 1 and reach 1.5-2. Maximum figures are reached shortly after exercise ends. In recovery period RQ falls below 0.5

WHEN DOES MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT DAMAGE OCCUR?

During pronation of the foot and eversion

HOW MAY UPPER LIMB NERVES BE DAMAGED?

During sport as much as during activities of daily living

HOW MAY A SOLEUS BE RUPTURED?

During very vigorous take offs or jump ups soleus can be overloaded and ruptured

LIST THE 2 TYPES OF MUSCLE WORK?

Dynamic and static

DESCRIBE THE LIGAMANTS OF THE INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT?

Each joint capsule is reinforced by small collateral and palmar ligaments

WHAT LIGAMENTS ARE WITHIN THE INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT?

Each joint capsule is reinforced by small collateral and plantar ligaments

HOW MAY WE CATEGORISE THE STAGES OF RECOVERY?

Early - usually within 48 hours of injury. Intermediate - the sub acute phase of the inflammatory response Late - the repair process is almost complete Pre discharge - full clinical healing

WHAT MAY ACUTE POSTERIOR DEEP COMPARTMENT SYNDROME RESULT FROM?

Either direct violence to the area and / or unaccustomed overuse of the muscles

LIST THE 4 FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF BANDAGING?

Elastic Non Elastic Mixture Special

WHAT DOES PLASMA CONTAIN?

Electrolytes Nutrients Wastes Proteins Antibodies Clotting factors

WHAT 4 STEPS CAN BE ADVISED TO AVOID DELAYING THE REPAIR PROCESS?

Elevation Encouragement of gentle movement Drainage of haematoma Gentle natural tensions

WHAT FACTORS CONTROL CARDIAC OUTPUT?

End - systolic volume HR Venous return

WHAT DOES FASCIA DO?

Envelops organs and tissues

LIST THE 3 LAYERS OF THE HEARTS WALL?

Epicardium - outer covering Myocardium - the bulk of the heart Endocardium

WHAT ARE THE 3 PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS OF SKIN?

Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous

WHAT ARE THE VARYING SHEETS OF FASCIA CALLED?

Epimysium Perimysium Endomysium

MIXED NERVES ARE WRAPPED IN WHAT 3 LEVELS OF COVERING?

Epineurium Perineurium Endoneruium

DEFINE EPITHELIUM?

Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines body cavities and ducts and forms glands

WHAT ARE THE 4 PRINCIPAL TYPES OF TISSUES ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION?

Epithelium Connective tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue

DESCRIBE THE FLEXOR POLLICIS LONGUS?

FPL lies on the radial side of the forearm, lateral to FDP and in the same plane. The tendon passes through the carpal tunnel to the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb where it inserts. FPL flexes the interphalangeal joint of the thumb

DEFINE HYPEREXTENSION IMPACT

Falls on a bent knee produce hyperflexion injuries. Crutiate ligaments can be damaged

DESCRIBE THE ULNAR COLLATERAL LIGAMENT?

Fan shaped in 3 bands from the medial epicondyle of humerus to ulna

DESCRIBE THE COLLATERAL LIGAMENT OF THE METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT?

Fan shaped with the handle of the fan attached to the side of the MC, spreading out to the proximal phalanx

DEFINE GLUTEUS MAXIMUS?

Fan shaped, smaller and deep to the anterior part of medius

DESCRIBE THE RADIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT?

Fans out from the lateral epicondyle of humerus to the annular ligament

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIED SARTORIUS?

Femoral nerve

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES THE ILIOPSOAS MUSCLE?

Femoral nerve

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES VASTUS INTERMEDIUS?

Femoral nerve

WHAT ARE THE MAIN PERIPHERAL NERVES FORMED FROM THE LUMBAR PLEXUS?

Femoral nerve Obturator nerve

WHAT DOES CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONTAIN?

Fibres Ground substances or Matrix

WHERE IS THE POINT IF INSERTION FOR GRACILIS?

Fibres run down vertically to become a rounded tendon, crossing the medial tibia condyle behind sartorius, to insert into the upper medial shaft of the tibia

HOW IS THE SYMPHYSIS PUBIS FORMED?

Formed in the medial plane, the pubic bones face one another and are coated with hyaline cartilage, which in turn are joined by fibrocartilage

DEFINE BLOOD CLOT IN TRAUMA?

Forms 15-20 seconds after major trauma, 1-2 mins in minor. A clot is formed when fibrin forms a mesh-work on the platelet plug

DEFINE COVERING AND LINING EPITHELIUM?

Forms the outer covering of the skin and some internal organs Also forms the inner lining of blood vessels, ducts and body cavities, as well as the interiors of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract

DEFINE CARDIAC MUSCLES?

Found only in the heart Highly specialised for rythmicity and speed

WHAT MIGHT AFFECT AXILLARY NERVES?

Fractures around the neck and humerus

WHAT ARE THE PREDOMINANT INJURIES OF THE FOREARM?

Fractures or injury of the musculature. The most common is tenosynovitis

DEFINE PATHOLOGICAL BONE FRACTURES?

Fractures through bone already weakened by disease

WHAT CAN ACTIVE EXERCISE BE?

Free Assisted Resisted

WHAT MAY EXERCISE THERAPY INVOLVE?

Free active exercises Circuit training Weight training

WHERE DO THE MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER GRIDLE PASS?

From axial skeleton to pectoral girdle only. From axial skeleton directly to humerus From pectoral girdle to humerus

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE?

From here blood is expelled into the aorta, this splits into multiple arteries to supply all parts of the body

HOW MAY COMPARTMENT SYNDROME ARISE?

From increased pressure within muscles in a closed fascial compartment Syndrome may arise due to trauma, peripheral vascular disease and exercise

WHAT IS CARDIAC CYCLE?

From initiation of the electrical impulse at the SA node, contraction of the atrial muscle, outward routing by AV node and bundles to purkinje fibres causing ventricular cobntraction

DESCRIBE THE TRANSVERSE PROCESS OF THE VERTEBRAL ARCH?

From junction of pedicle and lamina, a transverse process extends laterally on each side

HOW ARE IMPULSES TRANSMITTED?

From nerve fibres and processes, over the synapse for forward transmission

FROM WHERE DO LOOSE BODIES IN THE ELBOW JOINT, AS IN THE KNEE, FREQUENTLY RESULT?

From osteo-chondritis dissecans. Repeated heavy loading, especially throwing type movements, cause a friction syndrome on the articular surfaces with possible detachment of cartilage or even bone fragments into the joint cavity.

DESCRIBE THE SACROTUBEROUS?

From posterior iliac spines, lateral sacrum and coccyx it travels down, obliquely and laterally

FROM WHERE DO THE MOST COMMON WRIST INJURIES DERIVE?

From strains / sprains of the wrist joint, fractures apart.

APART FROM FRACTURES, FROM WHERE DO THE MOST COMMON WRIST INJURIES DERIVE?

From strains and sprains of the wrist joint

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN FOR THE STERNOMASTOID?

From the clavicle and sternum

HOW ARE THE 4 LAYERS OF MUSCLES OF THE FOOT NUMBERED?

From the foot surface inwards and excluding the skin and superficial fascia

WHEN CONDUCTING ASSESSMENTS AND EXAMINATIONS, WHAT IS A GOOD RULE TO REMEMBER?

Look Feel Move Measure Record

LIST THE MUSCLES WITHIN THE SUPERFISCIAL LAYER OF THE CALF?

Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris

FACTORS RETARDING HEALING ARE?

General causes : old age, low serum protein as in starvation, lack of vitamin D Local causes : Ishaemia, irritation, cortisol

HOW SHOULD FINGER SPRAINS BE TREATED?

Gentle movement should be encouraged at an early stage for recovery as stiffness may be a lasting feature

WHAT ARE THE DORSO-LATERAL MUSCLES?

Gluteus maximus Gluteus Medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fascia lata

DESCRIBE O'DONOGHUES CLASSIFICATIONS OF LIGAMENT DAMAGE?

Grade 1 - Mild. Minor strain with few fibres damaged Grade 2 - Moderate. Some fibres are torn and there is extra and intra capsular swelling. Grade 3 - Severe. Total rupture of the ligament with rapid joint effusion, exquisite pain and tenderness.

IN TERMS OF LIGAMENT DAMAGE, DEFINE GRADES 1 TO 3?

Grade 1 - ligament sprain, no instability Grade 2 - incomplete tear, mild instability Grade 3 - complete tear, marked instability

WHAT IS OSSIFICANS?

Growing bone

WHAT ARE THE CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR HEAT THERAPY?

Haemorrhage Defective blood supply No skin sensation Application of liniment

WHAT MUSCLES SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN INJURIES OF THE THIGH?

Hamstrings Quadriceps femoris ITB

LIST THE POSTERIOR THIGH MUSCLES?

Hamstrings- Bicep femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus. Popliteal

DESCRIBE THE LEFT LUNG?

Has 2 major lobes - superior and inferior, separated by the oblique fissure

DESCRIBE THE RIGHT LUNG?

Has 3 major lobes - superior, inferior and middle, separated by 2 features - the oblique fissure and horizontal fissure

WHAT ARE THE ARTICULAR SURFACES OF THE GLENO HUMERAL JOINT?

Head of humerus forms almost one third of a sphere and is opposed to the pear-shaped glenoid cavity of the scapula. Both are reciprocally curved.

HOW DO MUSCLE HERNIAS HEAL?

Healing is by fibrosis and first aid reaction to help limit bleeding and promote re absorption of swelling

LIST THE 5 STAGES IN THE HEALING OF A TUBULAR LONG BONE?

Heamatoma Callus Remodelling Cell proliferation Consolidation

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF TRAPEZIUS?

Help steady the scapula and control the position and movement of the upper limb. Also maintain the poise and level of the shoulder. To retract the scapula and barce the shoulders back. Lower fibres bring about scapular rotation

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF TRAPEZIUS?

Helps steady the scapula and control the position and movement of the upper limb

WHAT ARE CARTILAGINOUS, OR PARTLY MOVABLE, JOINTS?

Here the union between the bones has cartilage interposed and results from a previous fibrous union, which subsequently becomes fibro cartilaginous

WHAT COMMON GROIN OR HIP COMPLAINTS SHOULD YOU BE AWARE OF?

Hernia Inflammation of internal organs Gynaecological disorders Tumours Referred pain

DESCRIBE CARDIAC MUSCLE?

Highly specialised tissue found only in the heart. It possesses the ability to maintain its own contractions without a direct nerve supply

MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LIMB CAN BE PRESENTED IN WHICH GROUPS?

Hip Thigh Leg Foot

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF ABDOMINAL MUSCLES?

Holds the abdominal viscera in place Expulsive acts (vomit/faeces) Flex the lumbar spine Bend the trunk forward and flex the lumbar spine Turns the front of the abdomen Side flexes the trunk and pelvis Draws up the hip Maintains intra-abdominal pressure and aids venous return Stabilises the pelvis

HOW IS PRE PATELLAR BURSITIS OTHERWISE KNOWN?

Housemaids knee

WHAT ARE THE ARTICULAR SURFACES OF THE ELBOW JOINT?

Humero-ulnar Humero-radial Radio-ulnar

CARTILAGE CAN BE DIVIDED INTO WHAT 3 TYPES?

Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic

FOLLOWING EXERCISE, WHAT OBSERVATIONS CAN BE MADE ON SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE?

Hypertrophy of individual muscle fibres Increased muscle strength Improvements in capillary circulation Improved venus artery blood flow Increased reserves of myoglobin, glycogen and ATP

WHAT DO AVAILABLE TREATMENTS TO SKIN INCLUDE?

Ice Ointments Antibiotics Cleansing Dressing

SOME COMMON TREATMENTS ARE?

Ice Rest Heat Exercise Massage

HOW MAY ICE BE APPLIED?

Ice towels Ice packs Immersion Ice cube massage Exitatory effects

FACTORS THAT AFFECT FIBROUS TISSUE HEALING?

Immobility of tissue being healed Contained inflammation

DEFINE HYPEREXTENSION IMPACT INJURIES?

Impact from the front results in forced hyperextension. Crutiate ligaments can be damaged.

WHAT ARE THE COMMON MECHANISMS OF KNEE INJURIES?

Impact onto the knee from the lateral side, or the foot from the medial side. Impact onto the knee from the medial side or the foot from the lateral side. Hyperextension or hyperflexion violence to the knee Indirect twisting violence without body contact

DEFINE GROWTH?

Implies the enlargement of the part due to an increase in the total amount of protoplasm, or intercellur substances, or both

FOLLOWING EXERCISE, WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?

Improved coordination, reflex activity and regulation of circulation and response

WHAT EFFECT DOES EXERCISE HAVE ON METABOLISM?

Improved oxygenation and oxidation Improved reconversion of lactic acid to glycogen Lower oxygen debt Shortening of recovery time Increased deposits of glycogen in the liver Slight weight loss followed by slight increase

FOLLOWING EXERCISE, WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON THE LUNGS?

Improved rate and depth of respiration Improved respiratory values Improved O2 uptake capacity Increased vital capacity Shortening of recovery period

WHERE DO STRESS FRACTURES USUALLY OCCUR?

In athletes, fractures of the foot usually occur to the calcaneum, navicular and the metatarsal bones

LIST THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUDDEN INJURY FRACTURES AND FATIGUE / STRESS FRACTURES?

In fatigue / stress fractures there is : No singe episode Pain onset is gradual and increases with activity Well marked tenderness can be elicited Swelling and / or thickening is found locally X-ray changes may take 2-4 weeks to appear Tuning fork test positive

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF THE EDL?

In front of the ankle. It divides into 4 tendons which spread out over the dorsum of the foot on the 4 lateral toes, inserting into the dorsal digital expansion

WHERE DOES THE TIBIA OFTEN FRACTURE?

In its upper two thirds

HOW ARE CARPAL BONES PRESENTED?

In order lateral to medial, with A-D forming the proximal and E-H the distal rows

WHERE IS BICIPITAL TENDINITIS LIKELY TO OCCUR?

In the inter tubercular sulcus (bicipital groove)

LIST THE TYPES OF LACERATION?

Incised Jagged Puncture

IN REHAB, WHAT MAY EXERCISE BE USED TO DO?

Increase ROM of injured limbs Increase strength of injured muscles Increase general fitness Improve morale Prevent further injury

DIRECT HEATING OF A TISSUE RESULTS IN WHAT PHYSICAL EFFECTS?

Increase in metabolism Increased blood flow Nervous stimulation

WHAT MAY CAUSE TIBIALSI POSTERIOR PROBLEMS?

Increased foot pronation. Symptomatology and treatment are as for typical tendonitis

WHAT MAY CASE CHRONIC POSTERIOR DEEP COMPARTMENT SYNDROME?

Increased internal pressure, which when combined with muscle contraction expansion leads to a traction effect on the attachment of the compartmental fascia to the periosteum. the cause is an increased muscle compartment bulk from prolonged and intensive training

DESCRIBE TWISTING IMPACT WITH NO CONTACT?

Indirect violence, such as rotation of the leg with a fixed foot. These injuries can be cause ligament and meniscal damage.

WHAT ARE THE 5 COMMON COMPLICATIONS OF MUSCLE INJURY?

Infection Cyst formation Scarring Myotosis ossificans Muscle shortening / adaption

WHAT MIGHT INTRINSIC COMPILATIONS OF FRACTURES INCLUDE?

Infection Delayed union Non union Avascular necrosis Mal union Shortening

WHAT COMPLICATIONS ARE SEEN IN SKIN INJURIES?

Infection Excessive granulation tissue Tethering of scar Hypertrophic scar tissue

WHAT COMPLICATIONS CAN RESULT FROM BONE INJURY?

Infection Tumours Stiffness Instability Deformity Angulation Non union Mal union Avascular necrosis Stress Fracture Shortening

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES GLUTEUS MAXIMUS?

Inferior gluteal nerve

WHAT IS THE SECOND WIND PHENOMENON?

Initial dyspnoea passes away to a comfortable breather pattern

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF INJURIES TO BURSAE?

Initial swelling and tenderness Pain provoked by knee movement Swelling may be synovial or hemorrhagic Skin over the bursae may be hot and red Swelling is spongy in consitency

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR A PARTIALLY RUPTURED ACHILLIES?

Initial treatment is same as for tendonitis. Immobilisation for 4-6 weeks may be preferred

WHAT ROLE DO MUSCLES PLAY IN THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN?

Initiate and control any movement required

WHAT DOES NERVOUS TISSUE DO?

Initiates, transmits and nerve impulses that co-ordinate body activities

WHAT ARE THE DANGERS OF RESISTED EXERCISE?

Injury Overload Addiction Inappropriate technique Postural problems

WHAT IS THE TYPICAL CYCLE OF EVENTS FOLLOWING SOFT TISSUE INJURY?

Injury - Bleeding -- Pain and tenderness, swelling, impaired healing ---Increased pressure on the tissue

DESCRIBE TRICIPITAL TENDINITIS?

Insertion of triceps into the back of the elbow can often be strained by repeated forced extension

LIST THE PRIMARY LIGAMENTS OF THE SACRO ILIAC JOINT?

Interosseous sacro iliac : unites the sacrum and ilium above Iliolumbar : from the crest if ilium to trip of transverse process of 5th lumbar vertebrae Interosseous : joins the large rough areas behind the auricular surfaces of ilium and sacrum

LIST THE 4 LIGAMENTS OF THE INFERIOR TIBIO-FIBULAR JOINT?

Interosseous tibiofibular Anterior tibiofibular Posterior tibiofibular Inferior tibiofibular

BLOOD IS EJECTED FROM THE LEFT VENTRICLE TO WHERE?

Into the aorta

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF LATISSIMUS DORSI?

Into the floor of the bicipital groove

WHAT IS THE ILIOPSOAS POINT OF INSERTION?

Into the lesser trochanter of the femur via a very strong tendon

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN FOR THE ADDUCTOR BREVIS?

Into the proximal third of the linea aspera

LIST THE 2 TYPES OF HAEMATOMA?

Intramuscular - epimysium intact Interstitial - epimysium ruptured

WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF COMPLICATIONS OF FRACTURES?

Intrinsic Extrinsic

WHAT MOVEMENTS MAY DAMAGE THE ANTERIOR COMPONENT OF THE LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT?

Inversion Plantarflexion

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE TIBIALIS POSTERIOR?

Inversion of the foot, but can assist in plantarflexion and supination of the ankle

LIST THE POSSIBLE INJURIES OF THE SPINAL STRUT?

Invertebral disc Bone pathology Facet joint syndrome Limbo sacral strain Spondylosis, spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis Lower lumbar instability Intercostals neuralgia

DESCRIBE THE HYPOTHALAMUS?

Is the control centre for the autonomic nervous system and therefore regulates the internal environment

RESISTANCE EXERCISES TAKE WHAT 3 FORMS?

Isometric Isokinetic Isotonic

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF THE POPLITEUS?

It arises as a 1 inch tendon from the groove on the lateral femoral condyle

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF THE SERRATUS ANTERIOR?

It arises from the chest into the scapula

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF THE INTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE?

It arises from the lateral half of the inguinal ligament and the anterior two thirds of the iliac crest

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ANCONEUS?

It assists triceps in extending the elbow joint

POINT OF INSERTION FOR GLUTEUS MINIMUS?

It attaches to the anterior border of the greater trochanter of the femur, blending partly with the medius

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION FOR PECTINEUS?

It attaches to the pectinial line of the femur

DEFINE THE ELASTICITY OF MUSCULAR TISSUE?

It can return to its original shape after contraction or extension

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF THE EXTENSOR DIGITORUM BREVIS?

It comes from the extreme front end of the dorsal surface of the calcvaneus

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN FOR VASTUS LATERALIS?

It comes from the linea aspera, reaching as high as the base of the greater trochanter and below it occupies the upper third of the lateral supracondylar line

DESCRIBE THE TERES MAJOR?

It comes from the upper dorsal aspect of the axillary border of scapula

DESCRIBE THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?

It controls the vegetative functions (heart, alimentary canal, genito-urinary) thus regulates the internal environment

WHAT DOES THE SAGGITAL PLANE DO?

It divides the body into left and right parts

ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF QUADRATUS LUMBORUM?

It fixes the last rib for the excursion of the diaphragm

WHAT DOES THE FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS DO?

It flexes distal and middle phalanges of each finger at interphalangeal joints, proximal phalanx of each finfer at metacarpophalangeal joint and hand at the wrist joint

WHAT DOES THE BRACHIALIS MUSCLE DO?

It flexes the forearm at the elbow joint

WHAT DOES THE BICEPS BRACHII MUSCLE DO?

It flexes the forearm at the elbow joint, and the arm at the shoulder

DESCRIBE THE THALAMUS?

It functions as a sensory relay station for all sensations on their way to the cerebrum, except for smell

DEFINE THE FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS?

It gives tendons to all 4 lateral toes

DEFINE THE BICEPS FEMORIS?

It has 2 heads of origin, the long head coming from the ischial tuberosity and the fleshy short head from the middle of the linea aspera and upper lateral supracondylar line

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN FOR RECTUS FEMORIS?

It has 2 origins. or heads. 1- Straight head - from anterior inferior iliac spine 2 - Reflected head - upper margin of the acetabulum of the hip

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF THE TRICEPS BRACHII?

It has 3 heads, long, lateral and medial Long head - arises by a flat tendon from the infra-glenoid tubercle Lateral head - lies side by side with the long head Medial head - deep to both of the above

DESCRIBE A FUSIFORM MUSCLE?

It has a bulb shaped belly with tendon at each end of the muscle

DESCRIBE THE DEEP GROUP OF POSTERIOR VERTEBRAL COLUMN MUSCLES?

Known as the transversosponalis, this group is deep to longissmus along most of the vertebral column

WHAT ARE THE PRIMARY CURVES OF THE SPINE KNOWN AS?

Kyphotic Thoracic Sacral

WHAT ARE THE VARYING SIZES OF ARTERIES?

Large Medium Small

DESCRIBE THE THYROID?

Large and protective plates of cartilage in front of the vocal cords

DEFINE THE SEMITENDINOSUS?

Largely tendinous in its lower part, superfiscial to semimembranosus

DESCRIBE THE EXTENSOR POLLICIS LONGUS?

Larger than the EPB, its tendon passes to the distal end of radius, crosses the tendons of ECRL/B and inserts into the base of the distal phalanx of thumb. EPL extends the IP joint of the thumb

VENOUS RETURN INCREASES GREATLY DUE TO WHAT?

Larger volume of fluid under pressure resulting from the arteriolar dilation Vigorous muscle contractions aided by valves in the veins Increased depth and frequency of respiration

WHAT CAUSES PRESSURE IN THE IV DISC TO RISE?

Lifting, especially when the spine is flexed and the weight is lifted forward of the feet

WHAT TISSUES ARE AT RISK OF INJURY IN THE ANKLE?

Ligament Bursa Tendon Bone

WHAT TISSUES ARE AT RISK IN TRAUMATIC KNEE INJURIES?

Ligament Meniscus Joint surface Muscle Bursa

WHAT ARE LACERATIONS?

Linear wounds with damage to the full thickness of the skin

DEFINE SEROUS MEMBRANE?

Lines body cavities not opening directly to the exterior and covers organs lying in the cavity. Secretes lubricating fluid to prevent friction

WHAT IS MUCOUS MEMBRANE?

Lines body cavities which open directly onto the body surface Function is to secrete mucous to prevent the cavity from drying out, lubrication of tracts and trapping of particles

DEFINE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE?

Lines the cavity of freely movable joints Function is to secrete synovial fluid to lubricate the articular cartilage at bone ends and to nourish it

WHAT ARE THE COMMON FEATURES OF BLOOD VESSELS?

Lining Self nutrition Walls Inner lining Middle lining Outer covering

DESCRIBE THE ARTERIOLES?

Literally, a small arttery

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR TARSAL TUNNEL SYNDROME?

Local anti-inflammatory measures Orthotic support Anti-inflammatory drugs

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF STRESS FRACTURES?

Local pain on running, confirmed by tenderness over the metatarsal shaft, together with possible bony lump of newly forming callus

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF TARSAL TUNNEL SYNDROME?

Local pain radiates distally along the area supplied by the nerve, with accompanying parasthesia

NAME THE 4 TYPES OF BONE FOUND WITHIN THE SKELETAL SYSTEM?

Long Short Flat Irregular

DEFINE THE LONG PLANTAR LIGAMENT?

Longest tarsal ligament. Lies on the lateral side of the sole of the foot, extending from the plantar surface of the calcaneus to front edge of cuboid. Converts groove on planter surface of cuboid into tunnel for tendon of peroneus longus. Prevents flattening of lateral longitudinal arch of foot. Long plantar ligament spans and almost covers the short plantar ligament

POINT OF ORIGIN OF GLUTEUS MAXIMUS?

Lower part of the outer surface of the ilium

WHERE ARE THE NERVES OF THE LOWER LIMBS DERIVED FROM?

Lumbar and sacral plexus

DESCRIBE LUMBO SACRAL STRAIN?

Lumbar lordosis causes obliquity of the lower lumbar discs and vertebral loading will produce a searing stress

WHAT MUSCLES COMPRISE THE CENTRAL PALMAR MUSCLE GROUP?

Lumbricals Interosseii

DESCRIBE THE LUNGS?

Lungs are the essential organs of respiration

OF WHAT DOES THE BRAINSTEM CONSIST?

Midbrain Pons Medulla Cerebellum

LIST THE JOINTS OF THE HAND?

Midcarpal Intercarpal Carpometacarpal Carpometacarpal of the thumb Metacarpophalangeal Interphalangeal

DEFINE THE VASTUS INTERMEDIUS?

Middle component of the quadriceps group, it is hidden from view by the other 2 vasti which wrap themselves around the femur to meet in front.

WHERE IS THE INSERTION OF TRAPEZIUS?

Middle fibres attach to the medial margin of the acromiom process and the length of the spine if scapula. Lower fibres form an apeneurosis over the smooth triangular medial end of the spine of scapula inserting into a tubercle at its apex

DESCRIBE THE DISTAL END OF FIBULA?

More pointed than the upper end. The downward projection is the lateral malleolus

DEFINE THE PERONEUS LONGUS?

More superficial of the 2 muscles over the fibula

DESCRIBE THE MOST COMMON CAUSES OF ROTATOR CUFF LESIONS?

More than 20% of lesions causing shoulder pain are due to extra capsular soft tissue lesions and in 75% of cases the source of that shoulder pain is the rotator cuff. Changes result from either direct violence or abnormal repetitive stresses

DEFINE THE TIBIALIS ANTERIOR?

Most important of the crurar group and the most powerful. It lies medially in the compartment, closely related to the shaft of the tibia. It is broad, fleshy above but becomes tendinous below

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES?

Motion Maintenance of posture Heat production

DEFINE ABSORPTION?

Movement in the gastro intestinal tract of digested food into the body tissues and blood

WHAT ARE THE MAIN TYPES OF MEMBRANE?

Mucous Serous Synovial

WHAT IS THE CAPACITY FOR MUSCLE TISSUE TO REGENERATE?

Muscle has limited powers to regenerate but enhanced power to hypertrophy when progressively loaded during training

WHAT ARE THE INDIRECT PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF HEATING?

Muscle relaxation General rise in temperature Fall in BP Increased sweating

WHAT IS THE LARGEST POTENTIAL SOURCE OF HIP REGION PAIN AND DISCOMFORT?

Muscles, namely adductors, iliopsoas and rectus femoris

DEFINE SKELETAL / STRIATED / VOLUNTARY MUSCLES?

Named for its location, it attaches mainly to bones and moves parts of the skeleton

LIST THE FACIAL BONES?

Nasal bones x 2 Maxillae x 2 Zygomatic x 2 Mandible x 2 Palatine x 2 Inferior nasal conhae x 2 Vomer Lacrimal x 2

DEFINE THE LATERAL MENISCUS?

Nearly circular - incomplete O shaped - its horns are close together and fixed to the tibia near the centre pf its upper surface. Its periphery is attached to the tibia via relatively long fibres and it can glide back and forth, controlled by the popliteus muscle, which attaches to it

HOW IS BP MAINTAINED?

Nervous mechanism Capillary fluid shift Kidneys Hormones

WHAT EFFECT DOES EXERCISE HAVE ON THE CV SYSTEM?

Normal degree of cardiac enlargement Hypertrophy of individual cardiac muscles Increase in volume of resting blood Increase in cardiac reserve Increase in stroke volume during load and improvement at rest Moderate increase in BP

LIST THE AIR CONDUCTING PATHWAYS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM USED IN EXTERNAL RESPIRATION?

Nose and nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Lobules

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF SARTORIUS?

Not strong, it is involved in flexion, abduction and lateral rotation of the hip

WHAT ARE THE 4 IMPORTANT ORGANELLES?

Nucleus Ribosomes Mitochondria Lysosomes

LIST THE PARTS OF THE DISC?

Nucleus pulposus Annular fibrosis

DESCRIBE THE INFERIOR PERONEAL RETINACULUM?

On the lateral side of the ankle

DESCRIBE THE PRECISION GRIP?

Objects are held between the tips of the fingers and the thumb

WHAT ARE TRACTION APOPHYSITIS?

Occasional growth faults at the front of the knee

DESCRIBE AN INGUINAL HERNIA?

Occurs along the inner end of the inguinal ligament. They can cause groin pain from exertion, or even just coughing or sneezing.

DESCRIBE A FEMORAL HERNIA?

Occurs on the front of the upper thigh, below the groin skin fold

WHAT IS BRUISED HEEL?

Occurs when repeated landing on the heel causes bruising on the heel pad tissue. Fat compartments are squeezed out laterally, exposing the calcanium and removing its protective shock absorber. For treatment, prevention is better than cure

DESCRIBE AN ABDOMINAL HERNIA?

Occurs without the abdominal causing radiating pain out towards the groin

WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF PHYSIOLOGY?

Physiology is the science/study of how structures within the body function and interact

WHAT 6 MUSCLES ACT TO LATERALLY ROTATE THE HIP?

Piriformis Obturator superior Gemellus superior Gemellus inferior Quadratus femoris Obturator externus

WHAT ARE THE 6 TYPES, OR CLASSIFICATIONS, OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS?

Plane or Gliding Saddle Hinge Pivot Ball and socket Condyloid or Ellipsoidal

A TYPICAL CELL CAN BE DESCRIBED IN WHAT 4 PARTS?

Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Organelles Cell inclusion

WHAT ARE THE 4 METHODS OF IMMOBILISATION OF A FRACTURE?

Plaster / external splint Continuous traction Internal fixation Functional brace

WHAT IS THE PNEUMONIC FOR THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF FRACTURES?

Please - Pain Let - Loss of function Sixpence - Swelling Drop - Deformity Into - Immobility Uncles - Unnatural movement Cup - Crepetis Son - Shock

HOW IS THE THUMB OTHERWISE KNOWN?

Pollux

WHAT HAEMO-RESPIRATORY CHANGES OCCUR DURING MODERATE EXERCISE?

Pulmonary ventilation - increases in direct proportion O2 consumption - usage rises CO2 output Respiratory Quotient Cardiac output - increases greatly and in direct proportion fatigue

NAME 2 FAIRLY COMMON CYSTIC SWELLINGS AROUND THE KNEE?

Popliteal Meniscal

WHAT MAY CAUSE PAIN IN THE BACK OF THE LOWER LEG?

Posterior superficial compartment syndrome Tennis leg Rupture of soleus

HOW ARE MANY VARIETIES OF FRACTURES / FRACTURE DISLOCATIONS COLLECTIVELY CALLED?

Potts fracture

LIST THE MAIN GRIPS OF THE HAND?

Power Precision Hook

WHAT ARE THE MAIN BURSAE AROUND THE KNEE SEEN IN SPORTING INJURIES?

Pre patellar Infra patellar Semimembranosis

WHAT CONSIDERATIONS SHOULD BE GIVEN TO LIFTING?

Preparation Access and facility Approach (plan) Posture The lift (control)

WHAT ARE BURSA LESIONS VULNERABLE TO?

Pressure and friction Shoes Underlying pathology of the tendon itself

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF A LIGAMENT?

Prevent Restrain, or Protect

WHY IMMOBILISE A FRACTURE?

Prevent displacement / angulation of fragments Prevent movement that might interfere with union To rest the soft tissue Relieve pain

WHAT SERIES OF CURVES CONSTITUTE THE SPINE?

Primary - kyphotic thoracic and sacral Secondary - lordotic cervical and lumbar

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE EHL?

Primary function is to extend the phalanges of the hallux

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF THE EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS

Principal origin in the upper two thirds of the anterior surface of the fibula, but also has attachments to the lateral tibial condyle and the interosseous membrane

WHAT FACTORS MUST BE CONSIDERED BEFORE THE APPLICATION OF A REHAB PROGRAMME?

Priorities of treatment Anatomy Type of injury Degree Active v passive Whole body concept - holistic approach

DEFINE ASSIMILATION?

Process by which material taken into the cell is metabolised

DEFINE DIGESTION?

Process whereby enzymes in the gut break down foods from larger to smaller compounds

DEFINE RESPIRATION?

Process whereby food and oxygen taken into cells interact under the influence of cell enzymes to form water and carbon-dioxide

DEFINE NUTRITION?

Process whereby materials from the environment are taken up by the body to provide nutrients and energy

WHAT ARE THE MOVEMENTS OF THE RADIO-ULNAR JOINTS?

Pronation Supination

WHAT MUSCLES MAKE UP THE SUPERFICIAL GROUP IN THE ANERIOR FOREARM?

Pronator teres Palmaris longus Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis

WHAT ACTIVITIES DOES EPITHELIUM PERFORM?

Protection Movement Secretion Absorption Permeability

LIST THE BIOMECHANICAL FUNCTIONS OF TGE SPINE?

Protection of the spinal cord and nerve roots Mobility Control of spinal motion Strength of the spine Lifting Pushing and pulling

DEFINE THE PROTECTION FUNCTION OF BLOOD?

Protects against blood loss through clotting mechanism Protects against microbes and toxins through WBCs

DESCRIBE THE PELVIC GRIDLE?

Provides a strong and stable support for the lower limbs 2 hip bones unite behind to the sacrum, and in front by the symphysis pubis The sacrum and coccyx form the pelvis

DEFINE ELASTIC ORDINARY CT?

Provides stretch and strength

NAME THE 2 BONES OF THE POLLUX?

Proximal and distal phalanges

WHAT ARE THE VERTICAL MUSCLES OF THE HIP?

Psoas major Iliacus

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN FOR THE PSOAS MAJOR AND ILIACUS MUSCLES?

Psoas major - from the transverse processes and bodies of all the lumbar vertebrae, and sometimes the 12th thoracic vertebrae Iliacus - from the iliac fossa on the internal surface of the ilium Psoas majors's fibres run down to fuse with iliacus to form 1 unit

WHAT ARE THE CONTRAINDICATIONS TO ICE TREATMENT?

Psychological factors Cardiac conditions Peripheral vascular disease Peripheral nerve injuries Cold sensitivity

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF ADDUCTOR LONGUS?

Pubic tubercle on the front of the body of the pubis

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF RECTUS FEMORIS?

Pull is concentrated on the tibia. It therefore flexes the hip and extends the knee. It is a rapid extension muscle.

WHAT CARRIES DEOXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE HEART TO THE LUNGS?

Pulmonarty arteries

WHAT CARRIES OXYGENATED BLOOD BACK TO THE HEART?

Pulmonary veins

WHAT DOES THE LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART DO?

Pumps blood around the body in the systematic circulation

WHAT DOES THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART DO?

Pumps blood through the lungs as the pulmonary circulation

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE RIGHT VENTRICLE?

Pumps blood to the pulmonary artery, which divides into left and right

LIST THE SURGICAL PROCEDURES AVAILABLE FOR RECURRENT DISLOCATION OF THE SHOULDER?

Putti platt Bristow Blankart

HOW WOULD YOU TREAT AN INJURED BURSAE?

RICE Prevention of direct pressure on the bursa by using foam Aspiration by Dr plus compression Steroid injection Surgical removal of bursa

HOW MAY RADIAL NERVES BE AFFECTED?

Radial nerves palsy is a complication of a mid shaft humeral fracture or from prolonged pressure in the axilla. EG leaning over back of a chair or crutch walking.

WHEN IS CARTILAGE DAMAGED?

Rarely involved in soft tissue injury unless there is an intra-articular fracture. More commonly damaged in rheumatiod arthritis and osteoarthritis

HOW IS LACTATE ACID REMOVED?

Re-oxidation to pyruvate in muscles Dissimilation to CO2 and water in muscles Partial reconversion to glycogen in liver Oxidation and dissimilation in muscles and other organs

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF CHRONIC ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT SYNDROME?Q

Recurrent pain over the anterior tibial compartment is experienced, initiated by exercise and described as "cramping", "tenseness" or "aching". Brought on at specific running speeds up or particular distance Pain under load which builds up until cannot continue

WHAT ARE THE 3 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPALS IN HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT OF FRACTURES?

Reduction Immobilisation Preservation of function

WHAT ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE REHAB PROGRAM FOR HAMSTRING INJURIES?

Regain and / or increase extensibility of the muscle Improve the strength ration between the hamstrings and quads for more balance interaction

DEFINE THE REGULATION FUNCTION OF BLOOD?

Regulation of acid based balance through buffering Normal body temperature through heat absorbing and coolant properties of its water content Water content of cells

WHAT HAPPENS TO LACTIC ACID FORMATION FOLLOWING SEVERE EXERCISE?

Relative muscle anoxia gives rise to increased levels of lactic acid in the muscles

DEFINE THE SUPERIOR EXTENSOR RETINACULUM?

Ribbon like structure above and in front of the ankle joint holding the anterior tibial tendons in place

MUSCLE EFFICIENCY DEPENDS ON WHAT 5 FACTORS?

Strength Endurance Volume Speed of contraction Co-ordination

WHAT MAIN OBJECTIVES SHOULD TREATMENT OF INJURIES INCLUDE?

Relief of pain Limit or decrease swelling Increase muscle strength Return of full, controlled, ROM Re-educate gait Improve postural awareness Improve balance, co-ordination and reflex reactivity Retrain competitive performance skills Retrain propreoception

WHAT ARE THE TREATMENT EFFECTS OF USING HEAT?

Relieve pain Decrease muscle spasm Improve blood supply induce muscle relaxation

TREATMENT OF ANY MUSCLE INJURY SHOULD?

Relieve pain Limit localised swelling Maintain general fitness Retrain flexibility, extensibility, muscle power and sport specific training Test fitness under competitive conditions Analyse sporting skills Prevent recurrence

WHAT ARE THE AIMS OF KNEE INJURY TREATMENTS?

Relieve pain Limit localised swelling Maintain general fitness Retrain flexibility, extensibility, muscle power, sport specific Test fitness under competitive conditions Analyse sporting skills Prevent recurrences

TREATMENT FOR ANY MUSCLE INJURY FOLLOWING ACTIVE REST SHOULD BE EMPLOYED?

Relieve pain Limit localised swelling Maintain general fitness Retrain flexibility, muscle power, extensibility, sports specific Test fitness under competitive conditions Analyse sporting skills Prevent recurrence

FOLLOWING PERIODS OF ADEQUATE ACTIVE REST, TREATMENT METHODS SHOULD BE EMPLOYED TO?

Relieve pain Limit localised swelling Maintain general whole body fitness Retrain flexibility, extensibility and muscle power Test under competitive conditions Analyse sporting skills Prevent recurrence

WHAT CAN ICE BE USED TO DO?

Relieve pain Reduce muscle spasm Reduce swelling Promote tissue repair Stimulate inhibited muscles

DEFINE EXCRETION?

Removal from body of potentially noxious or poisonous end products of metabolism

WHAT ARE STRESS FRACTURES A FEATURE OF?

Repeated and prolonged loading

WHAT CAUSES INFRA PATELLAR BURSA?

Repeated frictional movement and pressure

HOW DOES THE ANNULUS FIBROSIS ACT?

Resist tensile forces of torsion, shearing or separation of the vertebral bodies

HOW DOES THE NUCLEUS PULPOSUS ACT?

Resists and redistributes compressive forces

DESCRIBE INVERTEBRAL DISCS?

Rest between adjacent vertebral bodies and forms a very strong union between the bones. They act as shock absorbers to compression forces

WHAT IS TURF TOE SYNDROME?

Resulting from sudden stops, ligaments can be stretched, joint capsules torn and articular surfaces irritated. This produces pain and swelling at the base of the hallux with tenderness on activity and passive movement. Treatment is 1st aid and active rest for a few days

HOW DOES PARTIAL RUPTURES OF THE ACHILLIES TENDON OFTEN OCCUR?

Results from chronic tendonitis

LIST THE MOVEMENT OF THE SHOULDER GRIDLE?

Retraction Protraction Rotation Elevation Depression

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF THE PHALANGES?

Same number and arrangement of the hand. Emphasis is placed on the big toe, or hallux. The hallux has 2 big heavy phalanges - proximal and distal. The other 4 toes have 3 phalanges - proximal, middle and distal

WHAT COMPRISES THE ANTERIOR THIGH MUSCLES?

Sartorius Quadriceps femoris - Rectus femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius

WHERE MAY HAND FRACTURES OCCUR?

Scaphiod Metacarpal Fingers

IN OSTEOLOGY OF THE UPPER LIMB, WHAT DOES EACH EXTREMITY INCLUDE?

Scapula Clavicle Humerus Ulna Radius Carpal bones Metacarpals Phalanges

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF THE SHOULDER GRIDLE?

Scapula Clavicle

WHY IS MUSCLE SCARRING A MAJOR PROBLEM?

Scar tissues contract and damage tissue heals short. This can be permanent if left uncorrected and frequently lead to recurrences

WHAT IS MUSCLE SHORTENING / ADAPTION A CONSEQUENCE OF?

Scarring and / or poor rehabilitation

WHAT ARE LISOSOMES?

Scavengers for digestion of waste, bacteria etc

WHAT ARE CELL INCLUSIONS?

Secretions and storage products of cells

WHAT ARE THE 5 FUNCTIONS OF BANDAGING?

Secure dressings or splint to limb Exert pressure Support limbs Protect and dress wounds Limit movement

WHAT ARE THE 5 FUNCTIONS OF BANDAGING?

Secure dressings or splints to the limb Exert pressure Support limbs (sling Protect and dress wounds, Limit movement

DEFINE THE APICAL LIGAMENT?

Secures the tip of the dens to the anterior margin of the foramen magnus?

DEFINE THE MEDIAL MENISCUS?

Semicircular, C shaped, its anterior end is attached to the anterior intercondylar fossa in front of the anterior cruciate ligament. The posterior horn attaches to the posterior part of the fossa. It is also fixed around its periphery, thus limiting its movements

WHAT 3 FUNCTIONS DOES THE NERVOUS SYSTEM PERFORM?

Sensory Integration Motor

WHAT ARE THE BROAD FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?

Sensory Integrative Motor

NAME THE TYPES OF NERVES?

Sensory / afferent Motor / Efferent

WHEN SHOULD DISLOCATION BE SUSPECTED?

Severe "sickening" pain near a joint Fixity of a joint Deformity of the joint

WHAT IS THE PATELLA

Small triangular sesamoid bone in front of knee, developing in the tendon of the quadriceps muscles.

WHAT ARE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ENDURANCE?

Strength Energy stores Systemic circulatory factors : aerobic and anaerobic Efficiency of heat regulating mechanisms Effectiveness of nervous system to maintain high levels of skill and co-ordination

DESCRIBE THE PLANTARIS?

Shares an origin with the lateral head of gastrocnemius. Inserts into the posterior part of the calcaneus along with the tendo calcaneus

HOW DOES A BLISTER FORM?

Shearing forces cause one layer of skin to become detached from the underlying one and the gap between filled with a watery fluid

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF CEREBRO-SPINAL FLUID?

Shock absorber for brain tissue Protection for brain tissue Transport medium for gases Nutrition of brain tissue

WHAT DO INVERTEBRAL DISCS ACT AS?

Shock absorbers to compression forces

WHAT DOES THE PLANTAR FASCIA PROVIDE?

Shock absorption on impact landings as well as supporting the longitudinal arch of the foot

DEFINE THE ALAR LIGAMANTS?

Short ligaments between the sides of the dens and the anterior margin of the foramen magnus

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF PRE GANGLIONIC FIBRES?

Short, myelinated axons connecting the lateral horn cells via the anterior roots with sympathetic ganglia

DESCRIBE PENNATE MUSCLES?

Short. Fibres may run obliquely into a long tendon giving the appearance of a feather

WJHAT IS THE APPLIED ANATOMY OF THE HAMSTRING GROUP?

Shortened muscles at the back of the thigh result in a stationary hip.

DESCRIBE THE EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVUS?

Shorter than ECRL and covered by it. Arises from the common extensor tendon on the lateral epicondyle of humerus and the lateral ligament of the elbow joint

WHAT JOINTS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN THE ARTHROLOGY OF THE UPPER LIMB?

Shoulder gridle Gleno humeral Elbow Radio-ulnar Radio-carpal / wrist Joints of the hand

WHAT IS THE APPLIED ANATOMY OF THE ADDUCTORS?

Similar to those of the hamstrings

IN WHAT ARRANGEMENT OF LAYERS CAN EPITHELIUM BE?

Simple Stratified Pseudo stratified

WHAT DOES THE CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF THE HEART CONSIST OF?

Sino-atrial node Atrio-ventricular node Atrio-ventricular bundle Purkinje fibres

WHAT NERVES FEED INFORMATION FROM THE SPINAL COLUMN TO THE SPINAL CORD?

Sinu vertebral or recurrent meningeal nerves

MUSCLES CAN BE CATEGORISED INTO WHAT TYPES?

Skeletal / Striated / Voluntary Visceral / non striated / involuntary Cardiac

WHAT STRUCTURES ARE AT RISK AT THE SITE OF INJURY?

Skin Fascia Muscle Tendon Ligament Bursa Capsule Synovium Cartilage Disc/menisci

WHAT ARE THE MAIN SOFT TISSUES PRONE TO COMPLICATIONS OF INJURY?

Skin Muscles Tendons Joints Bones

WHAT ARE THE PRECISE CONSTITUENTS OF THE AXIAL SKELETON?

Skull - cranium and mandible Vertebral column - 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal

WHAT ARE BURSAE?

Small sack of fibrous tissue with synovial fluid

DESCRIBE THE BRONCHIOLES?

Smaller branches of tertiary bronchi branch successively to become bronchioles

NAME THE CARPAL BONES?

Some - Scapoid Lovers - Lunate Try - Triquetrum Positions - Pisiform That - Trapezium They - Trapeziod Can't - Capitate Handle - Hamate

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR MENISCAL INJURIES?

Some cases settle without treatment Early static quadriceps drills

DEFINE THE EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS (EHL)?

Special extensor for the great toe, between and hidden by tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus

WHERE IS THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF LATISSIMUS DORSI?

Spines and supraspinous ligaments of the lower 6 thoracic vertebrae Thoraco lumbar fascia Posterior half of the crest of ilium

WHAT ARE SPINE, SPINOUS PROCESS, CREST?

Spines are sharpened pointed projections. Crests are sharp ridges

LIST THE 5 PATTERNS OF TAPING?

Spiral Reverse Spiral Figure of 8 Spica Tubular

DESCRIBE SPONDYLOSIS?

Spondylosis is a series of bony changes resulting from osteoarthritic changes in the synovial joints and connective tissue

WHAT SHAPES CAN EPITHELIUM BE CATEGORISED?

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Transitional

WHAT CONSIDERATIONS SHOULD BE GIVEN TO THE APPLICATION OF RESISTED EXERCISES?

Starting position Pattern of movement Stabilisation Traction Relaxation Recovery

WHAT ARE THE JOINTS OF THE SHOULDER GRIDLE?

Sterno Clavicular (SC) Acromio Clavicular (AC) Scapulo Thoracic

WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF POST JOINT INJURY?

Stiffness Gait Ligament sequelae Deformity Secondary osteoarthritic changes Soft tissue adaption

WHAT DO FIBROBLASTS DO?

Stimulate the production of collagen, which gives tissue its tensile strength and structure

HOW MAY THE RECTUS FEMORIS CREATE HIP PAIN?

Straight head of muscle can become inflamed at point of origin and present pain just above the hio joint

WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES THE QUADRATUS LUMBORUM?

T12 and L1, and L1-L4 spinal nerves

DEFINE TIDAL VOLUME?

TRhe amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs

WHAT IS THE AIM OF EXAMINING AND ASSESSING A PATIENT?

To determine the cause of the problem so that you can achieve the most effective treatment to minimise the length of the injury time

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF FIBULA?

To give origin to muscles. To act as a pulley for tendons passing behind it at the ankle Act as a lateral splint for the ankle joint Without it the whole security of the ankle joint is compromised

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON?

To give shape and support To provide movement Protect delicate tissue and organs Produce red blood cells

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE PNS GLANDS?

To increase secretion (tears, saliva, intestinal gastric)

WHY DO MUSCLES REQUIRE NERVE SUPPLY?

To stimulate a contraction For performance adjustment or general awareness

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE NOSE AND NASAL PASSAGES?

To warm incoming air Humidify incoming air Filter incoming air Receive incoming air Act as resonating chambers for speech

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DELTOID?

Together the fibres produce strong abduction. Individually : Work with pectoralis major to flex and medially rotate the humerus. extend and laterally rotate the humerus. Abduction alone

WHAT IS CHRONIC COMPARTMENT SYNDROME?

Training of muscle over long periods resulting in increases in muscle bulk causing localised pressure rises during hard muscle work. Obstruction of blood flow because of the tightness and pressure will result in the lack of local oxygen Increased lactic acid formation and leakage of fluid from the capillaries

WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT CAUSES OF PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURES?

Tumours Senile osteoporosis Hormone disorder Multiple tumours Pagets disease

HOW MAY TUMOURS AFFECT THE GROIN?

Tumours are not uncommon in the groin, and resistant pain must be xrayed

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD?

Transport Protection Regulation

DEFINE THE TRANSPORT FUNCTION OF BLOOD?

Transports : Oxygen from the lungs to the tissues Carbon dioxide to the lungs Nutrients from the gastrointestinal system to the cell body Waste products from cells Hormones from endocrine glands Heat from various cells

LIST THE DESCRIPTIVE PATTERNS OF A FRACTURE?

Transverse Oblique Spiral Comminuted Compression / crush Impacted Greenstick

LIST THE 7 PROCESSES ARISING FROM THE VERTEBRAL ARCH?

Transverse Spidus Articular 4 other processes

LIST THE 7 PROCESSES TO BE FOUND IN A TYPICAL VERTEBRAE?

Transverse process Spinous process x 2 Articular process x 4

LIST THE MUSCLES CONCERNED IN THE MYOLOGY OF THE TRUNK?

Trapezius Latissmus dorsi Muscles of the vertebral column Abdominal muscles Quadratus lumborum

LIST THE MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER GIRDKE?

Trapezius Serratus anterior Pectoralis major Deltoid Rotator cuff muscles

WHAT ARE THE 2 CAUSES OF RUPTURES TO THE ACHILLES TENDON?

Trauma Pathalogical degeneration

WHAT AREAS INJURED AROUND THE KNEE BE SUB DIVIDED INTO?

Traumatic Inflammatory Adolescent

HOW MAY INJURIES AROUND THE HIP BE SUB-DIVIDED?

Traumatic Medical Adolescent

HOW MIGHT PERONEAL TENDON PROBLEMS BE TREATED?

Treatment is aimed at symptomatology and may include plaster immobilisation for 3-4 weeks, or surgery.

DESCRIBE THE GLENOID LABRUM LIGAMANT?

Triangular in shape with the apex free and the base attached around the rim of the joint cavity

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF TIBIALIS ANTERIOR SYNDROME?

Typical pattern of pain on active dorsiflexion Palpable crepitis during movement Localised tenderness and swelling over the tendon sheath Clinical signs of inflammation

DESCRIBE MALLET FINGER?

Typically results from a direct blow or trauma to the fingertip. If the bone does not fracture, it is probable that the insertion of the long extensor tendon may rupture or even avulse from its insertion.

WHAT WOULD A TYPICAL TIBIALIS ANTERIOR PROBLEM BE, HOW COULD IT BE CAUSED AND HOW COULD IT BE TREATED?

Typically the tendon is inflamed simply by tying laces too tightly across the front of the ankle. Treatment is directed towards relief of pressure or distributing it more widely

WHAT FACTORS IMPROVE HEALING?

UV light is said to improve healing of the skin. Ultrasound is said to improve fibroelastic repair

NAME THE LIGAMENTS OF THE ELBOW JOINT?

Ulnar collateral Radial collateral

HOW MAY THE ULNAR NERVE BE AFFECTED?

Ulnar nerve lesions result from damaged around the elbow, especially condylar fractures or from prolonged pressure by leaning on elbows

WHAT MAY ELECTROTHERAPY INCLUDE?

Ultrasound Laser therapy Interferential

WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF A COMPLETELY RUPTURED ACHILLIES TENDON?

Unable to stand on tip toe Visible palpable defect when prone

WHAT IS SESAMOIDITIS?

Unaccustomed use on hard surfaces can cause pain in the 2 sesamoid bones under the first metatarso-phalangeal joint. Pain is experienced during tip toe activity and there is localised pain, tenderness and swelling. A few days of rest allows the condition to settle.

DEFINE THE ADDUCTOR LONGUS?

Usually the most prominent and easily palpable of the adductors, longus can be felt in the groin as a rounded cord

WHAT MAY PENNATE MUSCLES BE?

Unipennate Bipennate Multi Pennate

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF THE FIBULA SHAFT?

United to the tibia throughout its length by an interosseus membrane of connective tissue.

DESCRIBE THE ANNULAR LIGAMENT OF THE SUPERIOR RADIO-ULNAR JOINT?

Unites the anterior and posterior part of the radial notch of the ulna, forming 4/5 of a ring

WHY DOES A PARTIALLY TORN MUSCLE POSE GREATER PROBLEMS?

Unless the extravasated fluid can escape the tension within the muscle will increase and cause a great deal of pain and loss of ROM

HOW DO THE SC JOINTS GLIDE?

Up Down Rotate

HOW MAY HUMERAL FRACTURES BE SUB DIVIDED?

Upper Mid shaft Lower

WHERE IS THE POINT OF INSERTION OF THE STERNOMASTIOD?

Upper attachment is to the mastoid process of the temporal bone, just behind the ear, and to the superior nuchal line

WHAT ARE THE MAIN GROUPS OF LYMPH NODES?

Upper limb - axilla, with a few at elbow Lower limb - groin / inguinal region with a few behind the knee

WHAT IS THE APPLIED ANATOMY OF TIBIALIS ANTERIOR

Used in walking to bend the foot up. Paralysis results in drop foot

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR OSGOOD-SCHLATERS DISEASE?

Usually a self limiting problem of adolescence which will tend to burn itself out by the age of 16. Conservative treatment such as rest for 6-8 weeks, thermotherapy and the avoidance of pain producing movements should be successful.

DEFINE SMOOTH OR NON STRIATED OR INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES?

Usually associated with the body organs, this type of muscle is not under our conscious control but receives its nerve supply from the autonomic nervous system

DESCRIBE A LATERAL IMPACT ON THE KNEE?

Valgus force pushes the knee inwards and opens the joint on the medial side, stretching the medial collateral ligament

WHAT SPECIFIC TEST CAN BE APPLIED TO THE KNEE JOINT?

Valgus/varus strain Anterior and posterior drawer Lachmans test Pivot shift McMurrays manoeuvre

HOW IS BLOOD REDISTRIBUTED DURING EXERCISE?

Vasomotor centre stimulation Peripheral changes with metabolites Blood flow to the brain increases

OF WHAT DOES THE OSTEOLOGY OF THE AXIAL SKELETON CONSIST?

Vertebrae Thorax

WHAT TYPES OF TEAR CAN A MENISCUS SUFFER?

Vertical / oblique Complete tear Horizontal

WHAT IS THE PROGNOSIS FOR CHRONIC ACHILLES TENDINITIS?

Very challenging to treat, pain should be treated as a warning and treated promptly with respect

WHAT IS HYPERTROPHY SCAR TISSUE?

Very thick scars, commonly post infection

DESCRIBE THE LONGITUDAL ARCH OF THE FOOT?

Viewed from above, the bones of the foot may be divided into 2 parts : 1 - calcaneus, cuboid, metatarsals 4 and 5 2 - talus, navicular, 3 cuneiform, metatarsals 1-3

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF CEREBELLUM?

Voluntary movements Involuntary movements Equilibrium

OF WHAT DOES CYTOPLASM CONTAIN?

Water Electrolytes Proteins Lipids (fats) Carbohydrates

LIST THE LESS SEVERE FRACTURES OF THE CERVICAL SPINE?

Wedge fracture of vertebral body Burst fracture of vertebral body Fracture of spinous processes

WHEN IS A JOINT FORMED?

When 2 or more bones meet

HOW MAY CYST FORMATION OCCUR?

When a haematoma in a muscle fails to be fully reabsorbed and a small sac of fluid is left within the muscle fibres, steadily degenerating and rotting. The sac develops a lining and a cyst is formed

DEFINE A PLATELET PLUG?

When a trauma has occurred, llatekets contacting the damaged blood vessels lining swell, and assume irregular forms and stick. The reaction snowballs to form a plug and stop blood loss

WHEN ARE X-RAYS ONLY OF VALUE?

When at least 2 views are taken Whole of injured area is x-rayed Comparison is made to uninjured limb X-rays taken at 2 different time intervals

WHAT IS LIGAMENT SEQUELAE?

When ligaments are allowed to heal in a lengthened position. They lose the ability to control the effects of dynamic stress on the related joint

HOW MAY CHRONIC LATERAL COMPARTMENT SYNDROME OCCUR?

When the lateral stabilising muscles are overloaded as a result of relative instability to the ankle Symptomatology and treatment are as for chronic anterior compartment syndrome

WHAT IS A JAGGED WOUND?

When the skin is torn irregularly

WHAT IS FOCAL DEGENERATION OF TENDON?

When there is a tiny lesion in the tendon, new blood vessels and granulation tissue form and the normal function of a tendon altered

WHEN SHOULD YOU SUSPECT REFERRED PAIN?

When there is neither history of trauma nor a clearly defined site of injury

WHEN IS A MUSCLE WORKING STATICALLY?

When there is no movement in the joint

WHAT IS AN INCISED WOUND?

When tissues are cut cleanly by a sharp edge

DESCRIBE REMODELLING OF FRACTURES?

When union is complete, new bone forms a bulbous collar around the bone and obliterates the medullary canal

DESCRIBE SYMPHYSIS PUBIS?

Where pubic bone meet each other in the median plane to form this cartilaginous joint

DESCRIBE AN INTERSTITIAL HAEMATOMA?

Where the epimysium is ruptured, the blood and fluid can escape and track between the tissue planes under the influence of gravity

WHAT IS A DEAD LEG?

Where the muscle, usually rectus femoris, sustains a haemotoma

WHERE DO THE MEDIAL ENDS OF THE CLAVICLES MEET?

Where they meet they form a deep jugular notch

WHAT IS SEPTICAEMIA?

Widespread destruction of tissues due to absorption of disease causing bacteria

WHEN MAY TENDONS CAUSE FRACTURES?

With strong tendons the typical violence can cause the bone to give way, resulting in an avultion fracture

WHAT ARE THE COMBINED ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE FDL AND FHL?

With the foot off the ground their roll is to flex the phalanges of the toe. Foot on the ground to help maintain the pads of the toes

WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE HAMSTRING GROUP?

With the leg held straight, the hamstrings group extends the hip. Their main action it to flex the leg on the thigh

DESCRIBE THE INFERIOR EXTENSOR RETINACULUM?

Y shaped and situated in front of the ankle joint