SS Option C1 Hypokinetic Disease

C.1.3 Outline the following hypokinetic diseases: coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis (2)

Coronary heart disease - It is when plaque is built up in the coronary arteries. Some causes are smoking, high cholesterol level, diabetes, and obesity. Stroke - When blood supply to your brain is interrupted or reduced. Can be caused by a blocked artery or a broken blood vessel. Hypertension - High blood pressure Obesity - Excess of body fat to the point where your health is endangered. Commonly defined is Body Mass Index (BMI) Type 2 Diabetes - Elevated blood glucose concentrations known as hyperglycemia. Type 1: Do not produce insulin, genetic Type 2: Resistant to the effects of insulin, adult onset diabetes associated with obesity. Can cause stroke, blindness, coronary heart disease, damage to kidneys, and damage to nerves Osteoporosis - Causes bones to become weak and brittle. Bones weaken when there is low calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals in the bones which results in low bone density.

C.1.2 Define the term hypokinetic disease (1)

Hypokinetic disease is a disease associated with physical inactivity.

C.1.1 Distinguish between the terms habitual physical activity, exercise, sports and physical fitness (1)

Physical Activity - Any bodily movement produced by contraction of skeletal muscle that substantially increases energy expenditure Exercise - Any physical activity in which planned, structured and repetitive bodily movements are performed to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness - Any sport can accomplish this like Football, Rugby, and Tennis. Physical Fitness - Can be divided into two main components; health related fitness and skill related fitness

C.1.5 Discuss the relationship between major societal changes and hypokinetic disease.

Rapid increase in motor vehicles - People would walk or bike but now everyone has access to a car that requires no physical work Changes in employment and working patterns - Most jobs now a days just requires someone to sit at a desk and work for a long period of time Changes in diet, rise in fast food restaurant - Fast food is a growing empire so a lot more people are eating them

C.1.4 Discuss how studies of different populations provide evidence of the link between physical activity and hypokinetic disease (3)

Various populations changed their lifestyles from one of high physical activity (traditional, agricultural-based living) to one of low physical activity CHD and stroke account for a large % of deaths in high income countries