SSCI 316 CHAPTER 10

Some women work a paying job in addition to doing housework, cooking, and caring for their children. This unpaid housework and childcare is referred to as the _____.

second shift

What do the authors conclude about racial identity and racial politics?

identity-based thinking not only can be important in promoting social justice, but also in impeding struggles for social justices

African American marriages are twice as likely to end in divorce as those of whites and native-born Mexican Americans. Which of the following factors contribute to this difference?

incarceration spousal dissimilarity poverty psychological strain of racism

Throughout the 1900s, American families were remade and gender dynamics continued to change. Which of the following events helped bring more equality to American families during this time?

World War II Great Depression

During the colonial period, when white and black servants worked side-by-side, interracial sex was common. Under chattel slavery, interracial sex was prohibited and antimiscegenation laws criminalized such unions.

common antimiscegenation

It is equally legitimate and appropriate for all racial groups to claim pride and power in their racial group identity.

false

Some people have intersectional identities, while other people do not.

false

Studies of online dating websites show that education is a more important determinant of romantic preferences than race.

false

Sociological research shows that our behavior is shaped by our racial identity. Our identity is marked in that America's racial taxonomy is imposed on us through physical characteristics. It is made through hundreds and thousands of practices, including gestures, sayings, tastes, ways of walking, religious convictions, and opinions. Following the work of Erving Goffman, it is performed through the sum total of our actions, behaviors, and what we do in the world.

marked made performed

The institution of marriage has changed over time. Which of the following are true statements about marriage during the colonial period in the United States?

marriage required parental permission an unmarried daughter was property of the father

Mary is an upper middle-class white woman. Which of the following is the most accurate description of how she would likely experience systems of privilege and disadvantage?

mary is unlikly to select whiteness as an important part of her identity, thereby downplaying her white privilege

Many of our behaviors and styles of interaction are shaped by our racial background. However, we tend to view them as natural and not associated with our race. And because they differ, they can lead to various forms of misunderstanding. An explanation of this is that we come from different spaces of interaction.

natural misunderstanding interaction

Why is it acceptable for nonwhites to demand racial power (e.g., "Black Power") but unacceptable for whites to demand "White Power"?

nonwhites are responding to structural racism

With multiracialism on the rise, a popular question in conversations about interracial marriage is the following: "If we all are multiracial, is racism on its way out?" The authors argue that this scenario is unlikely. For example, interracial sex and multiracial offspring were common during colonial times and slavery, and race relations were conflictual. Furthermore, one in three Americans still disapprove of interracial marriage.

unlikely conflictual disapprove

Sociological research has found that many of our behaviors and styles of interaction are shaped by our racial background. Identify which of the following everyday interactions tend to be more characteristic of either whites or African Americans.

use questions focused on the "here and now" when meeting new people more likely to say "no" directly to a supervisor at work about a requested task more likely to handle arguments on the spot

Groups vary in their teenage birthrates. Place the following groups in order from lowest teenage birthrate to highest teenage birthrate in 2012.

white african americans hispanic

The various racial groups have different likelihoods of marrying someone outside of their own race. Based on people married in 2010, place the following groups in order from the least likely to marry outside of their race to the most likely.

whites blacks Hispanic asians

In the United States today, there are approximately ____ million interracially married couples.

4.8

Single motherhood often has significant economic disadvantages. As of 2003, only 64 percent of custodial mothers possessed a child support order. Welfare cutbacks have also led to less support for poor families; only 10 percent of adults living below the poverty line receives cash assistance in the form of welfare. Because single mothers have made up an increasing percentage of the poor, sociologists have characterized this situation as the feminization of poverty.

64% 10% feminization

Nonwhites have developed racial survival strategies to navigate white America. Match each concept to the correct example.

An African American avoids using Ebonics or mentioning famous African Americans when meeting new white students.===masking A Native American dresses differently and changes their manners of speech when interacting with other Native Americans, as opposed to a predominantly white group.===double consciousness A Hispanic student makes subtle comments to evoke a white student's response and "feel out" their empathy for immigrant experiences.===testing

Compared with other racial groups, black women are the least likely to enter heterosexual marriages. Which of the following factors help explain why black women have lower marriage rates?

Black men have fewer economic opportunities than other men. The rise of mass incarceration. Racial dating preferences among heterosexuals.

Since colonial times, racial domination has wreaked havoc on many nonwhite families. Match each policy or program to the group that it most negatively impacted.

Citizenship laws forbade women from entering the country and joining their husbands.===Asians Boarding schools separated parents from their children.===Native Americans Laws prevented fathers and mothers from defending their children.====African Americans Repatriation Programs sent some family members to a different country.===Mexican Americans

During World War II, gay soldiers were able to express their sexuality in ways that had been denied to them previously. Which of the following factors helped facilitate a "coming-out" process?

Gay men and women became more aware of one another. Gay soldiers were out of the sight of watchful neighbors and other individuals.

According to the authors' concluding remarks at the end of the chapter, which are some of the problematic aspects of focusing on identity?

If we focus on identity, it is likely to reveal our differences and can cause further divisions. Identity necessarily turns our gaze inward, which may cause us to lose sight of other people's hardships. When claims about the world are rooted in one's own identity, we can justify questionable claims about how the world works.

There are many examples of racial passing and ethnic flexibility (e.g., whites that "act black," Cambodian Americans calling themselves the "blacks of the Asians," or white women trying to appear Latina). What are the possible consequences of these forms that involve a member of a relatively more privileged group adopting the style of members of a dominated group?

It destabilizes racial categories. The racial performance degrades the racial or ethnic group whose styles they attempt to borrow.

Edward Morris conducted an ethnography on racial identity and interactions in a majority black school in Texas. What did his study of white students in this context discover?

Many white students performed a black identity. Many of the boys linked whiteness with femininity.

Before World War II, most of the wages for white women who worked outside the home were paid to their husbands.

TRUE

Which of the following reflect an intersectional view of social identity?

The phrase "white trash" is a slur that predates the American Civil War. Somali immigrants that entered the United States in the past year have different experiences than Somali Americans who have lived in the United States for three generations.

Joe is a Hispanic teenager that lives in suburban Los Angeles, and his mother is a mid-level manager at a media company, where she was given stock. His friend, Michael, is a Hispanic teenager in downtown Los Angeles, and his parents own and operate two successful restaurants where they started out as servers. Which of the following would you expect are true statements about their identity?

They both identify as middle class. Their outlook on social class is different.

Social policies and legal rulings have had important implications for interracial sex and relationships. Match each term to the correct policy or ruling

a white man and Native American woman were able to marry in North Carolina----antimiscegenation laws a boy born to a white man and an African American woman is considered black---one-drop rule a white woman and African American man married in New York would not be permitted to live together in Virginia-----Loving v. Virginia

Which of the following are examples of cultural labor?

a white woman learning about her Hispanic partner's unique racial experiences a Native American understanding the history of a friend's family who is an Arab American

African Americans likely suffered the most from a systematic attack on the institution of the family. Some women slaves were forced to sleep at the foot of a mistress's bed and were subject to abuse of all kinds. The priority for the lactating mothers' milk often went to the children of whites. Families were often forced to have many children, which became a disadvantage after slavery was abolished.

african american women whites children

Rates of marriage have declined for all American women over the last four decades, but some racial groups have had more significant declines than others. Based on 2010 data, place the following groups in order from the lowest marriage rate to the highest.

blacks hipanic white asian amerian

There have been controversial debates about what constitutes a "real Indian" or "black sincerity." What are these struggles of racial authenticity essentially about?

determining who is permitted membership in a group

Nicole is a single mother who has had trouble holding down a permanent job during her five-year-old son's life. Her son has behavior problems at school and does not do well academically. Identify which of the following would be most likely to improve her child's life chances.

providing Nocole with a steady family income

Consider the trend in American attitudes about interracial marriage. From 1968 to 2008, the percentage of Americans favoring interracial marriage _____.

quadrupled

After slavery was abolished, black families adopted different family structures than the family forms that existed under slavery. Which of the following best explains how these emerging relationships compared to family structures in white families?

some black families were characterized by patriarchal relationships, while many black families had more egalitarian relationships

During the 1970s, so many black women were sterilized that it was the most rapidly growing form of birth control in the United States. Government-sponsored family-planning programs forced black women into participating, and teaching hospitals performed the procedure with no valid medical reason.

sterilized forced no valid medical reason

Most Americans who disapprove of interracial marriage cite "concerns for children produced by those unions" as one of the primary justifications for their disapproval. What does research suggest about outcomes for these biracial children in comparison to children of intraracial couples?

striggles experenced by biracial children are not worse than those faceed bu other nonwhites whose parents share a racial identity

Individuals claiming multiracial heritage are growing in number, but this growth has been highly uneven. Place the following states in order from the lowest percent of the population that identifies as being multiracial to the highest.

tennessee wyoming nevada hawaii

Erving Goffman, sociologist par excellence of the interaction order, once said, "The ultimate behavioral materials are the glances, gestures, positionings, and verbal statements that people continuously feed into the situation, whether intended or not." By making parallels to the theater, he developed several concepts for understanding these situations.Match each concept to the correct definition.

the behaviors you adopt to strategically shape the impressions that others have of you===front stage the arrangement of social performances and the face you present to different audiences at different times===the self when you let your guard down and step out of character===back stage

Sociologists Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas interviewed more than 160 young, urban, and poor single mothers to understand why many remain unmarried after having children, and why they decide to have children when caring for them may require living hand to mouth. Which of the following did they conclude based on their research?

the mothers felt having children outside of marriage was better than marrying unwisely only to get divorced later

Immigrant families experience relatively high levels of divorce. What is the most significant threat to the stability of these marriages?

the process of immigration

Identify which of the following are likely characteristics of single mothers.

under age 25 poor