Stat
Which of the following could not be represented by columns in the SPSS data editor? Levels of between-group variables. Levels of repeated-measures variables. Items on a questionnaire. Total values from different questionnaires.
Levels of between-group variables.
Which of the following descriptions best describes the statistical power? Reject the null hypothesis, when the null hypothesis is false. Reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true. Accept the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false. Accept the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true.
Reject the null hypothesis, when the null hypothesis is false.
Theoretically, suppose we knew the average VO2 max value of every number who has run 1500 m in under 4 minutes (e.g. 73 (4) ml/kg/min). The reality is that we will never know, but if we were to sample a series of runners who had run 1500 m in under 4 minutes (see below) which samples would have 95% confidence intervals that do not contain the true value?
Sample 3 78.1, 77.7, 78.9, 76.8, 76.6 Mean = 77.6 SD = 0.9
If the confidence intervals of one sample fell within the range of a second sample, what would this suggest? Samples are likely to have been drawn from the same population. Samples are unlikely to have been drawn from the same population. This is proof that the samples came from the sample population. This is proof that the samples did not come from the sample population.
Samples are likely to have been drawn from the same population.
If the confidence intervals of one sample fell within the range of a second sample, what would this suggest? Samples are likely to have been drawn from the same population. Samples are unlikely to have been drawn from the same population. This is proof that the samples came from the sample population. This is proof that the samples did not come from the sample population
Samples are likely to have been drawn from the same population.
If a six-week training intervention (equal to 70% VO2 max) was to be administered to a group of sedentary individuals and individuals who train regularly, which group would be more likely to have a greater effect size? Sedentary group Trained group Both groups would be similar Impossible to tell
Sedentary group
A researcher was interested in patient use of pop-up Flu vaccine clinics across thirty sites nationally. Different researchers collected and analysed data across each of the sites but the resultant thirty reports showed differing p-values, some sites found a statistical significance between opening hours of clinics and patient usage and others did not. Which of the following would is useful for her to review? Confidence intervals Levels of missing data Outliers The Null Hypotheses
Confidence intervals
What effect would increasing the sample size have on the confidence intervals of the group
Confidence intervals would decrease in size
What is the correct expressino for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for the systolic blood pressure data of the rugby players
D(7) = .201, p > .2
In IBM SPSS, what does clicking on this icon do? Tell you which data analysis to perform on your data. Take you to a particular case. Display or hide the value labels of coding variables. Split the file by a coding variable.
Display or hide the value labels of coding variables.
Which of the following is an example of a quantitative research method
Statistical and correlational analysis
Calculate the z-score for the skewness of the resting heart rate data
+ 0.5
Deviance is also known as the error in a statistical model. Suppose the mean height (standard deviation) jumped by a group high jumpers was 1.89(0.05) m. One of the individuals jumped 1.95 m. Calculate the deviance score. +0.06 -0.06 +0.6 -0.6.
+0.06
95% of data under a normal distribution curve fall between which scores z-scores?
-2 and +2
In IBM SPSS, what does clicking on this icon do? blue curved error pointing right with 1 orange, two blue and 1 red bubble
take you to the last output in the viewer window
you ask a class of 15 students to tell you the number of people who follow them on twitter. They give their answers as 10, 27, 145, 70,8,23,2,0,66,201,12,5,9,34,20. Calculate the median number of followers.
20
What is the answer to the following equation? square root 1999 = 44.71 43.07 45.98 44.00
44.71
What is the answer to the following equation? √1999 = 44.71 43.07 45.98 44.00
44.71
Negative reinforcement is a type of?
Manipulation
A two-tailed test is considered a Non-directional test Directional test Uni-directional test Bi-directional test
Non-directional test
What does the X in Q1 refer to? Predictor variable Dependent variable Regression coefficient Correlation coefficient
Predictor variable
What does the standard error of the mean represent
The standard deviation of the sample means
What assumpution can be made regarding the distribution of the age data
They are not normally distributed
A researcher interested in the effects if interval training on VO2 max reported no significant increase following the intervention when in reality there was an improvement. What type of error has occurred?
Type II*
You are the head of a large medical group. You have decided to adopt a Bayesian approach to data analysis and modelling. When you announce this new policy, your staff are unhappy and unconvinced, as they are used to a NHST approach. You stress that the Bayesian approach has several key advantages, including which of the following.
You can evaluate the likelihood of the null hypothesis being true.
Your head of clinical practice has followed your advice and now wants you to measure effect sizes. You report a Pearson's r of 0.50 for the impact of increased consumption of oily fish supplements on the symptoms of dementia. Your head of clinical practice wants to know if this is bad, as she remembers that a p-value of 0.30 is not good. What do you tell her? You tell her that effect size and p-values are the same and that a Pearson's r of 0.50 means there is no statistically significant effect and oily fish supplements should not be given to dementia patients. You tell her that effect size and p-values are not the same and that a Pearson's r of 0.50 is a large effect, suggesting she should encourage the use of oily fish supplements in dementia patients. You tell her that effect size and p-values are not the same and that a Pearson's r of 0.50 is a small effect, suggesting she should stop the use of oily fish supplements in dementia treatments until more data analysis is done. You tell her that effect size and p-values are not the same and that a Pearson's r of 0.50 is a medium effect, suggesting she should encourage the use of oily fish supplements in dementia treatments.
You tell her that effect size and p-values are not the same and that a Pearson's r of 0.50 is a large effect, suggesting she should encourage the use of oily fish supplements in dementia patients.
A researcher presented a recent study, which showed a statistical significance between increased consumption of sugar and increased tests scores in young children. How can she explain to the chief medical officer that advertising the importance of increasing sugar in children's diets should not be broadcast in the media?
a significant result does not mean that the effect is important
In IBM SPSS, what does clicking on this icon do? Paper with red heading, there is white error pointing upwards on top of the paper
enable you to add title to the SPSS output
To improve the aerobic capacity (VO2 max) of a group of athletes, a six-week training intervention was administered. Examine the confidence intervals, shown below, and choose the statement that best reflects the outcome. intervention did significantly improve VO2 max intervention did not significantly improve VO2 max intervention improved VO2 max but not significantly
intervention did significantly improve VO2 max
What does Levene's test do?
it tests the null hypothesis that the variances in different groups are equal.
which of the following is a common example of self-reporting measurement error? lying on a questionnaire calculator malfunction Miscalibrated scales Dude batteries in a stopwatch
lying on a questionnaire
Which of the following equations best reflects a linear model? outcomei = (b1X1) + errori outcomei = (b1 errori) * X1 outcomei = (b1X1) / errori outcomei = (b1X1) × errori
outcomei = (b1X1) + errori
Which of the following does Hartley's Fmax refer to? Variance ratio Distribution of data Measure scale used Sphericity
variance ratio
A data set is usually collated in?
tabular form
The z-score for the kurtosis or skewness of a data set can be considered significant if it falls between which range? -1.96 and +1.96 -1.00 and +1.00 -2.62 and +2.62 -3.10 and +3.10
-1.96 and +1.96
If the significance level is set at .05, which of the following best reflects the probability of a chance finding? 1 in 20 1 in 5 1 in 10 1 in 15
1 in 20
A researcher was interested in assessing gender and response to pain, so conducted a t-test. The mean for males was 66.25 and the mean for females was 78.24, with both groups having a standard deviation of 7. What is the effect size using Cohen's d? -1.712 1.7 0 1.712
1.712
You begin a study with primary school children. You show them a box which contains 3 yellow, 2 black, 4 white and 3 clear buttons. Two buttons are taken one after the other at random from the box. What is the probability that both buttons are black? 1/6 1/16 1/60 1/66
1/66
A sample of size n is used to estimate the confidence interval for a proportion. Upon review, you consider the standard deviation too large. If you want to reduce your standard deviation so that it is a tenth (1/10) of the original size, what size sample do you need? 10n 100n 1000n 10,000n
100n
Suppose a researcher wanted to examine the different levels of intrinsic motivation in four groups of students (each group representing a different course) on the issue of gaining work or vocational experience whilst studying for a degree. How many paired tests would need to be conducted to compare the differences between the four groups? 4 5 6 7
5
You ask a participant in a study to roll a die, and to keep rolling until they roll either a 5 or 6. What is the variance of the distribution of the number of rolls required? 6 3 1/3 1/18
6
What is a coding variable? A coding variable uses numbers to represent different groups of data. A coding variable is used to disguise the purpose of the experiment from the participant. A coding variable is used in repeated-measures designs. A coding variable is used to randomly assign each participant a unique code to protect their identity.
A coding variable uses numbers to represent different groups of data.
Which of the following descriptions best describes a population? A generally large, distinctive group of individuals or cases A selection of individuals or cases A value that reflects an individual variable present in each case of a large group of individuals A value that reflects an individual variable present in a selection of individuals or cases
A generally large, distinctive group of individuals or cases
A researcher presented a recent study, which showed a statistical significance between increased consumption of sugar and increased tests scores in young children. How can she explain to the chief medical officer that advertising the importance of increasing sugar in children's diets should not be broadcast in the media? A significant result does not mean that the effect is important A significant result means that the effect is strong. A significant result means that the effect is not relevant. A significant result means that the effect is weak.
A significant result does not mean that the effect is important
An independent variable is
A variable thought to be the cause of some effect
An independent variable is: A variable thought to predict an outcome variable An outcome Synonymous with a dependent variable A variable thought to be the cause of some effect
A variable thought to be the cause of some effect
Source of bias can be reduced if which of the following assumptions are met?
Additvity/linearity, data are normally distributed, & homogeneity of variance.
The random allocation to groups of participants in an RCT occurs?
After assessment of eligibility and recruitment but before implementation of the intervention
If a researcher was interested in the average VO2 max of athletes who have run 1500 m in under 4 minutes, which of the following would be the most appropriate for a sample group? All athletes who have run 1500 m in under 4 minutes during the 2012 season All athletes who have run 1500 m in under 4 minutes All athletes who compete in middle-distance track events All athletes who competed in middle-distance track events during the 2012 season
All athletes who have run 1500 m in under 4 minutes during the 2012 season
To recruit sufficient participants for a study (i.e. sample size), what factors need to be considered? Effect size Probability Power All of the above
All of the above
Two distributions (D1 and D2) are plotted onto the same graph. D1 is right skewed and D2 is left skewed. The mean of D1 is lower than D2. Which of the following statements is incorrect
All of the above
Two distributions (D1 and D2) are plotted onto the same graph. D1 is right skewed, D2 is left skewed. The mean of D1 is lower than D2. Which of the following statements is incorrect? The mean of D2 is higher than the median of D2. The mean of D2 is lower than the median of D1. The median of D1 is the same as the mean of D2. All of the above
All of the above
SPSS is a computer software program used for..? Doing your work for you Analysing data sets Checking football scores Voting on The X Factor
Analysing data sets
Which of the following is an effective data collection tool in educational research? Baseline surveys Acting Visiting a solicitor Brushing your teeth
Baseline surveys
A doctor is concerned about the life expectancy rates of cancer patients in his clinic. There were forty patients in the clinic all of whom were in remission from cancer. Theoretically, all the patients had an equal probability of living for at least ten years post-treatment. However, the doctor had data that suggested that younger patients were more likely to live longer than older patients. This data was from national cancer data. However, the doctor had used the same and newly developed approach to treatment for all his patients and therefore wanted to determine the probability that all patients would live for at least ten years post-treatment, irrespective of their age. What formula could he use to determine this probability? NHST Pearson's r Cronbach's Alpha Bayes' theorem.
Bayes' theorem.
Based on the results for the skewness (Q21) and kurtosis (Q20) z-scores, which of the following descriptions best reflects the distribution assumptions of the MAP data? Both the kurtosis and skewness z-scores are significant (i.e. not normally distributed). Both the kurtosis and skewness z-scores are not significant (normally distributed). The kurtosis z-score is significant, but the skewness z-score is not significant. The skewness z-score is significant, but the kurtosis z-score is not significant.
Both the kurtosis and skewness z-scores are significant (i.e. not normally distributed).
Whihc of the following is a brief definition of contiguity
Cause and effect must occur close together in time
Which of the following is a brief definition of 'contiguity'? Cause and effect must occur close together in time, The effect will occur before the cause, Cause and effect can occur randomly, Effect never determines cause,
Cause and effect must occur close together in time,
A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is often used to test? Efficacy of various types of intervention within a patient population Popularity of types of music Methods of data collection Versions of SPSS software
Efficacy of various types of intervention within a patient population
A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is often used to test? Efficacy of various types of intervention within a patient population Popularity of types of music Methods of data collection Versions of SPSS software
Efficacy of various types of intervention within a patient population
In IBM SPSS, what does clicking on this icon do? (Blue arrow going upwards and paper with red bar on top)
Enable you to add a title to the SPSS output
In IBM SPSS, what does clicking on this icon do? Shift part of the SPSS output upwards. Return you to the data editor. Take you to the first output in the viewer window. Enable you to add a title to the SPSS output.
Enable you to add a title to the SPSS output.
How is a null hypothesis denoted? H0 H1 H2 H3
H0
Which of the following are true statements? I. All bell-shaped distributions are symmetric. II. Bar charts are useful to describe quantitative data. III. Cumulative frequency plots are useful to describe quantitative data. I only I and II only I and III only II and III only
I and III only
To improve the aerobic capacity (VO2 max) of a group of athletes, a six-week training intervention was administered. Examine the confidence intervals shown below, and choose the statement that best reflects the outcome. Intervention did significantly improve VO2 max. Intervention did not significantly improve VO2 max. Intervention improved VO2 max but not significantly. No inference can be made from these results.
Intervention did significantly improve VO2 max.
Your head of clinical practice has just read a book on criticisms of the NHST and worries that all clinical data analysis is now flawed. How might you reassure her?
NHST does have its flaws but if we incorporate an examination of effect sizes into our analysis, we should be able to trust our research outputs
Your head of clinical practice has just read a book on criticisms of the NHST and worries that all clinical data analysis is now flawed. How might you reassure her? NHST does have its flaws but if we incorporate an examination of effect sizes into our analysis, we should be able to trust our research outputs. NHST does have its flaws but everyone else uses it, therefore we should. NHST is a flawless approach and the book was probably written by a disciple of the Bayesian approach. NHST is a flawless approach and we need to invest in more data analysts who are trained in it
NHST does have its flaws but if we incorporate an examination of effect sizes into our analysis, we should be able to trust our research outputs.
A midwife conducted a Bayesian analysis of stork numbers and declining birth rates. She calculated a Bayes factor of 1. Should she use stork numbers to predict birth rates?
No, a Bayes factor of 1 suggests that although declining stork numbers appear to coincide with declining birth rates it is not 'worth mentioning' and other factors may be at work.
A midwife conducted a Bayesian analysis of stork numbers and declining birth rates. She calculated a Bayes factor of 1. Should she use stork numbers to predict birth rates? No, a Bayes factor of 1 suggests that although declining stork numbers appear to coincide with declining birth rates it is not 'worth mentioning' and other factors may be at work. Yes, a Bayes factor of 1 suggests that it is worth trying to increase stork numbers in order to increase the birth rate. No, a Bayes factor of 1 suggests that the data is corrupted. Yes, a Bayes factor of 1 suggests that it is worth heavily investing in reducing stork numbers in order to reduce the birth rate.
No, a Bayes factor of 1 suggests that although declining stork numbers appear to coincide with declining birth rates it is not 'worth mentioning' and other factors may be at work.
A midwife conducted a Bayesian analysis of stork numbers and declining birth rates. She calculated a Bayes factor of 1. Should she use stork numbers to predict birth rates? No, a Bayes factor of 1 suggests that although declining stork numbers appear to coincide with declining birth rates it is not 'worth mentioning' and other factors may be at work. Yes, a Bayes factor of 1 suggests that it is worth trying to increase stork numbers in order to increase the birth rate. No, a Bayes factor of 1 suggests that the data is corrupted. Yes, a Bayes factor of 1 suggests that it is worth heavily investing in reducing stork numbers in order to reduce the birth rate.
No, a Bayes factor of 1 suggests that although declining stork numbers appear to coincide with declining birth rates it is not 'worth mentioning' and other factors may be at work.
A researcher was assessing patient healing time when using a new form of surgical dressing called MediDressX. He had a sample size of 48 and a p-value of 0.20. Does the researcher recommend that hospitals stop using this product? No, because the sample size is large and therefore the p-values are accurate. Yes, because statistical significance has nothing to do with sample size. No, because the sample size is small and p-values are easily affected by sample size. Yes, because the sample has low confidence levels.
No, because the sample size is small and p-values are easily affected by sample size.
A person involved in health promotion wanted to examine the likelihood that health promotion messages on social media would be more effective than in print media. She conducted one study where the probability of making a Type I error was 0.05 and a Type II error was 0.2. Does her research have empirical probability?
No, to have empirical probability the likelihood of an effect being detected requires a series of repeated identical experiments, where the probability of making a Type I error is 0.05 and a Type II error is 0.2.
If a six-week training intervention (equal to 70% VO2 max) was to be administered to a group of sedentary individuals and individuals who train regularly, which group would be more likely to have a greater effect size? Sedentary group Trained group Both groups would be similar Impossible to tell
Sedentary group
Which of the following is not a measure of effect size? Cohen's d Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) Odds ratio Shapiro-Wilk test
Shapiro-Wilk test
In IBM SPSS, what does clicking on this icon do? Return you to the data editor. Show or hide parts of the SPSS output. Expand any collapsed sections of SPSS output. Take you to the last output in the viewer (so it returns you to the last procedure you conducted).
Show or hide parts of the SPSS output.
Which of the following is not a factor in researchers' over-use of p-values and NHST in health research? Time constraints within research encourages quick results. Pressure to get a significant result that healthcare managers can easily understand and apply. Career bonus structures incentivise 'results'. Statistical software encourages the over-use of p-values.
Statistical software encourages the over-use of p-values.
Which of the following is not a factor in researchers' over-use of p-values and NHST in health research? Time constraints within research encourages quick results. Pressure to get a significant result that healthcare managers can easily understand and apply. Career bonus structures incentivise 'results'. Statistical software encourages the over-use of p-values.
Statistical software encourages the over-use of p-values.
A data set is usually collated in
Tabular Form
In IBM SPSS, what does clicking on this icon do? Demote the currently active part of the tree structure in the viewer window to a lower branch of the tree. Promote the currently active part of the tree structure in the viewer window to a higher branch of the tree. Take you to the last output in the viewer window. Enable you to colour-code your SPSS output.
Take you to the last output in the viewer window.
Why does a Shapiro-Wilk test sometimes conclude that the data are not normally distributed (i.e. significant) when a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is non-significant? The Shapiro-Wilk test is more powerful. The Shapiro-Wilk test is less powerful. The Shapiro-Wilk test does not work well when there are a large number of cases. The Shapiro-Wilk test is a more conservative test.
The Shapiro-Wilk test is more powerful.
Your health research lecturer has devoted the past ten weeks to teaching you the Bayesian approach and is now asking that you offer a critique for it. What key criticism could you raise?
The reliance on a prior probability is overly subjective and therefore can be open to a researcher's degrees of freedom.
A repeated-measures design uses? Different subject groups throughout The same subject group throughout Mixed subject groups throughout No subject groups
The same subject group throughout Mixed subject groups throughout
Compare the MAP variance of the three sports using Levene's test. What do the data suggest? The three data sets have equal variance. The three data sets have unequal variances. The three data sets have nearly equal variance. The result is unclear as the samples size of the three groups is too small.
The three data sets have equal variance.
Which of the following would be classed as a two-tailed hypothesis? The training intervention will evoke a change in aerobic capacity. The training intervention will result in a decrease in aerobic capacity. The training intervention will result in an increase in aerobic capacity. The training intervention will result in a significant increase in aerobic capacity.
The training intervention will evoke a change in aerobic capacity.
You are the head of a large medical group. You have decided to adopt a Bayesian approach to data analysis and modelling. When you announce this new policy, your staff are unhappy and unconvinced, as they are used to a NHST approach. You stress that the Bayesian approach has several key advantages, including which of the following. You can evaluate statistical significance using p-values. You can evaluate the likelihood of the null hypothesis being true. You can reject null hypotheses without any data collection. You can evaluate complex statistical models without data.
You can evaluate the likelihood of the null hypothesis being true.
Your head of clinical practice has followed your advice and now wants you to measure effect sizes. You report a Pearson's r of 0.50 for the impact of increased consumption of oily fish supplements on the symptoms of dementia. Your head of clinical practice wants to know if this is bad, as she remembers that a p-value of 0.30 is not good. What do you tell her?
You tell her that effect size and p-values are not the same and that a Pearson's r of 0.50 is a large effect, suggesting she should encourage the use of oily fish supplements in dementia patients.
Your head of clinical practice has followed your advice and now wants you to measure effect sizes. You report a Pearson's r of 0.50 for the impact of increased consumption of oily fish supplements on the symptoms of dementia. Your head of clinical practice wants to know if this is bad, as she remembers that a p-value of 0.30 is not good. What do you tell her? You tell her that effect size and p-values are the same and that a Pearson's r of 0.50 means there is no statistically significant effect and oily fish supplements should not be given to dementia patients. You tell her that effect size and p-values are not the same and that a Pearson's r of 0.50 is a large effect, suggesting she should encourage the use of oily fish supplements in dementia patients. You tell her that effect size and p-values are not the same and that a Pearson's r of 0.50 is a small effect, suggesting she should stop the use of oily fish supplements in dementia treatments until more data analysis is done. You tell her that effect size and p-values are not the same and that a Pearson's r of 0.50 is a medium effect, suggesting she should encourage the use of oily fish supplements in dementia treatments.
You tell her that effect size and p-values are not the same and that a Pearson's r of 0.50 is a large effect, suggesting she should encourage the use of oily fish supplements in dementia patients.
To recruit sufficient participants for a study (i.e. sample size), what factors need to be considered? Effect size Probability Power All of the above
all above
you have joined the data modeling team for a health policy unit. Your boss has decided that from now on the team will adopt Bayesian approach. However, not all staff understand what this is; your boss asks you present a training session. How would you explains Bayesian approach in your session introduction?
an approach that allows you to update the likelihood of your statistical model as more data is collected.
The following resting data were collected from three different sports teams (hockey, rugby and football). Ignoring the sports, plot a box-whisker plot for age, body mass, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Which variables does not have an outlier? (You may select more than one option.)
body mass & age
A researcher was interested in patient use of pop-up Flu vaccine clinics across thirty sites nationally. Different researchers collected and analysed data across each of the sites but the resultant thirty reports showed differing p-values, some sites found a statistical significance between opening hours of clinics and patient usage and others did not. Which of the following would is useful for her to review? Confidence intervals Levels of missing data Outliers The Null Hypotheses
confidence intervals
A researcher was assessing patient healing time when using a new form of surgical dressing called MediDressX. He had a sample size of 48 and a p-value of .20. Does the researcher recommend that hospitals stop using this product?
no, because the sample size is small and p-values are easily affected by sample size
A trainee data analyst for a large hospital, which has higher than average patient mortality rates, has just completed an examination of key factors that may be influencing these high mortality rates. However, he finds only one statistically significant factor, which he includes in his report but deliberately, omits the other six non-significant findings. What is the term for what the data analyst has done? HARKing Meta-analysis p-hacking Bayesian analysis
p-hacking
The two most important sources of systematic variation in RCTs are?
practice effects and boredom effects
What does the X in Q1 refer to
predictor variable
In our previous example, the doctor had already calculated the probability of patient life expectancy based on national cancer data. In a Bayesian approach what sort of probability is this?
prior probability
In IBM SPSS, what does clicking on this icon do? Blue error pointing left
promote the currently active part of the tree structure in the viewer window to a higher branch of the tree
Theoretically, suppose we knew the average VO2 max value of every runner who has run 1500 m in under 4 minutes (e.g. 73(4) ml/kg/min). The reality is that we will never know, but if we were to sample a series of runners who had run 1500 m in under 4 minutes (see below) which samples would have 95% confidence intervals that do not contain the true value? Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
sample 4
In IBM SPSS, what does clicking on this icon do? Brown/golden Book
show or hide parts of the SPSS output
What does this symbol mean? √ Divide by 2+2=4 Square root Equal to
square root
