State and Local Government

jail, state mandated and county funded

A place of confinement for persons awaiting trial and for persons sentenced to shorter terms of confinement for misdemeanors.

weak mayor system versus strong mayor systems

A strong mayor, just like a strong manager, must operate within the boundaries and policies set by council. A key difference is that a majority of council members can fire a manager. It cannot fire an elected mayor.

sales tax

A tax on a sale of merchandise or services

eminent domain

Allows the govt to take property for public use but also requires the govt to provide just compensation for that property

tax courts

Created under Article I section 8 of the constitution, they are trial level, Aritcle I, (limited terms), court which focuses on Federal Tax claims, specifically income tax disputes prior to the IRS makes their assessments.

state supreme courts

Decision of this court is final unless the decision impacts federal law, treaties, or the Constitution.

Bankruptcy courts

Handle only bankruptcy proceedings, which are governed by federal bankruptcy law

district attorney

Is often present to help determine if any search warrants are required to proceed and obtains those warrants from a judge

concurrent powers

Powers held jointly by the national and state governments.

reserved powers

Powers that the Constitution does not give to the national government that are kept by the states.

reapportionment

Process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people

gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

income tax

Tax paid to the state, federal, and local governments based on income earned over the past year.

NYS board of regents

The Board of Regents and the New York State Education Department have overseen the preparation, licensure, and practice of the teaching industry and educational resources, the Office regulates forty-eight professions defined in Title VIII of the Education Law.

New York state constitution

The Constitution of the State of New York establishes the structure of the government of the State of New York, and enumerates the basic rights of the citizens of New York. Like most state constitutions in the United States, New York's constitution's provisions tend to be more detailed, and amended more often than its federal counterpart. Because the history of the state constitution differs from the federal constitution, the New York Court of Appeals has seen fit to interpret analogous provisions differently from United States Supreme Court's interpretation of federal provisions. New York State has held nine Constitutional Conventions: in 1776-1777; 1801; 1821; 1846; 1867-1868; 1894; 1915; 1938; and 1967; a Constitutional Commission in 1872-1873, and a Judicial Convention in 1921

NY State education department

The New York State Education Department is part of the University of the State of New York (USNY), one of the most complete, interconnected systems of educational services in the United States. Our mission is to raise the knowledge, skill, and opportunity of all the people in New York. Our vision is to provide leadership for a system that yields the best educated people in the world.

redistricting

The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.

municipal courts (county, city, family)

There are two city courts, the Criminal Court and the Civil Court, and several state courts, the Supreme Court, Surrogate's Court, and Family Court. Unlike the rest of New York, counties within New York City do not have a typical County Court.

county government

This consisted of a law-enforcing sheriff and other officials in large territorial units in the southern colonies.County governments in the United States function as local administrative arms within the states. In the early 2000s the National Association of Counties recognized 3,066 U.S. counties

federal district court

Welcome to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. The Eastern District has 30 Article III Judges and 15 Magistrate Judges. The district comprises the counties of Kings, Nassau, Queens, Richmond, and Suffolk and concurrently with the Southern District, the waters within the counties of Bronx and New York. The Eastern District has a population of eight million people. The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York encompasses the counties of New York, Bronx, Westchester, Rockland, Putnam, Orange, Dutchess, and Sullivan and draws jurors from those counties. The Court hears cases in Manhattan, White Plains, and Poughkeepsie, New York.Welcome to the official website for the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York. We have offices in Albany, Binghamton, Plattsburgh, Syracuse, and Utica

New York state constitution committee system

adopted on April 20th 1777 and it created three branches of government. powers were combined, but the legislature were allowed to choose executive positions and the judicial having powers to revise laws. The governor had no direct veto power. It was superseded in 1821 and it was more aligned with the federal government.

court dual system

court system in the United States, judicial branches of the federal and state governments charged with the application and interpretation of the law. The U.S. court system is divided into two administratively separate systems, the federal and the state, each of which is independent of the executive and legislative branches of government. Such a dual court system is a heritage of the colonial period.

family courts

is a specialized court of the New York State Unified Court System located in each county of the state.[1][2][3] The New York City Family Court is the name given to the state Family Court within New York City

grants

money awarded to the states by the federal government

federal powers

regulate interstate and international trade, make treaties and conducts foreign policy, declare war.

NY Local boards of Education

school board member takes on one of the most important citizen responsibilities: overseeing the education of the community's youth. In these challenging times for public education, school boards are seeking men and women who find excitement and satisfaction in confronting tough challenges and working collegially to rise above them and help students in their communities succeed.