Stats Ch.1

In the Coke/Pepsi Challenge, tasters try to identify regular and diet versions of these two popular beverages under "blind" conditions, where they can't see the two products. How many levels are there to the independent variable? A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. They cannot be determined based on information provided.

4

Which of the following generally defines an inferential statistic? A. The entire group of interest about which we want to make conclusions B. A summary or numeric observation about a group of data C. A subset, or smaller collection, of observations from the overall group of interest D. A generalization about a larger group based on representative observations

A generalization about a larger group based on representative observations

The following statement, "100 college-aged students participated in a study examining the relationship between gender and depression," is an example of ________ in research and statistics. A. A population B. A sample C. Descriptive statistics D. Inferential statistics

A sample

Which of the following generally best describes the definition of a sample? A. The entire group of interest about which we want to make conclusions B. A summary or numeric observation about a group of data C. A subset, or smaller collection, of observations from the overall group of interest D. A generalization about a larger group based on representative observations

A subset, or smaller collection, of observations from the overall group of interest

Which of the following generally defines a descriptive statistic? A. The entire group of interest about which we want to make conclusions B. A summary or numeric observation about a group of data C. A subset, or smaller collection, of observations from the overall group of interest D. A generalization about a larger group based on representative observations

A summary or numeric observation about a group of data

A community researcher wanted to explore the connection between the number of bathrooms in a house and the sale price of the house. He studied 1000 home sales in an economically diverse, medium-sized city and found that the average sale price went up by $47,000 for each full bath. What is the descriptive statistic in this study? A. 1000 home sales B. Houses in economically diverse, medium-sized cities C. Number of bathrooms D. Average increase in sale price of $47,000 per bathroom

Average increase in sale price of $47,000 per bathroom

A survey is designed and presented to randomly selected participants from one zip code in a city because the survey budget is limited and this zip code appears to be a good representation of the overall makeup of the city's population.

Cluster sampling method

Controlling for ___________ variables can help enable researchers to make statements about cause and effect relationships between variables. A. Discrete B. Reliable C. Scale D. Confounding

Confounding

A variable that is systematically different from the independent variable can prevent us from knowing what is causing an outcome or effect. This variable is known as a(n) ________. A. Confounding variable B. Dependent variable C. Confusing variable D. Ambiguous variable

Confounding variable

The amount of food a person eats each week (as measured in ounces) would be a ________ variable. A. Continuous and ratio B. Continuous and interval C. Discrete and interval D. Continuous and ordinal

Continuous and ratio

While our weight is typically displayed without decimal places (e.g., 165 lbs), it can be displayed with great decimal precision. Limited only by the precision we place on it, the variable of weight is ______. A. Ordinal observation B. Continuous observation C. Nominal observation D. Discrete observation

Continuous observation

A psychology professor assigns students in her Introductory Psychology class to participate in an experiment measuring reaction time to a variety of stimuli. This is an example of _________. A. Simple random sampling B. Stratified sampling C. Convenience sampling D. Cluster sampling

Convenience sampling

A college professor assigns students from her Introduction to Psychology class to participate in a study of reaction time.

Convenience sampling method

The outcome variable that we expect to change with changes in the independent variable is the ________variable. A. Confounding B. Observational C. Dependent D. Extraneous

Dependent

Rather than considering a long list of body weights for all participants in a study of weight loss, the researcher might report a single number. This is known as ______. A. Inferential statistic B. Sample C. Population D. Descriptive statistic

Descriptive Statistic

Batting averages of ballplayers are posted online.

Descriptive Stats

Graduating high school seniors are ranked according to their grade averages.

Descriptive Stats

A variable that consists of separate indivisible categories, for which there are no values between categories, is a _____. A. Discrete variable B. Ratio variable C. Continuous variable D. Confounding variable

Discrete variable

Why do researchers typically study samples rather than populations? A. Entire populations can be too costly to study or would take too long to access. B. Entire populations are too variable to study. C. Samples are more representative than their respective populations. D. Studying a sample is more difficult than studying a population.

Entire populations can be too costly to study or would take too long to access.

Identify the IV and DV: A comparison of blood sugar levels before and after eating.

IV: Food Consumption DV: Blood Sugar Level

Identify the IV and DV: A comparison of math SAT scores between male and female students.

IV: Gender DV: SAT score

Identify the IV and DV in an experiment to see how stress level affects heart rate in humans.

IV: Stress Level DV: Heart rate

Identify the IV and DV: A study of reaction time while texting and driving.

IV: Texting DV: Reaction Time

The variable that is manipulated or observed in order to determine its effects on another variable is the ________ variable. A. Observational B. Independent C. Dependent D. Confounding

Independent

A researcher reports that 90% of college students text during class.

Inferential Stats

A survey concludes that most students favor using e-books for texts.

Inferential Stats

Which of the following items is not a variable? A. Students' heights B. Students' scores on a statistic exam C. Maximum number of points possible on a 100-point exam D. Students' scores on an empathy scale

Maximum number of points possible on a 100-point exam

Which of the following types of variables are always discrete variables? A. Ratio and ordinal B. Ratio and interval C. Nominal and ordinal D. Nominal and interval

Nominal and ordinal

Which of the following types of variables are always continuous variables? A. Ratio and ordinal B. Ratio and interval C. Nominal and ordinal D. None of these are always continuous variables

None of these are always continuous variables

What are variables? A. Specific values (in whole numbers) that represent an individual's category membership B. The value of physical, attitudinal, or behavioral characteristics for a given individual C. Hypothetical ideas that have been developed to describe and explain human behavior D. Observations of physical, attitudinal, or behavioral characteristics that can take on different values

Observations of physical, attitudinal, or behavioral characteristics that can take on different values

What are the differences between an interval and a ratio variable? A. Ratio scales indicate only difference, but interval scales indicate difference and order B. Interval scales indicate only difference, but ratio scales indicate difference and order C. On a ratio scale, the number 0 corresponds to an absence of the quality, but this is not true for an interval scale D. There are equal intervals between points on an interval scale, but this is not true for a ratio scale

On a ratio scale, the number 0 corresponds to an absence of the quality, but this is not true for an interval scale

A numerical measure that describes an entire group of people or things is a

Parameter

A researcher was interested in the effects of gender on attitudes about gun control. The researcher surveyed a group of individuals, 12 of whom were men and 12 of whom were women. In this example, what is the dependent variable? A. The 12 men in the study B. The 12 women in the study C. Gender of the participants D. Participants' attitudes about gun control

Participants' attitudes about gun control

A depression inventory is a scale intended to measure depression levels, with higher scores indicating higher levels of depression. If the test is a valid measure of depression, which of the following would we expect to be true? A. The results of the inventory could not be consistently replicated B. A person's score on the inventory would not be related to his or her level of depression C. People who get higher scores on the inventory would be more depressed than people who get lower scores D. People who get lower scores on the inventory would be more depressed than people who get higher scores

People who get higher scores on the inventory would be more depressed than people who get lower scores

A survey is conducted of all residents of an apartment building to determine the average family size of all residents. The residents represent a

Population

Match the descriptions in the left column to the correct description in the right column: All 50 state capitols in the U.S

Population

Match the descriptions in the left column to the correct description in the right column: The score of every student taking the SAT test last year

Population

Click on the data type of a license plate in ABC-123 format.

Qualitative

Computer operating system designation

Qualitative

Identify the data type and level: finishing position in a bicycle race.

Quantitative Discrete & Ordinal

Annual salary of professors at the university

Quantitative continuous

Click on the data type of average speed on a section of freeway.

Quantitative continuous

Number of correct answers on a chemistry exam

Quantitative discrete

A person's grade point average on a scale from 0 to 4.0 would be a(n) ___________ variable. A. Ratio B. Interval C. Ordinal D. Nominal

Ratio

When a test produces consistent results, it is said to be ________. A. Discrete B. Continuous C. Reliable D. Valid

Reliable

All residents of an apartment building are surveyed to determine average annual income. The data is used to estimate average household income for people living in that neighborhood. The people surveyed represent a

Sample

Match the descriptions in the left column to the correct description in the right column: One city in each state or province in a country

Sample

Match the descriptions in the left column to the correct description in the right column: The age of one person per row in a cinema

Sample

A college admissions officer uses a table of random numbers to select student IDs for a follow-up study to see if grades of graduating seniors actually correspond to pre-admittance entrance exam scores.

Simple random sampling method

A numerical measure that describes a sample characteristic is a

Statistic

The average GPA of thirty students from a large community college having coffee at the student union is a

Statistic

In order to ensure that all subgroups in a population are adequately represented in a study, a researcher would most likely use ________ sampling. A. Convenience B. Cluster C. Simple random D. Stratified

Stratified

A researcher wants to investigate how different age groups compare in terms of their ability to recall differing types of information.

Stratified sampling method

A researcher wants to spread participant selection across the entire population of interest in order to avoid any possibility of selecting too many participants from a "pocket" within the population.

Systematic sampling method

James has taken the GRE three times. Every time he takes it he gets a 150 on the math section. What does this imply? A. That the GRE is a valid test B. That the GRE is a reliable test C. That the GRE is neither a valid nor a reliable test D. That James is not motivated to improve his score on the math section

That the GRE is a reliable test

A researcher wanted to determine whether eating hamburgers for lunch increased the aggression of second graders during their afternoon play period. After feeding a group of 20 students hamburgers for lunch she observed that, on average, the students committed 2.5 aggressive behaviors during their afternoon play period. In this example, which of the following describes the sample? A. The 2.5 aggressive behaviors B. The 20 students the researcher observed C. All second graders D. All second graders who ate hamburgers for lunch

The 20 students the researcher observed

Which of the following generally best defines a population? A. The entire group of interest about which we want to make conclusions B. A summary or numeric observation about a group of data C. A subset, or smaller collection, of observations from the overall group of interest D. A generalization about a larger group based on representative observations

The entire group of interest about which we want to make conclusions

When a test measures what it is intended to measure, the test is said to be _______. A. Discrete B. Continuous C. Reliable D. Valid

Valid