Stem Cells- Cloning- Cancer

otipotent

A _____stem cell can produce all of the cell types of an organism, including the extraembryonic membranes, and give rise to an entire organism.

a tumor

A cluster of cells that no longer have control over the cell cycle and are therefore constantly dividing is called

driver passenger

A mutation in a tumor cell that confers a significant growth advantage is known as a(n) ______mutation. A mutation in a tumor cell that does not seem to confer a growth advantage is a(n) ______mutation.

epigenetic

Alterations that do not change a cell's DNA but are stable across cell divisions are known as ____ changes

proto oncogenes

Because they respond to growth factors, the genes for the PDGF and EGF receptors are considered ______-_____ .

nuclei

Briggs and King, and later, Gurdon, demonstrated that ____could be transplanted between cells.

iPS

Cells reprogrammed using transcription factors that were selected for expression of a particular gene are called_____ cells.

Blank 1: induced Blank 2: pluripotent Blank 3: stem

Cells that express a target gene regulated by Oct4 and Sox2 are named iPS which stands for _____ ____ ____ cells

Genes for growth factor receptors. Genes involved in signal transduction pathways triggered by growth factors.

Choose genes that fall in the category of -proto-oncogenes.

Driver mutations confer significant growth advantage, while passenger mutations do not.

Choose the statements that accurately describe driver and passenger mutations in tumor cells.

therapeutic cloning

Creating a patient-specific line of stem cells is called

the inner cell mass

ES cells are isolated from which part of the blastocyst?

oncogenes

Genes that induce cells to become cancer cells are called _____

skin

In creating a patient-specific line of embryonic stem cells to be used in skin grafts, an embryo is made from the nucleus of a _____cell.

1. the nucleus from a skin cell is removed 2. the skin cell nucleus is inserted into an enucleated human egg cell 3. development proceeds through blastocyst stage 4. cells from the embryo are harvested for use as stem cells

List the steps involved in creating a patient-specific line of embryonic stem cells starting at the top.

Blank 1: large Blank 2: offspring

Many cloned animals become oversized. This is a common condition among clones known as

proto-oncogenes

Normal genes which can be mutated to become oncogenes are called_____

Blank 1: transcription

Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4 are _____factors and have been shown to reprogram fibroblast cells in culture.

1. differentiated mammary cells were removed from the donor 2. differentiated mammary cells were grown so that they paused at the beginning of the cell cycle. 3. mammary cells were surgically combined with enucleated eggs cells 4. a fraction of the total number of combined cells developed into embryos. 5. embryos were placed into surrogate mothers

Place the steps that led to the successful cloning of a sheep in the correct order starting at the top.

embryonic stem

Pluripotent stem cells that are derived in the laboratory are called _________ cells.

oncogenes

Proto-oncogenes are normal genes which can mutate to become _____

cyclins cdks

Rb binds to certain regulatory proteins and prevents them from stimulating cell cycle proteins such as _____and______ .

Blank 1: somatic Blank 2: nuclear

SCNT stands for ____cell____ transfer. Listen to the complete question

cell cycle

Scientists who produced the first cloned sheep reasoned that the egg and the donated nucleus would need to be at the same stage of the ______ _____for successful development.

They must be reversed to allow a nucleus from a differentiated cell to direct development. The changes are stable across generations of cells.

Select characteristics of epigenetic changes.

they can produce all types of cells, but not extraembryonic membranes.

Select the true statement about pluripotent cells.

pluripotent

Stem cells that can differentiate into every or nearly every cell type of the body (but not the extraembryonic membranes) are called ____ cells. An example would be embryonic stem cells.

tumor

The TP53 gene is a _______-suppressor gene. The encoded p53 protein halts mitosis if the DNA is damaged after replication.

trophectoderm

The blastocyst contains an outer layer called the_______ , as well as an inner cell mass.

tumor suppressor

The gene that encodes the p53 proteins is referred to as a(n)_____ -____ gene.

false Reason: These cells are patient-specific.

True or false: Cells created in therapeutic cloning can be used for multiple patients.

false Reason: The success rate is 3-5%.

True or false: The success rate for reproductive cloning exceeds 50%.

Blank 1: embryonic Blank 2: stem

Various cell types (for example, cardiomyocytes) have already been grown from human______ _____ cells in the laboratory

Epigenetic

What type of change occurs in nuclear reprogramming?

Blank 1: nuclear Blank 2: reprogramming

When a nucleus from a differentiated cell undergoes epigenetic changes that must be reversed for the nucleus to direct development, it is known as ____ ___

They are made from embryos. They are pluripotent.

Which are characteristics of human ES cells?

It contains cells which will form the placenta. This stage can yield ES cells. It contains cells that will form the embryo.

Which are characteristics of the blastocyst?

Liver failure Infection

Which are common causes of premature death in clones?

Cardiomyocytes Blood cells

Which cell types have been grown from human ES cells in the laboratory?

It must be able to give rise to an entire organism. It must be able to produce every cell type of the adult organism.

Which of the following criteria must be met in order to call a cell totipotent?

Rb

Which of the following proteins is called a "pocket protein" meaning that is has areas to bind other proteins?

Enucleated egg cell Nucleated mammary cell

Which two cell types were surgically fused in SCNT to produce the cloned sheep Dolly?

Gurdon Briggs and King

Who demonstrated that nuclei could be transplanted?

Because they can be used to produce cells which can replace cells that have died due to disease or injury

Why are stem cells important in human medicine?

Blank 1: induced Blank 2: pluripotent

iPS cells are____ _____ stem cells.