Stereotyping Exam 1
Describe the characteristics of observational research. What is one method of conducting observational research?
Observational research is used to describe the nature of phenomenon. No manipulation. Ethnographic research: observing and interviewing people to understand experience
(MM Intro) What are two of the authors' six suggestions for doing race differently?
Realize that people are not autonomous individuals. our experiences are shaped by our interactions with other people. Also, be aware that race and ethnicity will always be an important part of someone's identity.
Kivel (2000) What is a culture of power? Be prepared with two examples of how culture of power can manifest.
Culture of power: more powerful group creates an environment that places its members at the cultural center and other groups at the margins, ex.
What are automatic and controlled processes? What are the characteristics of each?
Automatic processes: we rely on these when we are not motivated to think Characteristics: unconscious,unintentional, involuntary, effortless Controlled processes: we rely on this when we are motivated to think Characteristics: conscious,intentional,voluntary,effortful
What can we study with correlational research? Give an example of a positive and negative correlation.
Correlational research examines the association in between two different variables. Positive correlation: as one variable goes up, the other goes down (A studying time goes up, grades go up) Negative Correlation: as one variable goes up, the other goes down (as procrastination goes up, grades go down)
*What are direct and indirect measures? What is an advantage and disadvantage of each (we didn't talk about anything specific in class, I want you to think of potential advantages and disadvantages)?
Direct measure: ask participants to verbally report their attitudes towards various groups Advantage: Disadvantage: Indirect measure: tap into spontaneous and uncontrolled cognitive processes/provide a way around social desirability concerns Three direct measures and one indirect measures:
Define discrimination. What are two characteristics of discrimination? What are the four types of discrimination?
Discrimination is treating people differently from others just because of membership in a social group. Characteristics: behavioral in nature,positive or negative, continuum of behaviors from passive to active The types of discrimination: Interpersonal-person to person discrimination Organizational- when the rules or policies of organizations have discriminatory effects Institutional- when the norms or practices of a social institution have disparate impacts on different groups Cultural-when one group retains the power to define what is culturally valued
What are the five steps of the scientific method?
Five Steps of Scientific Method: Hypothesis Operationalize Measurement Evaluation Revise or Replicate
*What is group privilege? What are two specific ways that this privilege can manifest?
Group privilege: unearned cultural favor due to membership in certain social groups; ability to find role models and ignore race in major decision making
What is a hypothesis? What is operationalizing? What is the relationship between hypothetical constructs and operational definitions?
Hypothesis- collection of variables organized into a testable statement of prediction Operationalize- turning theoretical variables into things that can be measured Hypothetical constructs are the constucts that we want to be able to measure but they aren't measurable as whole. So we will break them into their measurable parts. For Ex. Happiness= number of times a person smiles
What is an IV? What is a DV?
IV: experimentally manipulated/ condition groups) DV: variable that is measured/dependent on independent
What are in and out groups?
In-groups are groups that we belong to. Out group are groups that we do not belong to.
Describe the Mecrae, Bodenhausen, and Milne (1995) research about people who could be categorized in multiple ways.
Macrae,Bodenhausen, and Milne -P's viewed videotape of an Asian American woman -IV:prime<female(putting on lipstick)/Asian(eating with chopstick)/Control condition (no condition) -P's then complete a Lexical Decision Task- where they make word/non-word judgements -^had female and Asian stereotypical words -DV: reaction time: faster equals more activation/slower equals more inhibition When primed with female stereotypes, there was more activation for female prime and more inhibition for Asian prime When primed with Asian prime, there was more activation for Asian prime, and more inhibition for Female prime
(Ku,Wang, and Galinsky 2010) What is perspective taking? What are the two effects of perspective taking? Why does perspective taking have these two opposing effects? Be prepared to explain one of the experiments in this paper, including identifying the participants, IV,DVs, and Results
Perspective taking is putting yourself in someone's shoes. Perspective taking makes you see others less stereotypically and see themselves more stereotypically. Has this effect because of self-other effects. Study 2 focused on Dependency/conservation IV: P.T. or be objective DV: ratings of own conservatism of P's /ratings of older adult target dependency Results: P.T- saw themselves as more conservation (us) and older target less dependent (older )
Define prejudice. What are two characteristics of prejudice?
Prejudice is attitudes directed towards members of a social group. Characteristics: affective in nature, can be positive/ negative/ mixed, threat can be the basic of anxiety/discomfort/hostility
(MM Intro) What the two assumptions and one ideal that the authors argue underlie our racial attitudes in the US?
Race is biological thing and the individual is the source of all thought,feeling and action. Ideal: all people are created equal.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
Self-fulfilling prophecy is when you act based on a schema in such a way that the object of the schema is likely to conform your expectations
*What are shifting standards? Give an example of shifting standards in social judgement.
Shifting Standards are judgements are typically influenced by a relative comparison, which is usually the stereotype of the relevant group. Ex. might say "she's very agressive" based on the ideas that we have of average female aggressiveness, while for a man we might just say he's upset because men are believed to be more aggressive
What is social categorization and what are the three reasons we categorize? What are schemas and how do they relate to social categorization?
Social categorization is simplifying the environment by creating categories based on shared characteristics. Three reasons we categorize: Its fuctional (it helps us navigate the world)/Cognitive efficiency (helps us reduce and elaborate on social information)/Social Identity (by splitting up groups, it's easier to differentiate ourselves from others) Schemas- cognitive structures (like stereotypes) that contain knowledge and beliefs about an object of category We use schemas to help us identify and categorize social group
Define stereotypes. What are two characteristics of stereotypes? What are two types of stereotypes?
Stereotypes are beliefs about traits or behaviors of members of a social group. Characteristics: cognitive, culturally shared, over-generalization,positive and negative The two types of stereotypes are descriptive (indicate what group members do/what you see) and prescriptive (what group members should do)
What are the two main types of categories and what is an advantage of using subgroups?
The two main types of categories are race and gender. Subgroups allow us more differentiation within basic categories/give us more information about target
(MM Intro) What are two of the eight conversations we typically have about race? Be prepared to describe both of them and provide an example of each one.
Thats just identity politics. Someone who uses this argument believes that race and ethnicity are superficial and that they are not central to one's history or perspectives. They believe it is used by weak people to gain sympathy or adantage. Ex. When is "white" history month. I'm __ and I'm proud. Usually used by minorities as positive sources of belongingness,pride, and motivation. Also used by groups such as the KKK to argue and promote white radicalism.
What is the minimal group paradigm? What does research using the minimal group paradigm indicate about in group bias?
The minimal group paradigm is assignment to a group that is not socially meaningful. Results of this paradigm show that people spontaneously favor in groups
*What are the two theories that explain the origin of stereotypes? Describe and provide an example of each.
The two theories of origin of stereotypes: Outgroup Homogeneity effect- seeing members of ougroups as more similar than they are (because we interact more with ingroups and focus on individuating information) Ex. They are bad drivers, we were distracted and having a bad day Social Role Theory- we notice the social roles people play and start to associate characteristics of the role with people in the role people are seen as naturally suited for the roles they play Ex. Nurses are usua
(Markus and Moya 2010 Intro) What is the authors' basic arguments in this chapter?
The way that we view and talk about race and ethnicity are wrong. To remedy this we must consider race and ethnicity as present and important parts of one's life. People are not just autonomous individuals, they are collection of the world that they live in and the people that they interact with. They are a collection feelings, thoughts, and language that the people in their life directly and indirectly influence. All race in not biological, but race and ethnic is still a central part of who a person is.
Identify and describe three of the five factors that affect categorization.
Three of the five factors that affect categorization: Basic Category membership such a race,gender, or age Prototypicality-the extent to which the target has typical characteristics of the group prejudice against groups makes people (more likely to use group membership in categorization)
What is the three step process of stereotype usage? Is each stage automatic or controlled?
Three step process of stereotype usage: Categorization: connecting a person to stereotyped group membership (automatic) Stereotype activation: the extent to which a stereotype is accessible (automatic) Stereotype application: using a stereotype in judging a member of a stereotyped group (automatic and controlled)
What three features of experiments allow you to make cause/effect conclusion?
To prove causality, rule out 3 things: 1. manipulated IV 2. random assignment to conditions 3. reasonable attempt to keep the situation constant
What are the two broad things we consider when evaluating research? What are two types of validity?
Two things to consider when evaluating research: reliability (how consistent are findings) and validity (how accurate) Construct Validity: degree to which operationalizations watch concepts Internal Validity: extent to which third variables are controlled External validity: extent to which your findings are generalizable
What are two ways stereotype are maintained? Make sure that you're prepared to discuss either research by Darley and Gross (1983) or Rattan and Dweck (2010) in your answer.
Two ways stereotypes are maintained: Linguistic Intergroup Bias- positive ingroup/negative outgroup traits are described abstractly and vice versa(with concrete description) Self-Fulfulling Prophecy- when you act bsed on a schema in such a way that the object of the schema is likely to conform your expectations Rattan and Dweck: - P's are minority students who read an article that designed to prime with either entity (personality is fixed) or incremental theory(personality can change) (IV) -P's then imagine a situation in which they hear someone say something prejudices -DV: likelihood of confrontation and withdrawal from future interactions Results: more likely to confront if primed with incremental/ more likely to withdraw if primed with entity
What are unobtrusive measures and physiological measures? Describe an example of each.
Unobtrusive Measures: measures that are seemingly unrelated to the study and/or prejudice (Behaviors:willingness to help, distance from others, speech errors,eye contact/Judgements: evaluating people for jobs, admission,etc.) Physiological measurements: examines changes in physiology to assess mental state (heart rate and blood pressure, Facial muscle movement)
(Kay et al 2013) Why do the authors think positive stereotypes are less likely to be detected? What do the authors argue are two negative consequences of positive stereotypes? Be prepared to explain one of the experiments in this paper, including identifying the participants,IV,DVs, and Results
We pay more attention to negative stimuli than positive stimuli. Positive Stereotypes let people assume that race is biological and they trigger negative stereotypes. Ps read an article about pos. st. (athletic) or neg. st. (unintelligent) of Black ppl;IV: pos. st. v. neg. st. v. underwater world (control); DV: range of pos. + neg. emotions; Results:no effect on pos. emotions, most neg. emotion for neg. st. and pos. st. + control=same+lower than neg.
(MM 16) The author discusses four areas in which the association between blacks and apes has been studied. Identify and briefly describe two areas.
Weapon detection:association of blacks with crime might lead people to more quickly detect a gun in the hands of a black person than a white person, even if the image of the gun is blurry;Racial profiling:when police officers are thinking of capturing, arresting or shooting, they are drawn to the black face
