Straighterline CJ101 Final

In 2002, approximately how much did criminal and civil justice cost every resident of the United States (if the costs were divided evenly among all U.S. residents)?

$600.00

Approximately how many local, state, and federal public law enforcement agencies operate in the United States?

18,000

Following the backlash to Reconstruction and the loss of jobs of black police officers, during which of the following periods were black police officers hired again in most southern cities?

1940s and 1950s

Approximately what percent of all adults under some type of correctional supervision in the U.S. are serving community sentences?

70%

Approximately what percent of the sworn officers in the nation's police departments are white males?

70%

According to a 2003 Gallup poll, approximately what percent of Americans favored the death penalty for people convicted of first-degree murder?

74%

In 2000, ____ of American local police departments required a high school diploma or higher educational achievement.

83%

Truth-in-sentencing laws require offenders to serve a substantial portion of their prison sentence, usually ____ of it.

85%

Which of the following amendments to the U.S. Constitution will have to be respected and will no doubt set the outer limits of what corrections in the future might be?

8th

Between 1968 and 1972:

A series of lawsuits challenged various aspects of capital punishment.

Your textbook lists several methods that have been prescribed to stop racial profiling. Three are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of the methods listed in your textbook?

Arresting all perpetrators regardless of race

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of transnational organized crime groups, according to a recent survey by the United Nation's Centre for International Crime Prevention?

The majority of the groups have a strong ethnic identity.

Which of the following types of identity theft is considered the most serious?

The misuse of personal information.

Research has determined that although no single type of treatment can be identified as the most effective, one feature that seems to characterize programs that consistently reduce offender recidivism is:

The quality of the program's implementation.

If the due process model dominates the administration of justice in the future, there will probably be no limitations on:

The right to appeal

Which of the following is NOT a documented benefit of restorative justice conferences and teen courts?

They are effective at reducing recidivism.

Probation officers usually perform four important roles in the juvenile justice process. Three are listed below. Which one does NOT belong?

They enforce parental liability sentences.

In which of the following types of jails are there no physical barriers between correctional officers and inmates?

Third-generation jails

We usually think of rehabilitation programs as serving one main objective. Which of the following is that main objective?

To help inmates better themselves.

Role of Defense Lawyers

To provide the best possible legal counsel and advocacy within the legal and ethical limits of the profession.

The ____ is/are a collection of crime statistics and other law enforcement information published annually under the title Crime in the United States

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

Earlier in American history, two forms of police protection began to evolve—the ____ in the villages, towns, and cities; and the ____ in the rural areas, unincorporated areas, and counties.

constable-watch system, sheriff

According to a study by researchers at eight universities, which of the following types of new stories dominates local television news shows?

crime and criminal justice

Most legal excuses for criminal responsibility are based on the belief that certain offenders lack the capacity or competence or have diminished capacity or competence to form:

mens rea

One of the interesting findings of foot patrol research was that foot patrol officers were better able to deal with:

minor annoyances - rowdy youths, panhandlers, and abandoned cars - that irritate citizens.

Which of the following is NOT one of President Bush's general policy principles that guide law enforcement personnel in dealing with terrorists?

only grant concessions to terrorists if U.S. citizens are held hostage and no viable alternative exists

Which of the following methods accounts for the largest number of juvenile cases transferred to criminal court in recent years?

statutory exclusion or legislative transfer

Which of the following tests of insanity did attorneys for Lorena Bobbitt, who sliced off her husband's penis with a kitchen knife while he was sleeping, successfully employ in a 1994 Virginia trial?

the irresistible impulse or control test

In ______ jurisdiction states, prosecutors have discretion to file eligible cases in either juvenile court or criminal court if the cases meet certain age, offense, and, in some jurisdictions, prior-record criteria?

Concurrent

Criminal investigation has been defined as a lawful search of people and things to achieve three of the following goals. Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of criminal investigation?

Conductive preventive patrol to ferret out crime.

Inmates skilled in legal matters are known as:

Jailhouse Lawyers

Who is considered the "father" of probation?

John Augustus

For which of the following types of blended sentences may a juvenile court impose a juvenile correctional sanction that remains in force after the offender is beyond the age of the court's extended jurisdiction, at which point the offender may be transferred to the adult correctional system?

Juvenile-contiguous blend

What was the index crime for which women were most frequently arrested in 2001?

Larceny Theft

In 1969, in the case of Chimel v. California, the Supreme Court:

Limited the scope of searches incident to an arrest.

_____ is a dispute resolution process that brings disputants together with a third party who is trained in the art of helping people resolve disputes. The agreed-upon resolution is formalized into a binding consent agreement.

Mediation

Which of the following determines the number of chief prosecutors and whether they are elected or appointed?

State Law

In ____, offenders are released from prison directly into the community under the supervision of the parole agency.

Straight parole

In 2004, which of the following outcomes accounted for the largest percentage of state parolees?

Successfully completed their term of supervision

With which of the following agencies are permanent legal attaches or "legats" associated?

The FBI

Incarceration rates are ______ for defendants with publicly financed attorneys than for those with privately retained counsel in state and federal courts, and the length of jail or prison sentence is ______ for defendants with publicly financed attorneys.

higher, longer

Which of the following indicates that prisoners should receive no service or program that is superior to the services and programs available to free citizens without charge?

The less-eligibility principle

In 2002, what was the median earnings for police and sheriff's patrol officers?

$42,000

In 2003, approximately what percent of all lawyers in the United States were women?

30%

According to a 2003 Gallup poll, approximately what percent of Americans believe that the death penalty is not applied fairly?

35%

In 2003, how many police officers were feloniously killed in the line of duty?

52

Approximately what percent of the public has "a great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in the police's ability to protect it from violent crime?

60%

When an entire patrol section is instructed to make numerous traffic stops and field interrogations, the practice is referred to as ____ patrol.

Aggressive

Which of the following states is the first state to allow female prisoners to work on chain gangs?

Arizona

Which of the following is the special supermaximum-security prison built for the war on terrorism?

Camp Delta

Which of the following countries typically executes the most people?

China

Which of the following is a product of the Enlightenment period, or the Age of Reason, a period of history that began in the early 1500s and lasted until the late 1700s?

Classical Theory

Which of the following theories assumes that crime is committed by free-willed individuals who engage in a hedonistic rationality?

Classical Theory

Reductions in sentences for death row inmates, which are granted by a state's governor, are called:

Commutations

Which of the following assumes that society is based primarily on disagreements between competing interest groups—for instance, the rich against the poor, management against labor, whites against minorities, men against women, adults against children?

Conflict Theory

The Statute of Winchester formalized the ____ system of protection.

Constable-Watch

The ultimate goal of the crime control model is:

Control

A(n) ____ is expressed as the number of crimes per unit of population or some other base.

Crime Rate

_____ is a formal means of social control that involves the use of rules that are interpreted, and are enforceable, by the courts of a political community. The function of the rules is to set limits to the conduct of the citizens, to guide the officials (police and other administrators), and to define conditions of deviance or unacceptable behavior.

Criminal Law

For which of the following purposes is most of jail funding used?

Custody and Security

Among federal law enforcement agencies in 2002, the ______ employed the largest percentage of women, while the ______employed the smallest percentage of women.

Internal Revenue Service - Drug Enforcement Agency

Recent history demonstrates that increases in the use of alternatives to incarceration ____ the use of incarceration.

Do not necessarily decrease

The ____ states that excessive bail shall not be required.

Eighth Amendment

The basic concepts of American law enforcement and criminal justice originated in:

England

For many crime victims, ____ is/are the most burdensome and lasting consequence of their victimization.

Fear

According to the Homeland Security Act of 2002, which of the following agencies or organizations has "primary responsibility for investigating and prosecuting acts of terrorism"?

Federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies.

Which of the following focuses on women's experiences and ways of knowing because, in the past, men's experiences have been taken as the norm and generalized to the population?

Feminist Theory

The ____ protects Americans from "unreasonable searches and seizures."

Fourth Amendment

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court extend the 6th Amendment right to be represented by an attorney to indigent defendants facing felony charges in state courts?

Gideon V. Wainwright

One study on recidivism demonstrated that the inmates who adjusted most successfully to prison ____ to life in the free community upon release.

Had the most difficulty adjusting.

Your textbook describes three trends in juvenile processing, which are listed below. Which one does NOT belong?

Handling more cases within school or church settings

Until the middle of the 20th century, the courts followed a ____ philosophy toward prison matters.

Hands-off

The ____ model holds that the inmate society is shaped by factors external to the prison environment—specifically, the preprison experiences and socialization patterns that inmates bring with them when they enter prison.

Importation

The U.S. Supreme Court case ____ greatly expanded the overall due-process protections afforded juveniles within the juvenile court.

In re Gault

A(n) ____sentence has a fixed minimum and maximum term of incarceration, rather than a set period.

Indeterminate

A major limitation of work-release programs is that most inmates must settle for low-skilled and low-paying jobs. This limitation exists for three reasons, which are listed below. Which of the following does NOT belong?

Inmates on work-release tend to neglect paying restitution or dependent support.

According to Merton, ____ pursue the cultural goal of wealth through illegitimate means.

Innovators

Reasonable Suspicion

More Than a gut feeling because it includes the ability to articulate reasons for the suspicion.

According to a recent national study of recidivism among state prisoners, which of the following types of released prisoners had the highest rearrest rate?

Motor Vehicle Thieves

Which of the following legal defenses was used successfully by Amy Carter, daughter of former President Jimmy Carter, Jerry Rubin, and other activists who were charged with trespassing for protesting apartheid on the property of the South African embassy in Washington, D.C.?

Necessity

Several modifications of classical theory are collectively referred to as:

Neoclassical Theory

A(n) ____ is any standard or rule regarding what human beings should or should not think, say, or do under given circumstances.

Norm

Directed Patrol

Officers are given guidance on how to use their patrol time, often based on the results of crime analyses that identify problem areas.

The legal philosophy justifying state intervention in the lives of children is called the doctrine of:

Parens patriae

Mandatory release is similar to ____ in that people let out under either arrangement ordinarily receive a period of community supervision.

Parole

____, which involved relocating children to farms in the West and Midwest, was believed to have several advantages over ____.

Placing out; houses of refuge.

Which of the following are used to increase efficiency—meaning speed and finality--in the crime control model?

Plea Bargains

What do learning theorists call the presentation of a stimulus that increases or maintains a response?

Positive Reinforcement

Which of the following theories was an explicit rejection of the critical and "negative" philosophy of the Enlightenment thinkers?

Positivist Theory

The results of research on recidivism indicate that the factor most strongly related to the likelihood of rearrest was:

Prior arrest history

Entering the ____ of the prison means finding in the diverse environment of the institution a niche that will accommodate the inmate's unique combination of needs.

Private Culture

Your textbook names three controversial issues related to probation. Which of the following is NOT one of these issues?

Probation conditions

A distinguishing feature of the inmate society in many women's prisons is the presence of:

Pseudofamilies

Private Security Issues

Public policing in a private capacity, Diminished public responsibility, and lack of qualifications and training.

John Broderick classified police officers by their degree of commitment to maintaining order and their respect for due process. Three of these classifications are listed below. Which one does NOT belong?

Punishers

Perhaps the most divisive issue that will confront correctional policy makers in the future is whether increasingly scarce resources should be devoted more to ____ or to ____.

Punishment; rehabilitation

Which of the following theories assumes that crime is a product of the class struggle in society?

Radical Theory

Which of the following is more than a gut feeling because it includes the ability to articulate reasons for the suspicion?

Reasonable Suspicion

The most widely used crime-mapping application is probably ______.

Resource Allocation

Participatory justice is a form of:

Restorative Justice

In 2002, which of the following reasons accounted for the largest percentage of parole violations?

Rule violation or new offense

Which of the following are imposed at the discretion of the judge and probation officials and are designed to address the offender's particular situation?

Special Conditions

Which of the following theorists maintains that criminal behavior sometimes is chosen as an adaptation over other possible alternatives because it offers gratifications (psychological advantages) that could not be achieved otherwise?

Seymour Halleck

With whom are psychoanalytic theories of crime causation associated?

Sigmund Freud

If defendants ask for something special, such as a trial, the criminal justice assembly line is:

Slowed Down

Most institutions have elaborate____, in which staff learn from inmate informants about the presence of contraband, the potential for disruptions, and other threats to security.

Snitch Systems

A typical ____ definition of crime is "behavior that violates the norms of society."

Social

The first person or organization to implement parole in the United States was:

Zebulon Brockway

The term parole can mean

a way of being released from prison before the entire sentence has been served.

Before the 1600s, institutional confinement usually served functions other than punishment for criminal behavior. Six examples are listed in your textbook, and three of these are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of these examples?

a. Hold and punish slaves b. Rehabilitate criminals Correct c. Coerce payment of debts and fines d. Quarantine disease

While rights are not the same in all jurisdictions, which of the following is NOT a right granted to crime victims?

a. the right to be treated with fairness, dignity, and respect b. the right to confer with the prosecutor c. the right to notice of the offender's release d. all of the choices are rights Correct

Your textbook names some of the characteristics of a police chief's job. Three are listed below. Which of the following is NOT listed in your textbook?

a. A typical police chief rarely serves longer than 10 years. b. Police chiefs must be long-term (preferably lifetime) local residents in order to fully understand the needs of the community. Correct c. Police chiefs must be politically savvy in order to survive. d. Much of the political controversy and many of the social problems in major cities and counties end up involving the police department and its chief.

A study by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) determined which crimes have the highest annual victim costs. Three of the following crimes have the highest annual victim costs. Which one does NOT belong?

a. Assault b. Rape c. Murder d. Arson Correct

Which of the following factors accounts for the wide variations among states in parolee success rates?

a. variations in parole populations b. the level of supervision c. parole agency policies on the revocation of technical violators d. all of the choices are correct Correct

Your textbook gives three reasons why, despite low crime-solving rates by detectives, many police departments continue to employ them. Three are listed below. Which one does NOT belong?

a. Detectives have interrogation and case presentation skills that assist in prosecution. b. Detectives have wider jurisdiction than patrol officers do, and can arrest and book some suspects that other police officers cannot. Correct c. Law enforcement executives can assign detectives to a major, high profile case to demonstrate to the public that they are committing resources to the matter. d. Technical knowledge, such as knowing about burglary tools, does help in some investigations and prosecutions.

The slave codes held slaves responsible for their crimes and other acts that were not crimes if committed by free persons. Three typical restrictions against slaves are listed below. Which one does NOT belong?

a. Enslaved people could not hold meetings. b. Enslaved people could not learn to read and write. c. Enslaved people could not learn skilled trades. Correct d. Enslaved people could not carry a firearm.

Failure to fairly represent all genders and races within police departments has led to several negative consequences. Which of the following is NOT one of the negative consequences listed in your textbook?

a. Expensive lawsuits b. Court-ordered quotas to achieve the desired diversity c. Consent decrees d. Sensational publicity Correct

For most violations of the law, a police officer can usually exercise a number of options. Five are listed in your textbook, and three of these are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of the options listed in your textbook?

a. Making a physical arrest b. Issuing a written warning c. Giving a verbal warning d. Using lethal force Correct

One general grouping in your textbook lists four categories of local duties. Three are listed below. Which is NOT one of the duties discussed in your text?

a. Public education Correct b. Service c. Information gathering d. Peacekeeping

Which of the following is NOT a provision of the USA PATRIOT Act?

a. the FBI is allowed to search private records without a warrant and probable cause and without having to reveal to anyone what it has done b. the FBI no longer needs probable cause to conduct some types of wiretaps of criminal suspects c. it creates the new crime of "domestic terrorism" d. it prohibits the government from initiating surveillance or prosecution of U.S. citizens who only provide lodging to "terrorists" Correct

There are at least three different reasons why the U.S. Supreme Court did not make the Fourteenth Amendment incorporate the Bill of Rights for approximately 100 years. Three are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons listed in your textbook?

a. There is little evidence that supporters of the Fourteenth Amendment intended it to incorporate the Bill of Rights b. It was an issue of states' rights. c. By 1937, a series of court decisions had established the precedent that the due-process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment did not require states to follow trial procedures mandated at the federal level by provisions in the Bill of Rights. d. Voters frequently showed their disapproval of following trial procedures mandated by provisions of the Bill of Rights, interpreting them as a possible threat to their civil rights. Correct

Police detectives seem to have a number of advantages over patrol officers, and seven of these advantages are listed in your textbook. Three are listed below. Which is NOT one of these advantages?

a. They have offices and desks. b. They enjoy more freedom than patrol officers do from the police radio and geographical boundaries. c. They often move on to patronage jobs. Correct d. In many agencies, they receive higher compensation and hold a higher rank.

The textbook lists several factors indirectly related to crime that can affect crime rates. Three are listed below. Which of the following was NOT listed in your textbook?

a. Urbanization b. Family size Correct c. Changing demographic characteristics d. Police reports for stolen items that are insured

Which of the following is NOT true about the War on Drugs, at least according to its critics?

a. abuse or misuse of illegal drugs has contributed to more deaths annually than either alcohol or tobacco

Which of the following crimes is NOT a uniform crime report Part I offense?

a. aggravated assault b. motor vehicle theft c. arson d. fraud Correct

The knowledge to carry out cybercrimes is readily available at hacker:

a. chat rooms. b. message boards. c. web sites. d. all of the choices are correct Correct

People are generally considered either not responsible or less responsible for their crimes if they are:

a. forced to commit a criminal act. b. coerced to commit a criminal act. c. entrapped. d. all of the choices are correct Correct

With DNA profiling, a unique genetic profile can be derived from ____ found at the scene of a crime or on a victim.

a. hair b. semen c. blood d. all of the choices are correct Correct

For which of the following reasons did the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention in the late 1980s initiate an intensive community-based juvenile aftercare project called the Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP)?

a. increasing juvenile crime rates b. increasing numbers of juveniles requiring secure care c. increasing costs d. all of the choices are reasons Correct

Which of the following is NOT true about terrorism?

a. it is one of the oldest forms of human conflict b. it has been used by both right-wing and left-wing political organizations, by ethnic and nationalistic groups, by revolutionaries, and by the armies and secret police of established governments c. the modern era of terrorism began with the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941, according to the FBI Correct d. the terrorist acts of 9/11 constituted the bloodiest day on American soil since the Civil War

Which of the following is NOT true about civil asset forfeiture as a tool in drug enforcement?

a. it is the preferred tool in drug enforcement b. the government only has to have probable cause to seize a person's property c. an owner must be proactive to get his or her property back d. the state must only prove by a preponderance of evidence that the property was used in a crime Correct

Which of the following factors accounts for the American public's increased concern about the death penalty's administration?

a. revelations about the quality of justice in capital murder trials b. the overturning of several convictions as a result of DNA tests c. the moratorium on executions in Illinois and elsewhere d. all of the choices are correct Correct

Which of the following is NOT a problem or criticism with a legal definition of crime?

a. some behaviors are prohibited by the criminal law but, arguably, should not be b. some behaviors are prohibited by the criminal law but the law is not routinely enforced c. some behaviors arguably should be prohibited by the criminal law, although they are not d. all of the choices are problems or criticisms Correct

Which of the following is a problem with victims' rights laws and their implementation?

a. victims' rights vary greatly among states and at the federal level b. victims' rights are often ignored, suffer from arbitrary implementation, or depend on the whims of criminal justice officials c. victims from other cultures and those with disabilities frequently are not informed of their rights d. all of the choices are correct. CORRECT

An arrest warrant is issued only if substantial and trustworthy evidence supports what two conclusions?

b. a violation of the law has been committed, and the person to be arrested committed the violation

It was the common-plea decisions made by judges in eyre that formed the body of legal precedent that became known as the:

common law.

Which of the following has been referred to as "the conceptual heart of judicial administration in the new millennium"?

caseflow management

When defendants plead nolo contendre, they:

do not admit guilt but are willing to accept punishment.

Which of the following is NOT provided by the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime?

it allows member countries to relinquish their sovereignty or jurisdictional integrity to another country to foster the apprehension of transnational organized crime members

The right to counsel may be waived, but only if the waiver is made:

knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily.

A(n) ____ is a very short-term (for instance, 24- to 48-hour) holding facility.

lockup

Which of the following is usually NOT a county law enforcement function?

protecting the governor and the capitol grounds and buildings

Which of the following is NOT a way that high-level bilateral and multilateral assistance treaties have fostered increased cooperation among law enforcement agencies around the world?

they allow the law enforcement officers of one country to pursue fugitives in another country, to arrest them, and to return them to the country with original jurisdiction