STRAT 5750, CHAPTER 2

Discuss the difference between a company's existing direct competitors and its substitutes and discuss the role substitutes play in an industry.

Answer: The products or services provided by a firm's rivals meet approximately the same customers' needs in the same ways as the products or services provided by the firm itself, while substitutes meet approximately the same customers' needs but do so in different ways. Substitutes place a ceiling on the prices firms in an industry can charge and on the profits firms in an industry can earn.

Within the five forces framework, the five most common threats facing firms from their competitive environment include each of the following except A) substitutes. B) complementors. C) suppliers. D) buyers.

B) complementors.

________ is/are the distribution of individuals in a society in terms of age, sex, marital status, income, ethnicity, and other personal attributes that may determine buying patterns. A) Demographics B) Economics C) Technological trends D) Culture

A) Demographics

Which of the following statements regarding substitutes is accurate? A) In the extreme, substitutes can ultimately replace an industry's products or services. B) Substitutes place a floor on the prices firms in an industry can charge and on the profits firms in an industry can earn. C) Substitutes rarely impact the profitability that firms in an industry can earn. D) The importance of substitutes in reducing the profit potential in a wide variety of industries is decreasing.

A) In the extreme, substitutes can ultimately replace an industry's products or services.

________ are resources required to successfully compete in an industry. A) Strategically valuable assets B) Technological leader strategies C) Process innovations D) Product innovations

A) Strategically valuable assets

Which of the following attributes makes suppliers a stronger threat? A) The supplier's industry is dominated by a small number of firms. B) The product or service provided by suppliers is not highly differentiated. C) Suppliers are threatened by substitutes. D) Suppliers are not able to engage in forward vertical integration.

A) The supplier's industry is dominated by a small number of firms.

For BidBuy, services such as those offered by DollarDog that make BidBuy's services more valuable for customers who use the services of both companies are best described as A) complementors. B) substitutes. C) rivals. D) suppliers.

A) complementors.

A(n) ________ is any individual, group, or organization outside a firm that seeks to reduce the level of that firm's performance. A) environmental threat B) environmental opportunity C) environmental equalizer D) competitive advantage

A) environmental threat

The advantages that come to firms that make important strategic and technological decisions early in the development of an industry are known as ________ advantages. A) first-mover B) competitive C) comparative D) emerging

A) first-mover

An industry in which a large number of small or medium-sized firms operate and no small set of firms has dominant market share or creates dominant technologies is known as a(n) ________ industry. A) fragmented B) consolidated C) mature D) emerging

A) fragmented

Industries in which a large number of small or medium-sized firms operate and no small set of firms has dominant market share or creates dominant technologies are called ________ industries. A) fragmented B) mature C) emerging D) declining

A) fragmented

The threat of suppliers in the hardwood furniture can best be described as A) low because there are a large number of suppliers selling an undifferentiated product. B) high because there are a large number of suppliers selling an undifferentiated product. C) moderate because the large number of suppliers is offset by the undifferentiated products they are selling. D) moderate because of the slowing growth rate in the industry and the commodity nature of the products produced by suppliers.

A) low because there are a large number of suppliers selling an undifferentiated product.

Firms in industries characterized by ________ can expect to earn only competitive parity. A) perfect competition B) monopolistic competition C) oligopoly D) monopoly

A) perfect competition

When activity in an economy is relatively low for a short period of time, the economy is said to be in a A) recession. B) depression. C) prosperous cycle. D) boom.

A) recession.

In this example, composite wood furniture would be an example of a(n) A) substitute. B) rival. C) new entrant. D) complementor.

A) substitute.

Describe the difference between a competitor and a complementor and identify the role complementors play in an industry.

Answer: A firm is a competitor if your customers value your product less when they have this other firm's product than when they have your product alone. On the other hand, another firm is a complementor if your customers value your products more when they have this other firm's product than when they have your product alone. It is possible for a firm to be a complementor for some firms and competitors for others and it is also possible for a single firm to be both a competitor and a complementor, especially in industries where it is important to create technological standards.

What are customer-switching costs?

Answer: Customer-switching costs exist when customers make investments in order to use a firm's particular products or services. These investments tie customers to a particular firm and make it more difficult for customers to begin purchasing from other firms.

What is a harvest strategy?

Answer: In a harvest strategy, which is usually employed in a declining industry, the firm engages in a long, systematic withdrawal, extracting as much value as possible during the withdrawal period. This can work if there is some value to harvest.

Identify the five most common threats facing firms from their local competitive environment that are represented in the five forces framework, and discuss under what conditions firms in a specific industry are most likely to earn an above average profit and when they are likely to earn a below average profit.

Answer: The five threats that constitute the five forces framework include the threat from new competition, the threat from competition among existing companies, the threat of substitutes, the threat of suppliers, and the threat of buyers. When all five threats are low, competition begins to approach what economists call a monopoly and firms are able to earn above average profits. Alternatively, when all five forces are very high, competition begins to approach perfect competition and the best firms can hope to earn is competitive parity.

Identify the four generic industry structures and the specific strategic opportunities in each of these industries.

Answer: The four generic industry structures are fragmented industries, emerging industries, mature industries, and declining industries. Fragmented industries are industries in which a large number of small or medium-sized firms operate and no small set of firms has dominant market share or creates dominant technologies. The major opportunity facing firms in fragmented industries is the implementation of strategies that begin to consolidate the industry into smaller firms. Emerging industries are newly created, or newly recreated industries formed by technological innovations, changes in demand, and the emergence of new customer needs. The opportunities that face firms in emerging industries fall into the general category of first-mover advantages or making important strategic and technological decisions early in the development of an industry. Mature industries are those experiencing slowing growth in total industry demand, the development of experienced repeat customers, a slowdown in increases in production capacity, a slow-down in the introduction of new products and services, an increase in the amount of international competition, and overall reduction in the profitability of firms in the industry. Opportunities for firms in mature industries focus on a greater emphasis on refining a firm's current products, on increasing the quality of service, on reducing manufacturing costs, and on increasing quality through process innovations. A declining industry is an industry that has experienced an absolute decline in unit sales over a sustained period of time. The major strategic options that face firms in this kind of industry are leadership, niche, harvest and divestment.

Identify and clearly distinguish between the four strategic options available to firms in a declining industry.

Answer: The four major strategic options available to firms in a declining industry are leadership, niche, harvest and divestment. One strategy is for a firm to position itself to become a market leader in the pre-shakeout industry by becoming the firm with the largest market share in that industry. The purpose of becoming the marker leader is to facilitate the exit of firms that are not likely to survive a shakeout. A firm following a niche strategy in a declining industry reduces its scope of operations and focuses on narrow segments of the declining industry. Firms pursuing a harvest strategy engage in a long, systematic, phased withdrawal, extracting as much value as possible during the withdrawal period. Finally, firms pursuing divestment extract a firm from the declining industry, but do so soon after a pattern of decline is established in an industry.

Identify the four types of competition, the attributes of each type and the expected performance under each.

Answer: The four types of competition include perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. Perfect competition is characterized by a large number of firms, homogeneous products and low cost entry and exit. Firms in these industries can expect to earn only competitive parity. Monopolistic competition is characterized by a large number of firms, heterogeneous products and low cost entry and exit. Firms in such industries can earn a competitive advantage. Oligopoly is characterized by a small number of firms, homogeneous products, and costly entry and exit; firms in such industries can earn a competitive advantage. Finally, monopoly is characterized by one firm and costly entry. Firms in such industries can earn a competitive advantage.

Identify the six interrelated elements that comprise a firm's general environment.

Answer: The six interrelated elements of a firm's general environment include technological change, demographic trends, cultural trends, the economic climate, legal and political conditions and specific international events.

Identify and define the three elements of the S-C-P model.

Answer: The three elements of the S-C-P model are structure, which in this model refers to industry structure, measured by such factors as the number of competitors in an industry, the heterogeneity of products in an industry, and the cost of entry and exit in an industry, conduct, which refers to the strategies that firms in an industry implement and performance, which includes both the performance of individual firms and the performance of the economy as a whole.

________ are advantages that come to firms that make important strategic and technological decisions early in the development of an industry. A) Visionary advantages B) First-mover advantages C) Comparative advantages D) Missionary advantages

B) First-mover advantages

Which of the following is the best example of forward vertical integration? A) a car dealership opening up its own automobile manufacturing plant B) a car company opening its own dealerships to sell its products directly to customers C) a car company opening its own chain of video rental stores D) a car company opening a plant to product motorcycles

B) a car company opening its own dealerships to sell its products directly to customers

The products or services provided by a firm's direct competitors meet ________ customer needs in ________ ways as the product provided by the firm itself. A) different; the same B) approximately the same; the same C) different; different D) approximately the same; different

B) approximately the same; the same

The most promising opportunity for a firm in a declining industry is to A) establish itself as a first mover in the post-shakeout industry. B) become a market leader in the pre-shakeout industry. C) become a fast follower in the pre-shakeout industry. D) merge with another firm.

B) become a market leader in the pre-shakeout industry.

If your customers value your products more when they have your product and another firm's product rather than when they have your product alone, the other firm is considered to be a A) competitor. B) complementor. C) rival. D) substitute.

B) complementor.

Based on the above description, the hardwood furniture industry can best be described as a(n) ________ industry. A) emerging B) fragmented C) consolidated D) declining

B) fragmented

The ________ consists of broad trends in the context in which a firm operates that can have an impact on a firm's strategic choices. A) micro-environment B) general environment C) task environment D) internal environment

B) general environment

Which type of competition is characterized by a large number of firms, heterogeneous products and low cost of entry and exit? A) perfect competition B) monopolistic competition C) oligopoly D) monopoly

B) monopolistic competition

Firms that have either recently begun operations in an industry or that threaten to begin operations in an industry soon are considered to be ________ in the five forces framework. A) barriers to entry B) new competitors C) suppliers D) buyers

B) new competitors

Civil wars, political coups, terrorism, wars between countries, famines, and country or regional economic recessions are all examples of which element of the general environment? A) demographics B) specific international events C) economics D) culture

B) specific international events

________ costs exist when customers make investments in order to use a firm's particular products or services. A) First-mover-switching B) Technological leadership-switching C) Customer-switching D) Process-switching

C) Customer-switching

________ exist when a firm's costs rise as a function of its volume of production. A) Economies of scale B) Economies of scope C) Diseconomies of scale D) Learning curve effects

C) Diseconomies of scale

________ make a wide variety of raw materials, labor and other critical assets available to firms. A) Buyers B) Rivals C) Suppliers D) Substitutes

C) Suppliers

Mature industries are characterized by A) an increase in total industry demand. B) faster increases in production capacity. C) a slowdown in the introduction of new products or services. D) a decrease in the amount of international competition.

C) a slowdown in the introduction of new products or services.

In the S-C-P model, ________ refers to the strategies that firms in an industry implement. A) structure B) strategy C) conduct D) performance

C) conduct

The threat of direct competition tends to be high when A) there are few firms in an industry and these firms tend to be unequal in size. B) the industry growth rate is higher. C) firms are unable to differentiate their products. D) production capacity can be added in small increments.

C) firms are unable to differentiate their products.

BidBuy has a ________ advantage. A) visionary B) global C) first-mover D) comparative

C) first-mover

A consolidation strategy is a good option in what type of industry? A) mature B) emerging C) fragmented D) declining

C) fragmented

The level of direct competition in the hardwood furniture industry can best be described as A) low because of the numerous firms in the industry and the slowing growth rate. B) low because of the slowing growth rate and the competition from composite wood furniture. C) high because of the numerous firms in the industry and the slowing growth rate. D) moderate because the slowing growth rate offsets the numerous firms in the industry.

C) high because of the numerous firms in the industry and the slowing growth rate.

Frequent price cutting by firms in an industry, frequent introduction of new products by firms in an industry and intense advertising campaigns are indications of A) high power of buyers. B) high threat of new entrants. C) high levels of direct competition. D) high threat of substitutes.

C) high levels of direct competition.

All of the following are elements of the general environment except A) technological trends. B) demographic trends. C) industrial trends. D) cultural trends.

C) industrial trends.

The threat of buyers in this industry is best described as A) high because there are many suppliers, none of which represents a significant portion of the hardwood furniture industry's sales. B) low because of the slow industry growth and the commodity nature of the suppliers. C) low because there are many suppliers, none of which represents a significant portion of the hardwood furniture industry's sales. D) high because of the slow industry growth and the commodity nature of the suppliers.

C) low because there are many suppliers, none of which represents a significant portion of the hardwood furniture industry's sales.

Which of the following best describes the competition in the U.S. online auction industry? A) perfect competition B) monopolistic competition C) oligopoly D) monopoly

C) oligopoly

Which type of competition is characterized by a small number of firms, homogeneous products and costly entry and exit? A) perfect competition B) monopolistic competition C) oligopoly D) monopoly

C) oligopoly

Buyers tend to have less power when A) a firm has only one buyer, or a small number of buyers. B) the products or services being sold to buyers are standard and not differentiated. C) the supplies they purchase are an insignificant portion of the costs of their final products. D) they are not earning significant economic profits.

C) the supplies they purchase are an insignificant portion of the costs of their final products.

All other things being equal, which of the following would lead to lower barriers to entry in an industry? A) The existence of economies of scale in the industry B) Products are highly differentiated in the industry. C) Industry incumbents have learning-curve cost advantages. D) Raw materials are widely and readily available at a competitive price.

D) Raw materials are widely and readily available at a competitive price.

The products or services provided by a firm's substitutes meet ________ customer needs in ________ ways as the product provided by the firm itself. A) different; the same B) approximately the same; the same C) different; different D) approximately the same; different

D) approximately the same; different

The values, beliefs and norms that guide behavior in a society are known as A) climate. B) demographics. C) economics. D) culture.

D) culture.

Factors such as BidBuy's feedback rating system that are valuable to the company's customers but which are not useful on other online auction sites are examples of A) first-mover advantages. B) complementors. C) substitutes. D) customer-switching costs.

D) customer-switching costs.

If Hickory Divine were to open its own chain of furniture stores, this would be an example of A) complementors. B) backward vertical integration. C) consolidation. D) forward vertical integration.

D) forward vertical integration.

Firms in a declining industry that engage in a long, systematic phased withdrawal from the industry, extracting as much value as possible during the withdrawal period, are following a(n) ________ strategy. A) niche B) expansion C) divestment D) harvest

D) harvest

In a perfectly competitive industry, A) there are relatively few firms operating in the industry. B) the products and services sold by firms in the industry are very different from each other. C) it is very costly for firms to enter the industry. D) it is not very costly for firms to enter or exit the industry.

D) it is not very costly for firms to enter or exit the industry.

The major opportunity facing firms in fragmented industries is A) refining their current products and emphasizing an increase in service quality. B) developing new products and technologies. C) creating a first-mover advantage through technological leadership. D) the implementation of strategies that began to consolidate the industry into a smaller number of firms.

D) the implementation of strategies that began to consolidate the industry into a smaller number of firms.

Overall, the average level of performance in an industry is likely to be highest when A) the threat level of all five forces is high. B) the threat level of rivalry and substitutes is low, but the threat level of suppliers, buyers and new entrants is high. C) the threat level of rivalry, substitutes and new entrants is high, but the threat level of buyers and supplies is low. D) the threat level of all five forces is low.

D) the threat level of all five forces is low.

In general, first-mover advantages can arise from any of these sources except A) technological leadership. B) preemption of strategically valuable assets. C) the creation of customer switching costs. D) using an imitative strategy to introduce improved versions of competitors' new products.

D) using an imitative strategy to introduce improved versions of competitors' new products.