study guide soc

Examples of __________ include peers, families, and schools. a. agents of socialization b. cultural bodies c. social media d. cultured capacities

a. agents of socialization

.Max is conducting a breaching experiment in which he gives a long, detailed response every time someone passing by asks him, "What's up?" or "How are you?" even though he knows these are just customary greetings and not actual questions. This surprises, bewilders, and strongly annoys some of the people. In this experiment, Max is refusing to a. cooperate in conversation. b. symbolically interact. c. save face. d. perform a role-identity match.

a. cooperate in conversation.

When a person thinks that cultures to which they do not belong are bad, weird, or even disturbing, they are engaging in a. ethnocentrism. b. cultural relativism. c. cultural competence. d. cultural cognition.

a. ethnocentrism.

Arielle sees Ty smiling. Arielle's brain smiles with them. Arielle does not just understand that Ty is happy; she actually feels happy. According to the textbook, what is directly responsible for this? a. mirror neurons b. socialization c. coding d. self-fulfilling prophecy

a. mirror neurons

__________ have to do with meanings attached to certain physical features, whereas __________ have to do with distinctive cultures. a. Statuses; social identities b. Races; ethnicities c. Ethnicities; races d. Social identities; statuses

b. Races; ethnicities

Attitudinal bias against individuals based on their membership in a social group is known as a. a status belief. b. prejudice. c. hierarchy. d. stereotyping.

b. prejudice.

.__________ is associated with the terms masculinity and femininity, whereas __________ is associated with the terms male and female. a. Sex; gender b. Status; sex c. Gender; sex d. Sex; status

c. Gender; sex

The process of rationalization is MOST closely associated with which of the following types of thought? a. premodern b. postmodern c. modern d. traditional

c. modern

The shift from foraging to agriculture led to population growth, the emergence of cities, and eventually the rise of a. small kin groups. b. traditional authority .c. nation-states. d. crop cultivation.

c. nation-states.

Echo was pulled over by a police officer for speeding on the highway. To avoid a ticket, she tried to justify her rule breaking by saying that it was not her fault she was speeding; all the other vehicles were driving over the speed limit, so she felt pressured to do so as well because it felt unsafe to have everyone passing her. In the terms of neutralization theory, which type of rationalization is this? a. denial of the victim b. denial of responsibility c. condemnation of the condemners d. appeal to higher loyalties

b. denial of responsibility

.Shared ideas about how human life should be organized are known as a. institutions. b. ideologies. c. rationalities. d. modes of thought.

b. ideologies.

6.Social rules, such as _______, guide our social interactions. a. norms. b. accounts. c. identities. d. breaches.

d. breaches.

Learning a martial art such as karate or taekwondo from a teacher is an example of a. a cultured capacity. b. self-socialization. c. culture shock. d. cultural relativism.

a cultured capacity.

George Herbert Mead suggested that our selves have a(n) __________ that does the thinking as well as a(n) __________ that is thought about. a. I; me b. me; I c. I; other d. other; I

a. I; me

__________ is the idea that we are socialized into culturally specific moralities that guide our feelings about right and wrong. a. The culture-as-values thesis b. Cultural relativism c. The culture-as-rationale thesis d. Cultural cognition

a. The culture-as-values thesis

A study found that when one of our social ties is happy, our likelihood of being happy increases by 15 percent. According to the textbook, this research finding illustrates the concept of a. contagion. b. homophily. c. interpersonal socialization. d. social learning.

a. contagion.

Crystal was seventeen years old when her mother died from a long fight with breast cancer. Crystal was at her mother's hospital bedside and witnessed her mother take her last breath. Over the years, Crystal would replay this scene repeatedly in her mind, strengthening the memory of her mother's final moment alive. However, the memory she holds in her mind is unlikely to be accurate. This is because a. each time we recall a memory, we add the recollection to the memory itself that distorts it over time. b. recalling memories keeps them fresh in our minds. c. memories become strengthened over time so long as the story we tell of the memory remains intact. d. memories become distorted with each recollection in the long term, but they are deepened in the short term.

a. each time we recall a memory, we add the recollection to the memory itself that distorts it over time.

Gig work is associated with postmodern thought because it is a. flexible. b. rigid. c. rational. d. efficient.

a. flexible

in the 1960s, the sociologist Harold Garfinkel studied and explored __________ social rules. a. foundational b. symbolic c. sacred d. dramaturgical

a. foundational

Diego is an aspiring artist. As they take the stage for their first time to perform for a live audience, they tap into their ideas of how other performance artists will evaluate them. In doing so, Diego is taking the perspective of the a. generalized other. b. significant self. c. introverted self. d. extroverted othe

a. generalized other.

Connor has noticed that when he makes new friends, they tend to share his political views and religious affiliation. He is observing the phenomenon known as a. homophily. b. self-socialization. c. contagion. d. social construc

a. homophily.

Amir wants his new classmates to think he is very smart, so he uses big words as much as possible when talking with them. Amir is engaging in a. impression management. b. breaching. c. back stage performance. d. a taboo.

a. impression management.

.The process of assigning a deviant identity to an individual is known as a. labeling. b. criminalization. c. differential association. d. rationalization.

a. labeling

The blood quantum rule was enacted into law in order to a. limit who could legally identify as American Indian. b. provide legal recognition of multiracial people. c. limit who could be legally recognized as White. d. classify individuals as cisgender or transgender.

a. limit who could legally identify as American Indian.

With their efficient operations, predictable products, and use of nonhuman technology, megachurches illustrate the __________ aspects of religion as a social institution. a. modern b. ideological c. premodern d. postmodern

a. modern

Some people who experience strain do not engage in deviant behavior. According to differential association theory, this is because a. not everybody knows someone who can teach how to do deviant things. b. some people are naturally inclined to deviance, and some are not. c. not everybody lives in dysfunctional neighborhoods. d. some people are able to neutralize the strain, and others are not.

a. not everybody knows someone who can teach how to do deviant things.

Which term did Max Weber use to describe the process of embracing reason and using it to increase human activities' efficiency and effectiveness? a. rationalization b. McDonaldization c. bureaucracy d. modernization

a. rationalization

To some, a skateboard is seen as a nuisance and risk, whereas to others it is seen as a symbol of freedom and fun. Given these varying interpretations, a skateboard would be considered a a. social construct. b. social media. c. symbolic structure. d. subculture.

a. social construct

Family, law, health, religion, and education are all examples of a. social institutions. b. social organizations. c. traditions. d. bureaucracies.

a. social institutions

The recognition that other minds exist, followed by the realization that we can try to imagine others' mental states, is referred to as a. the theory of mind. b. the looking-glass self. c. mind matter. d. mirror neurons.

a. the theory of mind.

According to Émile Durkheim, it benefits society for the public to have occasional opportunities to express mass disapproval of something its members believe is wrong. This is because occasional instances of mass disapproval help prevent a. social disorganization. b. anomie. c. neutralization. d. collective effervescence.

b. anomie

Most social science research methods facilitate assertions that changes in an independent variable correspond to changes in a dependent variable. Such assertions are called __________ claims. a. causal b. correlational c. narrative d. experimental

b. correlational

When a person notes a difference between their culture and another's but refrains from criticizing the other culture because of it, they are embracing a. ethnocentrism. b. cultural relativism. c. cultural competence. d. cultural cognition.

b. cultural relativism.

A person lives in a society where couples, families, and friends frequently must separate and spend long periods of time away from each other due to the demands of the economy. According to Émile Durkheim, which type of suicide would this person be most likely to die of? a. fatalistic b. egoistic c. anomic d. altruistic

b. egoistic

Timothy lives in the United States, where becoming wealthy is a widely valued goal. He was born into a poor family, lacks an education, and is stuck in a lowwage job in a rural community without many economic opportunities. In pursuit of the goal of becoming wealthy, he begins breaking into homes and stealing things to sell. In Robert Merton's terms, Timothy is a(n) a. rebel. b. innovator. c. ritualist. d. conformis

b. innovator

In the 1950s, sociologist (and jazz pianist) Howard Becker identified three steps to becoming a marijuana smoker, one of which was a. learning the slang terms, such as weed and grass. b. learning to recognize the effects. c. becoming psychologically warped and immoral. d. learning to use a lighter

b. learning to recognize the effects.

Laws are a. always mores. b. made and enforced by governments. c. made and enforced by organizations. d. always taboos.

b. made and enforced by governments

Consider that the basketball league with only male players is called the National Basketball Association, whereas the basketball league with only female players is called the Women's National Basketball Association. This exemplifies the fact that woman is a(n) a. unmarked identity. b. marked identity. c. backstage role. d. social face.

b. marked identity

Xan does not believe there is one absolute truth. Instead, they think all people have their own versions of the truth because each person experiences reality differently. Xan's mode of thought would be best described as a. premodern. b. postmodern. c. modern. d. traditional.

b. postmodern

Talib got caught stealing a candy bar from the corner store, and the owner decided to press charges against him for shoplifting. Now, Talib will have a criminal record. In addition, the whole neighborhood thinks he is a thief. The act of stealing the candy bar is an example of a. secondary deviance. b. primary deviance. c. social disorganization. d. white-collar crime.

b. primary deviance.

Social network analysis is a research method that involves the mapping of __________ and exchanges between them. a. symbolic structures b. social ties c. agents of socialization d. social constructs

b. social ties

Throughout a person's life, they are continually in the process of learning and becoming a member of their culture. Sociologists call this process a. homophily. b. socialization. c. social construction. d. contagion.

b. socialization

Biosocial research methods investigate relationships between __________ variables and __________ ones. a. cultural; social b. sociological; biological c. biological; physical d. embodied; mediated

b. sociological; biological

__________ is the idea that we are socialized to know a set of culturally specific arguments with which we can justify why we feel something is right or wrong. a. The culture-as-values thesis b. Cultural relativism c. The culture-as-rationale thesis d. Cultural cognition

c. The culture-as-rationale thesis

The front stage refers to a. a private or semiprivate space in which we can relax or rehearse. b. a research method that involves a test of a hypothesis outside the laboratory. c. a public space in which we are aware of having an audience. d. moments we share with other people.

c. a public space in which we are aware of having an audience.

.Behaviors and beliefs that violate social expectations and attract negative sanctions are known as a. strain. b. disorganization. c. deviance. d. anomie.

c. deviance.

The Driscoll Middle School football team, who scored a goal with a trick play and received widespread backlash for it, did not violate any formal rules. However, the players did violate a(n) a. breach. b. taboo. c. ethnomethod. d. policy.

c. ethnomethod.

Under a totalitarian dictatorship, all citizens' movements are closely tracked, and their opportunities to improve their quality of life or to escape are severely restricted. According to Émile Durkheim, which type of suicide would such citizens be most likely to die of? a. egoistic b. anomic c. fatalistic d. altruistic

c. fatalistic

Nation-states differ from earlier ways of organizing societies in that they a. have a small territory. b. are composed of multiple powerful city-states. c. have the power to grant or deny citizenship rights. d. are composed of small foraging groups.

c. have the power to grant or deny citizenship rights.

A group of researchers tested whether wearing cologne changed men's behaviors in ways that made them more attractive to women. Thirty-five men were randomly assigned to apply a scented or unscented body spray and then to introduce themselves to a hypothetical "attractive woman" while being filmed. A panel of women were then asked to watch the videos and judge the men's attractiveness. They were not told that the men had been given body spray of any kind, and they were unable to smell the men. In this study, the use of scented or unscented body spray was the a. control variable. b. hypothesis. c. independent variable. d. dependent variable.

c. independent variable.

The printing press, broadcast radio, television, and the internet are all considered forms of a. social media. b. cultured capacities. c. mass media. d. symbolic structures.

c. mass media.

Yazmin plans to go to law school. Her aunt is a high-profile lawyer who Yazmin respects professionally and personally. Because her aunt has fallen into a group of generalized others that Yazmin identifies as important, she tends to take her aunt's reflections a. as seriously as she takes the reflections of other people. b. less seriously. c. more seriously. d. more seriously than all other groups she respects

c. more seriously.

Which sociological theory of deviance focuses on how people overcome their reluctance to break rules by coming up with rationales for doing so? a. labeling b. social disorganization c. neutralization d. strain

c. neutralization

After seeing some racist graffiti on a visit to the South, President Lyndon B. Johnson reportedly said the following to his staffer regarding how politicians stoke racial division in order to empower themselves: "If you can convince the lowest White man he's better than the best colored man, he won't notice you're picking his pocket. Hell, give him somebody to look down on, and he'll empty his pockets for you." A sociologist may say that this exploitation is made possible by the __________ that White people were receiving. a. positive distinction b. blood quantum c. psychological wage d. stigma

c. psychological wage

Arnav wants to go to the skate park and learn how to skateboard, but he worries about fitting in and being liked by the other skaters. He is attempting to overcome his hesitance by observing the skaters from a distance and imagining interactions he would have with them. In this instance, Arnav is engaging in a. interpersonal socialization. b. media socialization. c. self-socialization. d. cultural relativism.

c. self-socialization.

Normality is something we make together with other people through a. mores. b. interpersonal discrimination. c. social interaction. d. field experiments.

c. social interaction

The term social media refers to a. webs of ties that link us to each other. b. overlapping networks of meaning. c. social networks mediated on the internet. d. a constellation of social constructs.

c. social networks mediated on the internet.

.Which of the following studies the interface between the individual and society and argues that we cannot understand either our psychologies or our societies independently of each other? a. sociology b. psychology c. social psychology d. life history

c. social psychology

persistent sorting of social groups into enduring hierarchies is known as a. a division of labor. b. social organization. c. social stratification. d. social structure

c. social stratification.

.If the thought of doing something makes you sick to your stomach or invokes some strong negative emotion, then it most likely would violate a(n) a. account b. ethnomethodology c. taboo d. law

c. taboo

3.A doctor who commits fraud by billing patients' insurance companies for medical treatments not actually provided is engaging in a. social disorganization. b. secondary deviance. c. white-collar crime. d. anomie

c. white-collar crime.

__________ is a term used to describe the process by which more and more parts of life are made efficient, predictable, calculable, and controllable by nonhuman technologies. a. Organization b. Industrialization c. Integration d. McDonaldization

d. McDonaldization

__________ is the entire set of interlocking social institutions that provides a relatively stable framework for social life. a. The nation-state b. Ideology c. Bureaucracy d. Social structure

d. Social structure

The textbook describes the global Covid-19 pandemic as an unsettled time. What is different about our relationships in settled times versus unsettled times? a. We must think harder about what we believe, how we act, and why in settled times than when we are in unsettled times. b. We have more well-worn habits of thought and behavior in unsettled times than when we are in settled times. c. We must reconsider our values and adopt new norms in settled times in a way we are not required to in unsettled times. d. We must be more thoughtful about what we believe, value, and do in unsettled times than when we are in settled times.

d. We must be more thoughtful about what we believe, value, and do in unsettled times than when we are in settled times.

.Miles would like to study how race and class have shaped drug laws in the United States and the current inequalities in the administration of these laws. Which theory would be MOST relevant for the research on this topic? a. structural functionalism b. social disorganization theory c. differential association theory d. conflict theory

d. conflict theory

A defining characteristic of social organizations is that they a. do not have clear goals. b. are informal. c. are usually unplanned and haphazard. d. have divisions of labor

d. have divisions of labor

Urbanization, industrial capitalism, and World War II laid the groundwork for the emergence of homosexuality as an identity. This example illustrates which step in the process of social identity construction? a. divide b. stereotype c. perform d. invent

d. invent

The concept of the __________ describes the process by which the self emerges from imagining what other people think about us. a. I b. me c. other d. looking-glass self

d. looking-glass self

As we grow older, we are expected to change in terms of our behavior and how we present ourselves. Age is not just something we are but something we do. This illustrates which of the five steps in the social identity construction process? a. rank b. stereotype c. divide d. perform

d. perform

The religious experiment that calls itself "Emerging" rejects fixed orthodoxy and instead aims to foster dialogue among spiritual people. This illustrates the __________ aspects of religion as a social institution. a. modern b. rational c. premodern d. postmodern

d. postmodern

Which sociological theory of deviance focuses on the characteristics of neighborhoods? a. strain b. labeling c. neutralization d. social disorganization

d. social disorganization

.Which of the following is the theory that society is a system of necessary, synchronized parts that work together to create social stability? a. strain theory b. neutralization theory c. conflict theory d. structural functionalism

d. structural functionalism

It does not take much for humans to form groups; we will do it for the most trivial of reasons. This is called a. positive distinction. b. doing identity. c. status belief. d. the minimal group paradigm.

d. the minimal group paradigm.

Karina and her research assistant, Bob, collect and analyze data on the ways in which depictions of older and younger people differ in popular television shows. The research method they are using in their study is most likely a. computational sociology. b. content analysis. c. social identity theory. d. the minimal group paradigm.

b. content analysis

Being unable to afford housing, missing a tooth, and having certain kinds of physical disabilities are all examples of attributes that carry a. stigma. b. social identities. c. stereotypes. d. positive distinctions.

a. stigma.

Which of the following is a sociological lesson that can be taken away from the story of the survivors of the Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 crash? a. There is a universal taboo against cannibalism. b. Things that are considered deviant can be redefined as the norm. c. Stigmatization is unavoidable when it comes to cannibalism and other taboos. d. Deviance is rooted in the individual, not in society

b. Things that are considered deviant can be redefined as the norm.

Which of the following is one of the processes by which acts, attitudes, or appearances come to be collectively defined as deviant? a. rationalization b. neutralization c. medicalization d. social disorganization

c. medicalization

Controlling images demean, diminish, or demonize social groups a. that are low status. b. with high status. c. that are intersectional. d. with few stereotypes.

a. that are low status.

Which of the following would MOST likely be an example of a bureaucracy? a. a college or university b. a small church in a rural town c. a group of moms who get together weekly at a park d. an informal study group for a notoriously difficult class

a. a college or university

in comparative sociology, what is being compared? a. cases b. modes of thought c. divisions of labor d. ideologies

a. cases

.Christopher Knight had lived in the woods and away from other people for a long time. Without the occasional burglary of nearby camp kitchens and lake cabins, he might have completely lost his identity. This is because a. without other people, there were no looking glasses to reflect him. b. without other people, there is a me but no I. c. the generalized other allows only for the I to develop. d. without other people, the self-concept is more stable.

a. without other people, there were no looking glasses to reflect him.

.One way to fend off the negative sanctions for breaking a social rule is to give a(n) __________, which explains our rule breaking but also affirms that the rule is valid. a. breach b. account c. folkway d. sanction

b. account

Youngju works in the financial aid office at her university. She exhibits __________ when she prioritizes the scholarship applications of her fellow liberal arts majors over others. a. the blood quantum rule b. in-group bias c. positive distinction d. explicit attitudes

b. in-group bias

In the postmodern mode of thought, identity is a. discoverable. b. pregiven. c. always in flux d. rational

c. always in flux

Which type of authority is characteristic of bureaucracies? a. traditional b. postmodern c. rational legal d. ideological

c. rational legal

Ankur is a prodigy who graduated from college at the age of twelve and became a professor at Harvard by the age of twenty-three. He is often mistaken for a college student and sometimes feels like he is not being taken seriously. This is an example of a. breaching. b. being out of face. c. a marked identity. d. a role-identity mismatch.

d. a role-identity mismatch.

When we can easily and comfortably navigate our culture, we are exhibiting a. cultured physiques. b. cultured capacities. c. cultural conditioning. d. cultural competence.

d. cultural competence.