Supreme court case

First Amendment (Establishment Clause)

• Engel v. Vitale (1962) School-sanctioned prayer in public schools violates the First Amendment. • Abington School District v. Schempp (1963) Struck down a Pennsylvania law requiring reading of Bible passage at the beginning of each day. • Board of Education of Westside Community School v. Mergens (1990) Upheld Equal Access Act of 1984, which requires high schools to allow religious groups the same access to other extracurricular groups.

Sixth Amendment (Right to an Attorney)

• Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Those who cannot afford an attorney will have one provided by the state. • Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) Criminal suspects have the right to an attorney during police interrogations.

Fourth and Ninth Amendments (Privacy)

• Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Struck down a law preventing the use of contraceptives, thus protecting the right to privacy. • Roe v. Wade (1973) Ruled that it is a woman's constitutional right to privacy to determine whether to terminate a pregnancy.

Fourth Amendment (Search and Seizure)

• Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Evidence found without a search warrant (hence, illegally) had to be thrown out in a court of law.

Classic Marshall Court

• Marbury v. Madison (1803) It formed the basis for the power of judicial review in the under Article 3 of the Constitution. • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) A conflict arose between a state government and the Federal government, with the state government being declared subordinate to the Federal government where laws conflict. Upheld the Supremacy Clause (A6, S2)

Fourteenth Amendment (Due Process Clause)

• Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Suspects must be informed of their right to remain silent and their right to an attorney when under police custody.

First Amendment (Free Assembly)

• NAACP v. Alabama (1958) Freedom of association (the right to assemble in groups) was protected here.

First Amendment (Free Exercise Clause)

• Reynolds v. US (1879) Upheld a law prohibiting polygamy. Distinguished between beliefs that are protected and those that may be restricted. Ruled that religious practices cannot make an act legal that would otherwise be illegal. • Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) Wisconsin could not require Amish kids to attend public school beyond 8th grade since it went against their religion.

First Amendment (Free Speech)

• Schenck v. United States (1919) Ruled that draft protesting could be suppressed during wartime, as it created a "clear and present danger." • Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) Students wearing black armbands in protest of the Vietnam War was symbolic speech protected under the First Amendment.

Miscellaneous Cases

• United States v. Nixon (1974) The President's "Executive Privilege" was limited by this case • Wabash v. Illinois (1886) Severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce. Led the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Fourteenth Amendment (Equal Protection Clause)

Civil Rights, Women's Rights, Minority Rights, and Homosexual Rights) • Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) Held that people of African descent were not legal persons and could not be United States citizens. • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation, even in public accommodations, under the doctrine of "separate but equal." • Korematsu v. United States (1944) Upheld that Japanese internment was constitutional. Only Supreme Court case in which the Court, using a strict test for possible racial discrimination, upheld a restriction on civil liberties. The case has since been severely criticized for sanctioning racism. • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Ruled that "separate educational facilities were inherently unequal." Desegregated schools. • Regents of the University of California at Davis v. Bakke (1978) Barred quota systems in college admissions (ruled the system had denied Bakke equal protection), but upheld the constitutionality of affirmative action by giving equal access to minorities in the competition for available spaces. • United States v. Virginia (1996) Court struck down the Virginia Military Institute's long standing male-only admission policy.