SUST exam 2

What percent of the current world population lives within 10 miles of a river? A. 90% B. 55% C. 42% D. 17%

A. 90%

What evidence did archeologists use to determine where, when, and how humans migrated through the Arabian Peninsula? A. Nubian point tools along the coast and in coastal mountain caves. B. Nubian point tools made from chert along inland river beds. C. Emiran tools along the inland river beds. D. The climate at that time meant that inland areas were dry and inhospitable.

B. Nubian point tools made from chert along inland river beds.

When the first humans migrated into SE Asia into Australia, why was the world in a warm period? A. A long ice age just finished. B. The world was not in a warm period, but rather still in an ice age. C. The world was receiving more sunlight. D. None of the above.

B. The world was not in a warm period, but rather still in an ice age.

Why is it an important discovery that some of our early ancestors migrated out of Africa and through southern Arabia? A. Arabian descendants would later develop Emiran tools. B. It was a secondary path toward the Levant in the Middle East. C. Arabia was a green oasis where humans lived for 50,000 years. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

Crossing the Sinai Peninsula to reach the Levant. Northern Route or Southern Route

Northern Route

Homo erectus was in the same genus as Homo sapiens, but had different skull morphology. True or False?

True

Neanderthals were better adapted to the colder climate in Eurasia because of their tall and slim body shape which helped them conserve heat. True or False?

false

Crossing the Red Sea near Bab-el-Mandeb to reach the Arabian Peninsula. Northern Route or Southern Route

Southern Route

Why are the remains found in the Tam Pa Ling cave important? A. They show that humans migrated to Asia on an inland path. B. They prove that humans left Africa at least 70,000 years ago. C. They are the oldest evidence of humans in Southeast Asia. D. They show that humans used large river systems like the Mekong River to migrate

all

What traits may have allowed early human ancestors to first leave Africa? A. Diet with more meat B. Agriculture C. Striding gait D. Intelligence E. Tools

A. Diet with more meat C. Striding gait D. Intelligence E. Tools

Why is the Levant (a historic area in the Eastern Mediterranean) important? A. It was intermittently occupied by early humans during the waves of migration out of Africa. B. It is where humans first originated. C. It is the crossroads of Western Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean, and Northeast Africa. D. It is where Homo sapiens first encounter archaic humans outside of Africa.

A. It was intermittently occupied by early humans during the waves of migration out of Africa. C. It is the crossroads of Western Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean, and Northeast Africa. D. It is where Homo sapiens first encounter archaic humans outside of Africa.

What made the trail of the first people in Asia difficult for archeologists to follow? A. Materials likely used by these first peoples for tools, like bamboo, are not well preserved. B. Thick forests make the sites difficult to find. C. They only followed a coastal route so the evidence has washed away. D. No settlements were formed so there was not much left behind along the migration.

A. Materials likely used by these first peoples for tools, like bamboo, are not well preserved.

The evidence suggests that humans co-existed with large animals for between 20,000 to 25,000 years after first arriving in Australia, which meant that: A. humans didn't immediately wipe these animals out upon discovering Australia. B. humans immediately wiped these animals out upon discovering Australia.

A. humans didn't immediately wipe these animals out upon discovering Australia.

Which statement is false? A. The Arabian Peninsula dried out dramatically 75,000 years ago. B. The Arabian Peninsula was a vast desert 125,000 years ago. C. Early humans established settlements in southern Arabia 100,000 years ago. D. The design of tools defined the transition between archaic and modern humans.

B. The Arabian Peninsula was a vast desert 125,000 years ago. The Arabian Peninsula was a not vast desert 125,000 years ago, it was a 'green oasis.' Early humans did establish settlements in southern Arabia and lived there for 50,000 years. Then the Arabian Peninsula dried out around 75,000 years ago and the groups in this area then migrated north to the Levant area in the Middle East where they crafted Emiran tools that defined the transition from archaic to modern humans.

Why was the distance traveled by the first humans who migrated into SE Asia and into Australia shorter compared to the distance they would travel today? A. More land was exposed during the ice age due to lower sea level. B. Because of the ice age, more water was trapped as ice in glaciers. C. Both A and B. D. None of the above statements are true.

C. Both A and B.

Which statements are true? A. Neanderthals died out because they were primitive and inferior to Homo sapiens, lacking any social organization or ability to use tools, fire, art, and language. B. All genes that are inherited from Neanderthals are harmful to modern humans. C. Genes that some humans inherited from past interbreeding with Neanderthals can control susceptibility to certain diseases. D. Neanderthals had complex cognitive abilities and behaviors possibly including rituals.

C. Genes that some humans inherited from past interbreeding with Neanderthals can control susceptibility to certain diseases. D. Neanderthals had complex cognitive abilities and behaviors possibly including rituals.

How did climate affect the survival of Homo sapiens versus Neanderthals? A. Homo sapiens were likely more successful in utilizing scarce glacial food resources as compared to Neanderthals, thus outcompeting and slowly absorbing them into their species. B. Homo sapiens were better adapted to a colder climate because they had large nasal chambers that helped warm and humidify the cold and dry air. C. Homo sapiens had higher reproduction rates and resulting faster migration speeds which allowed Homo sapiens to move away from areas that underwent a rapid decline in food resources due to rapid past climate changes and re-populate elsewhere. D. A and C are correct. E. All answers are correct.

D. A and C are correct.

What adaptations allowed humans to migrate from Africa and into Asia? A. Humans used Neaderthals trade routes to migrate into Asia from Africa. B. Humans built boats so they were able to travel along the coasts. C. Humans adapted to coastal environments to find food. D. Humans did what they did in Africa and followed river "highways."

D. Humans did what they did in Africa and followed river "highways."

For the last several hundred thousand years, global sea level and temperatures have increased and decreased together. This is driven by the Milankovitch cycle, which determines how much sunshine (heat) reaches the Northern Hemisphere. The heat influences: A. global temperatures B. land ice volume C. sea levels D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which statement is false? A. Green Sahara periods allowed for a North African corridor and migration out of Africa. B. Green Sahara periods can be identified through cave paintings and fossils of hippos and crocodiles in North Africa regions that are now in dry desert climate (e.g. the Sahara Desert). C. Migration out of Africa through the northern and southern routes occurred in waves. D. Green Sahara periods can be identified through dust records from marine sediments. E. Green Sahara periods were caused by stronger Northern Hemisphere seasons (warmer summers) and stronger African monsoon. F. Homo erectus was much larger than Homo sapiens and was extinct when Homo sapiens emerged.

F. Homo erectus was much larger than Homo sapiens and was extinct when Homo sapiens emerged.

100,000 years ago when humans were migrating through Arabia, the monsoons were weaker which meant that Arabia was wetter and greener than today. True or False?

False

Migration from Africa to Arabia occurred 75,000 years ago when Arabia had lush interconnecting rivers and lakes. True or False?

False

Monsoons lead to more rainfall when there is strong solar radiation on land (strong summers) creating a low pressure system which pulls in ocean winds. True or False?

True

Since carbon dating is only accurate to 50,000 years ago, scientist Sophie Verheyden measured uranium levels of broken stalagmites to date the presence of Neanderthals in the Bruniquel Cave in France (approximately 175,000 years ago!). True or False?

True

Why was the sea level approximately 200 ft lower (compared to present day level) when the first humans migrated into SE Asia and then into Australia at least 65,000 years ago? A. Most of the water was still trapped in continental glaciers. B. It was not lower, but higher compared to present day levels. C. Most of the water was held up in the clouds. D. All of the above.

A. Most of the water was still trapped in continental glaciers.

What role did Neanderthals play in human migration through southern Arabia? A. Neanderthals developed similar tools to the Arabian descendants that created Emiran tools in the Middle East. B. Neanderthals lived in southern Arabia alongside humans. C. Humans followed Neanderthals through southern Arabia to the Levant area. D. Neanderthals interbred with humans in southern Arabia.

A. Neanderthals developed similar tools to the Arabian descendants that created Emiran tools in the Middle East. Neanderthals did develop similar tools to the Arabian descendants that created Emiran tools in the Middle East and it is possible that humans were influenced by the Neanderthal design. However, Neanderthals did not live alongside nor interbreed with humans in southern Arabia (they did in the northern Levant region). Humans did not follow the Neanderthals through southern Arabia.

Why do scientists study Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis)? A. Neanderthals were basic and unsophisticated. B. Neanderthals are still alive today. C. Neanderthals are distant cousins and their behaviors and evolutionary history hold clues to our own identity as Homo sapiens. D. Homo sapiens evolved from Neanderthals. E. Neanderthals never crossed paths with Homo sapiens.

C. Neanderthals are distant cousins and their behaviors and evolutionary history hold clues to our own identity as Homo sapiens

The recent scientific dates from the Madjedbebe rock shelter: A. indicated that humans were in Australia 10,000 to 20,000 years earlier than previously thought, which suggests that modern humans left Africa earlier than previously estimated. B. made archeologists rethink when our species started to colonize Asia. C. suggested that humans were moving through Indonesia at the same time as Homo floresiensis, a now extinct human species also referred to as "the hobbits." D. all of the above.

D. all of the above.

Recent evidence suggest that humans co-existed with large Australian animals (megafauna) such as: A. giant wombats B. giant pigs C. wallabies D. both A and C

D. both A and C giant wombats & wallabies

The discovered artifacts suggest that the first people arrived in Australia at least 65,000 years ago. What were some of the artifacts that were found at the Madjedbebe rock shelter? A. fireplaces B. graves C. painting material D. stone axes E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Migration through Arabia towards Asia occurred along the Oman coast where there were plentiful resources. True or False?

False

Around 100,000 years ago archaic humans (the variety of Homo species before modern humans) first left Africa. True or False?

False There is evidence that archaic humans first left Africa 2,000,000 years ago. Homo sapiens first left Africa approximately 100,000 years ago, though migration on a mass scale began only 60,000 years ago.