systems physiology final

Suppose this is a synapse that cocaine targets. Where does cocaine exert its direct effects? (A) Cell A (B) Protein 4 (C) Protein 3 (D) Channel 1 (E) Cell B

(B) Protein 4

The compartment(s) of the nephron MOST affected by an ACE inhibitor would be... (A) 1 and 2 (B) 4 (C) 5, 6 and 8 (D) 4 and 7 (E) 3 and 4

(A) 1 and 2

Hypothalamic hormones would target... (A) A (B) B (C) Both (D) Neither

(A) A

Aspirin is cardioprotective for its anti-thrombotic properties, which means that it prevents platelets from coagulating to form a blood clot. In cardiovascular practice, aspirin is prescribed to help prevent heart attacks and strokes. Which of the following is true? (A) Aspirin can help prevent systolic dysfunction (B) Aspirin can help prevent diastolic dysfunction (C) Aspirin would make the rate of flow of blood slower (D) Aspirin can increase the viscosity of blood

(A) Aspirin can help prevent systolic dysfunction

A friend tells you, bruh, this acid (H+) production in my muscle is really disrupting my force production during bicep curls. You say... (A) Bruh, acid affects velocity, not force (B) Bruh I know, me too (C) Bruh, acid is not only affecting force production but also depressing velocity (D) Bruh, acid also makes your muscles more sensitive to calcium (E) Bruh, you should work on your tri's

(A) Bruh, acid affects velocity, not force

The neurotransmitter in this chemical synapse is unknown but the effect in cell C is inhibitory. The ions traveling into cell C are chloride ions. What can you conclude? (A) Chloride is found in higher concentrations extracellularly in this scenario (B) Chloride is found in higher concentrations intracellularly in this scenario (C) Chloride ions are indicated by the number 2 in the diagram (D) Cell C is a muscle cell (E) More than one of these are true

(A) Chloride is found in higher concentrations extracellularly in this scenario

You take your little cousin to a haunted house and find you are getting very scared. Your respiratory rate increases but the breaths you are taking are more shallow, decreasing tidal volume. What other volume change would happen in this scenario? (A) Expiratory reserve volume would increase (B) Inspiratory reserve volume would decrease (C) Vital capacity would increase (D) Vital capacity would decrease (E) Two of these are true

(A) Expiratory reserve volume would increase

Assume that a new P-wave would fire right after the 0.5 s mark on the x-axis. Based on the numbers on the y- and x-axis, which measurements can you determine and are correct? (multiple select) (A) HR = 120bpm (B) Systolic pressure = 120mmHg (C) Diastolic pressure = 80mmHg (D) Pulse pressure = 80mmHg (E) Stroke volume = 70ml (F) MAP = 100mmHg

(A) HR = 120bpm (B) Systolic pressure = 120mmHg (C) Diastolic pressure = 80mmHg

In a famous episode of the Office from Season 5, Michael Scott's employee, Stanley Hudson, has a heart attack. Afterwards, Michael discusses "We found ourselves on the less-prepared side of things when Stanley's heart went berserk. And I knew exactly what to do, but in a much more real sense, I had no idea what to do (#mylife)." Stanley's myocardial infarction would be reflected in which way on the Frank Starling curve? (A) Have a decreased SV at a given EDV, decreasing EF (B) Have a decreased EDV but a higher SV, increasing EF

(A) Have a decreased SV at a given EDV, decreasing EF

Which is correct describing the curve "HbS" compared to "HbA"? (A) HbS is under lower pH conditions compared to HbA (B) HbS is under lower temperatures compared to HbA (C) HbS has a stronger binding affinity for oxygen compared to HbA (D) HbS is under low CO2 conditions compared to HbA

(A) HbS is under lower pH conditions compared to HbA

What would be a way or ways you could tell this was a neuromuscular junction? (Multiple select) (A) If 3 was a nicotinic receptor (B) If 3 was a metabotropic receptor (C) If 2 was ACh (D) If C was a muscle cell (E) If A was not there (F) If 4 was AChE

(A) If 3 was a nicotinic receptor (C) If 2 was ACh (D) If C was a muscle cell

Baroreceptor firing decreases with a decrease in BP. This enacts mechanisms in the body to increase BP. What is one compensatory mechanism that happens as a result of decreased baroreceptor firing? (A) Increased constriction of afferent arteriole (B) Decreased venous pressure (C) Increased GFR (D) Decreased cardiac output(E) Decreased aldosterone release

(A) Increased constriction of afferent arteriole

A cell in a solution with high extracellular chloride has a resting membrane potential of -75mV. You experimentally add several chloride leak channels. What would happen to resting membrane potential? (A) It would hyperpolarize (B) It would depolarize (C) It would not change

(A) It would hyperpolarize

Threshold for a particular neuron is around -50mV while resting potential is -70mV. Which scenario would make this neuron more excitable? (A) Lowering the threshold to -60mV (B) Decreasing extracellular potassium (C) Increasing intracellular sodium (D) Blocking excitatory synapses in the cell body (E) Raising the threshold to -40mV

(A) Lowering the threshold to -60mV

You are studying action potentials in nerves but want to adjust the environment around your neurons such that you get no action potential at all. How could you accomplish this? (multiple select question - there may be more than one right answer - check the correct one or ones) (A) Make the extracellular sodium concentration equal or below the intracellular sodium concentration (B) Disrupt the sodium potassium pumps so they no longer function (C) Subject the neuron to TTX, a voltage gated sodium-channel blocker (D) Decrease the concentration of extracellular potassium to zero

(A) Make the extracellular sodium concentration equal or below the intracellular sodium concentration (B) Disrupt the sodium potassium pumps so they no longer function (C) Subject the neuron to TTX, a voltage gated sodium-channel blocker

A heart murmur is heard during diastole and it was concluded that this murmur was the result of a stenotic valve on the right side of the heart. Which valve is problematic? (A) Tricuspid (B) Bicuspid (C) Aortic (D) Pulmonary

(A) Tricuspid

A muscle produced about 100g of force with 5uM of calcium and then 100g of force when it was given 10uM of calcium. What can you conclude given this data? (A) Troponin is likely saturated with calcium at 5uM so increasing the calcium does not increase the force at these concentrations (B) Increasing calcium increases force, as demonstrated by the force-calcium curve (C) The rate of reuptake of the Ca2+ ATPase is higher than the rate of release from the SR

(A) Troponin is likely saturated with calcium at 5uM so increasing the calcium does not increase the force at these concentrations

Hematocrit in an individual with anemia (by definition, fewer RBCs) would go down. (A) True (B) False

(A) True

In addition to controlling sodium content, the hormone aldosterone indirectly controls potassium content by increasing excretion of K+ (ends up exiting the body in the urine). Given that information, hypokalemia would stimulate aldosterone release. (A) True (B) False

(A) True

One of the primary actions of parathyroid hormone is to increase intestinal absorption of calcium. (A) True (B) False

(A) True

Suppose the force-velocity curve above was constructed while the muscle fiber was situated at 75% of its optimal length (Lo). Stretching the fiber to Lo... (A) Would increase both passive and active tension, increasing the peak load (B) Would increase active but decrease passive tension, overall increasing peak load (C) Would decrease both passive and active tension, decreasing peak load (D) Would decrease active but increase passive tension, decreasing peak load

(A) Would increase both passive and active tension, increasing the peak load

At which point(s) on the EKG would ventricular cells be at resting membrane potential? (A)1 only (B)1 and 2 (C)1 and 4 (D)1, 3 and 4 (E)3 and 4

(A)1 only

In a heart on the normal line, in the normal operating range, if EDV is about 100, what is ESV?(A)30ml (B)50ml (C)75ml (D)100ml (E)Cannot determine

(A)30ml

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback? (A) Blood sugar rising after a meal (B) Being dehydrated, then ADH targeting the kidney to prevent you from peeing out water and restoring body water to normal (C) Rush of immune cells to form a blood clot (D) Growth hormone targeting the bones to grow (E) Oxytocin promoting labor contractions

(B) Being dehydrated, then ADH targeting the kidney to prevent you from peeing out water and restoring body water to normal

The transducin protein is... (A) Critical in dark vision (B) Critical in light vision (C) Activated by cGMP phosphodiesterase (D) What opens the non selective cation channels (E) An ionotropic receptor

(B) Critical in light vision

Despite pressure being lower in veins, velocity of flow is lowest in the capillaries. Why is this? (A) Cross sectional area is lowest (B) Cross sectional area is highest (C) Resistance is highest (D) Resistance is lowest

(B) Cross sectional area is highest

Increasing the hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space would increase GFR. (A) True (B) False

(B) False

Mechanically gated potassium channels promote efflux of potassium during the cascade for transduction of sound. (A) True (B) False

(B) False

Prolactin is synthesized in the hypothalamus. (A) True (B) False

(B) False

Too much potassium in the extracellular environment can disrupt the action potential by making it happen too quickly. (A) True (B) False

(B) False

When you feel out of breath as you hold your breath under water, it is because you are running out of oxygen. (A) True (B) False

(B) False -because you can't exhale out CO2 that's making you feel out of breath, you're not running out of oxygen ~ run out of oxygen at high altitude or with pathology

Which of the following is true regarding sodium in nervous system signaling? (A) Sodium is highly concentrated inside cells (B) If a ligand binds and opens an ionotropic receptor that is permeable to sodium, the post synaptic response is excitatory (C) In the sodium-potassium pump, the pumping of sodium ions outside is a passive process (D) Sodium leak channels play a large role in the action potential spike height (E) Voltage gated sodium channel kinetics are slower than voltage gated potassium channels

(B) If a ligand binds and opens an ionotropic receptor that is permeable to sodium, the post synaptic response is excitatory

Lung compliance... (A) Decreases with decreased stiffness (B) Is increased in the disease state of emphysema (C) Is high in newborn premature babies with little surfactant (D) Is the main determinant total lung capacity (E) The higher, the better

(B) Is increased in the disease state of emphysema

Ten weeks of intense resistance exercise training could increase... (A) The y-intercept (B) The x-intercept (C) Both the y- and x-intercept (D) Training only increases calcium sensitivity, which is not shown here

(B) The x-intercept -can't change the velocity of type 2x fiber with resistance training

((Disclaimer - these numbers are made up)) The Tmax of the amino acid glycine is 100mg/ml. The Tmax of the amino acid alanine is 150mg/ml. Both amino acids are filtered but are not found in the urine in healthy individuals. This means: (multiple select) (A) Typical blood concentrations of glycine would be well over 100mg/ml and alanine well over 150mg/ml (B) Typical blood concentrations of glycine would be well under 100mg/ml and alanine well under 150mg/ml (C) Transporters on the apical membrane of proximal tubular epithelial cells can't handle the filtered load of glycine and alanine (D) Transporters on the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubular epithelial cells can't handle the filtered load of glycine and alanine (E) The amino acids are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

(B) Typical blood concentrations of glycine would be well under 100mg/ml and alanine well under 150mg/ml (E) The amino acids are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

A red blood cell traveling in the descending aorta toward the renal artery... (A) Would have a partial pressure of oxygen around 40mmHg (B) Would have a partial pressure of oxygen around 100mmHg (C) Would have a partial pressure of oxygen between 40 and 100mmHg

(B) Would have a partial pressure of oxygen around 100mmHg

A muscle fiber without the presence of the titin protein... (A) Would have no active tension (B) Would have no passive tension (C) Would have no Lo (D) Would not require activity of the Na/K pump (E) Would only demonstrate type I kinetics

(B) Would have no passive tension

Tubular epithelial cells with glucose transporters on the basolateral membrane would be found where? (A)3 (B)4 (C)5 and 6 (D)7 (E)4 and 7 (F)4,5,6,7,8

(B)4

In the dotted and dashed line below the normal line, ejection fraction is reduced because... (A)ESV decreases (B)SV decreases (C)EDV decreases (D)MAP increases

(B)SV decreases

Venous blood would have hemoglobins ____% saturated with oxygen in HbS. (A) 0% (B) 20% (C) 50% (D) 80% (E) 100%

(C) 50%

In a given set of rods and cones, there is significantly decreased expression of the cGMP-gated non-selective cation channels. What could be a consequence of this? (A) No light vision (B) Disrupted activity of the cGMP phosphodiesterase (C) A more hyperpolarized resting potential in the dark (D) More glutamate release from the rods and cones to the bipolar cells in the dark (E) Intracellular Ca2+ buildup leading to irregular intracellular signaling

(C) A more hyperpolarized resting potential in the dark

Acetylcholine binding to SA Nodal cells in the heart elicits a second messenger cascade which eventually opens a K+ channel. What can you say about the effects of ACh in the heart? (A) ACh binds to a metabotropic receptor but whether it is excitatory or inhibitory can't be determined (B) ACh binds to a metabotropic receptor and results in an excitatory response (C) ACh binds to a metabotropic receptor and results in an inhibitory response (D) ACh binds to an ionotropic receptor and results in an inhibitory response (E) ACh binds to an ionotropic receptor and results in an excitatory response

(C) ACh binds to a metabotropic receptor and results in an inhibitory response

The AV node delay... (A) Ensures that the semilunar valves are closed before ventricular ejection (B) Happens because the SA and AV nodal cells need time to contract (C) Allows the atrial muscle cells to finish contracting before the ventricular cells contract (D) Is denoted by the S-T segment in the EKG

(C) Allows the atrial muscle cells to finish contracting before the ventricular cells contract

f you exposed this fiber to fatigue-like conditions with high Pi (inorganic phosphate) and elevated H+, what would you find? (A) The y-intercept only would decrease (B) The x-intercept only would decrease (C) Both the x- and y-intercepts would decrease (D) Neither intercept would change significantly if it's the same fiber

(C) Both the x- and y-intercepts would decrease

Hypoventilation as a result of COPD... (A) Creates a more acidic blood pH due to loss of CO2 (B) Creates a more acidic blood pH due to lack of oxygen (C) Creates a more acidic blood pH due to CO2 buildup (D) Creates a more basic blood pH due to CO2 buildup (E) Creates a more basic blood pH due to lack of oxygen

(C) Creates a more acidic blood pH due to CO2 buildup

Jordan comes into their primary care physician and complains of fatigue, unusual weight gain, and general feelings of lethargy and depression. The physician takes labs for thyroid disease. Based on these symptoms what might be the result of the thyroid labs? (A) Elevated TSH and TH, indicating hyperthyroidism (B) Elevated TSH and low TH, indicating hyperthyroidism (C) Elevated TSH and low TH, indicating hypothyroidism (D) Low TSH and low TH, indicating hypothyroidism (E) Low TSH and high TH, indicating hyperthyroidism

(C) Elevated TSH and low TH, indicating hypothyroidism

Epinephrine and norepinephrine... (A) Are released by the adrenal cortex (B) Promote storage of glucose by helping insulin (C) Increase heart rate (D) All of the above

(C) Increase heart rate

Which of the following is an accurate response of the cardiovascular system to a bout of exercise?(A) Increased EF as a result of increased ESV (B) Decreased pulse pressure as a result of increased systolic pressure (C) Increased phosphorylation of the L-type Ca2+ channel, increasing the Ca2+ available for contraction (D) Increased total peripheral resistance (E) More than one of these are accurate

(C) Increased phosphorylation of the L-type Ca2+ channel, increasing the Ca2+ available for contraction

In the dashed line above the normal line, which of the following WOULD be happening in a given heartbeat? (A) Enhanced rectifying potassium current in nodal cells (B) A longer T-P interval in the EKG (C) Increased protein kinase activity in ventricular myocytes (D) More acetylcholine release on the SA node (E) Decreased venous return

(C) Increased protein kinase activity in ventricular myocytes

Tubular secretion of potassium... (A) Is in part dictated by ADH (B) Is independent of the Na/K pump (C) Is paired with sodium reabsorption (D) Occurs primarily in the proximal tubule (E) Would halt in the presence of renin

(C) Is paired with sodium reabsorption

Growth hormone... (A) Is a posterior pituitary hormone (B) Targets the adrenal gland (C) Is stimulated and inhibited by hypothalamic hormones (D) Is a steroid (E) Travels freely across cell membranes

(C) Is stimulated and inhibited by hypothalamic hormones

The calcium that is available for skeletal muscle contraction...(A) Is the sum of the calcium released from the SR and the calcium pumped in via the Ca2+ ATPase pumps (B) Is the sum of the extracellular calcium entering through voltage gated channels and the calcium released from the SR (C) Is the difference of the calcium being released from the SR and the calcium being pumped back in via the Ca2+ ATPase pumps

(C) Is the difference of the calcium being released from the SR and the calcium being pumped back in via the Ca2+ ATPase pumps

Which of the following currents is unique to the ventricular action potential? (A) Funny Na+ current (B) L-type calcium current (C) Ito transient outward potassium current (D) T-type calcium current (E) Voltage gated Na+ current

(C) Ito transient outward potassium current

Though it is not drawn in the diagram, there must be a receptor for the neurotransmitter being released by cell A. Assuming cell A is one targeted by opioids, what could you say about this neurotransmitter? (A) It enters cell B (B) It binds to a metabotropic receptor (C) Its binding exerts an inhibitory response in cell B (D) It is glutamate (E) It opens a non-selective cation channel

(C) Its binding exerts an inhibitory response in cell B

Which valve event is happening at letter B?(A)Closure of bicuspid valve (B)Opening of bicuspid valve (C) Opening of aortic valve (D) Closure of aortic valve

(C) Opening of aortic valve

Which of the following is true regarding smell? (A) Receptors for odorants are ionotropic receptors (B) The sensory receptor cell for smell does not fire action potentials (C) Some neurons carrying information about smell go to the limbic system, where it is processed as emotional and carrying memory (D) Several odorants can bind to the same Golf receptor(E) None of the above (i.e. all are true)

(C) Some neurons carrying information about smell go to the limbic system, where it is processed as emotional and carrying memory

What is the role of the osmoreceptors in the renal system? (A) They sense sodium content in the body (B) They decide the amount of aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex (C) They send information to the hypothalamus about blood osmolarity (D) They dictate the amount of reabsorption in the proximal tubule (E) Firing activates the RAAS system

(C) They send information to the hypothalamus about blood osmolarity

A hormone you are tracking binds to a receptor on the cell membrane of one of its target cells. Based on this information, what can you conclude about this hormone? (Multiple select - pick all correct choices) (A) This hormone could be cortisol (B) This hormone requires a binding protein in the blood (C) This hormone could be an anterior pituitary hormone (D) This hormone has intracellular, cytosolic receptors (E) This hormone could be oxytocin

(C) This hormone could be an anterior pituitary hormone (E) This hormone could be oxytocin

Diabetes insipidus is a disease characterized by excessive water loss in the urine. Often the culprit is dysfunctional pituitary function. Which compartment and which hormone would be the problem in this disease? (A)Compartment A ; ADH (B)Compartment A ; GH (C)Compartment B ; ADH (D)Compartment B ; GH (E)Compartment A ; Aldosterone

(C)Compartment B ; ADH

You are studying a fiber (FIBER A) that produces 60g of force and has a velocity of 2 Fl/sec. Another fiber (FIBER B) you tested later had a velocity of 8 Fl/sec. Given this information, what can you conclude? (A) Fiber B would likely produce significantly more force than Fiber A. (B) More actin-myosin bridges would be apparent in Fiber B than Fiber A. (C) ATP binding to myosin would be faster in Fiber B compared to Fiber A. (D) Fiber A is a type I fiber and fiber B is most likely a type II fiber. (E) More than one of these choices are correct.

(D) Fiber A is a type I fiber and fiber B is most likely a type II fiber.

A muscle cell was analyzed and its contents reflected high levels of calcium activated proteases. This muscle cell most likely just underwent... (A) Stimulation consistent with an unfused tetanus (B) A transformation from a type IIa to a type IIx fiber (C) Some short bursts of strength exercises, experiencing high-intensity fatigue (D) Some type of long endurance event, experiencing endurance fatigue

(D) Some type of long endurance event, experiencing endurance fatigue

A mutation in a skeletal muscle cell disrupts the charge sensitivity of the DHP receptor in that it no longer can communicate with the ryanodine receptor. Which process below would NOT be affected by this mutation during an attempt to contract a skeletal muscle? (A) Calcium release from the SR (B) Ca2+ ATPase activity (C) Troponin binding of Calcium (D) The end plate potential (E) Myosin ATPase activity in the cross bridge

(D) The end plate potential

In the cross-bridge cycle, the release of ADP and Pi... (A) Only happens when actin and myosin are already bound (B) Is part of the force-producing steps of the cross bridge cycle (C) Results in a structural change the releases actin from myosin (D) Two choices are true (E) Three choices are true

(D) Two choices are true

During inhalation in the breath cycle, (A) Intrapleural pressure increases (B) Alveolar pressure is below atmospheric pressure (C) DRG neurons are firing (D) Two choices are true (E) Three choices are true

(D) Two choices are true (Alveolar pressure is below atmospheric pressure, and DRG neurons are firing)

Select the INCORRECT pair in the renal system. (A) Na/K Pump - primary active transport (B) Glomerular filtration - bulk flow (C) Water reabsorption in the collecting duct under the influence of ADH - osmosis (D) Water reabsorption in the descending limb - primary active transport (E) Glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule - secondary active transport

(D) Water reabsorption in the descending limb - primary active transport

A red blood cell entering the afferent arteriole of the nephron... (A) Will diffuse to the vasa recta (B) Will be actively transported into the interstital space (C) Will end up in the collecting duct before being reabsorbed by ADH (D) Will continue through the glomerular capillaries to the efferent arteriole (E) Will be filtered and then 100% reabsorbed

(D) Will continue through the glomerular capillaries to the efferent arteriole

At point D... (A)Ventricular pressure is higher than aortic pressure (B) The SA node is firing (C)The semilunar valves are open (D)The volume in the ventricle is ESV (E)L-type calcium current is dominating the ventricular action potentials

(D)The volume in the ventricle is ESV

Grandpa is super healthy but still has higher blood pressure than you. This is due to: (A) Atherosclerosis (B) Myocardial infarction (C) Systolic dysfunction (D) Prolapsed heart valves (E) Arteriosclerosis

(E) Arteriosclerosis

While in the pulmonary arteries, blood would be ______________ and its next stop would be the ____________.(A) Deoxygenated, right ventricle (B) Oxygenated, right ventricle (C) Deoxygenated, aorta (D) Oxygenated, aorta (E) Deoxygenated, lungs (F) Oxygenated, lungs

(E) Deoxygenated, lungs

In skeletal muscle excitation and chemical synaptic transmission... (A) Calcium current aids in action potential propagation (B) Neurotransmitter release is independent of calcium (C) The effect on the post-synaptic cell or muscle cell is excitatory (D) Calcium channel opening is dependent on the binding of a ligand (E) None of the above

(E) None of the above

Michael Scott once said, "would you rather be feared or loved? Easy. Both. I want people to be afraid of how much they love me." Which hormone discussed this unit is the 'love' hormone? (A) Thyroid hormone (B) Cortisol (C) Estrogen (D) Prolactin (E) Oxytocin

(E) Oxytocin

ACTH... (A) Targets the adrenal gland to release aldosterone (B) Targets the anterior pituitary to release GH (C) Targets the adrenal gland to release norepinephrine (D) Targets the anterior pituitary to release Prolactin (E) Targets the adrenal gland to release cortisol

(E) Targets the adrenal gland to release cortisol

We know sympathetic nerves can activate the renin system independent of a drop in blood pressure. This means that renin... (A) May contribute to high blood pressure problems by promoting systemic vasoconstriction (B) May contribute to extra sodium retention which would promote high blood pressure (C) Activates the RAAS system since it is the rate limiting step (D) Two choices are true (E) Three choices are true

(E) Three choices are true

The radius of the right pulmonary artery is 1 at rest (no units for simplification). When an individual begins to exercise, norepinephrine binds to beta adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle cells in this pulmonary artery and adjusts the radius 2-fold. If blood flow through this artery was 1 (no units again) at rest, what is the flow during exercise? (A) 1/16 (B) ½ (C) 2 (D) 4 (E)16

(E)16

Active transport on the ascending limb of the loop of Henle... (A) Is limited to water (B) Is powered by the Na/K pump (C) Ensures that ADH can concentrate urine in the collecting duct, if need be (D) Is targeted by the loop diuretics (E) All are true (F) All but one are true

(F) All but one are true

The Na/K pump... (A) Is critical in maintaining resting membrane potential (B) Synthesis and activity can be altered by thyroid hormone (C) Is present in skeletal muscle cells (D) Turns off during the action potential (E) All are true (F) All but one are true

(F) All but one are true

accurate responses of the cardiovascular system to a bout of exercise

-increased EF due to increase SV -increase pulse pressure as a result of increase SP -increased phosphorylation of the L-type Ca2+ channel, increasing the Ca2+available for contraction -decreased total peripheral resistance

Fluid in the tubule near number 8 is __________ compared to the fluid in the tubule near number 4. (A)Hyperosmotic (B)Hypoosmotic (C)Isoosmotic (D)Cannot determine because we are not given information about ADH.

D)Cannot determine because we are not given information about ADH.

Too much alcohol results in... (A) Hypertonic urine (B) Insertion of AQP2 on the apical membrane of collecting duct epithelial cells (C) Dilation of the afferent arteriole (D) Dissipation of the medullary interstitial gradient (E) None of the above

E) None of the above

What statement could you confidently make about a type I motor unit from a similar individual? (A)Peak velocity would be less than 5cm/sec (B)Peak force would be less than 60g (C)Peak force would be more than 60g (D)Peak velocity would be more than 5cm/sec (E)Two of these are true

E)Two of these are true (Peak velocity would be less than 5cm/sec and Peak force would be more than 60g) ~motor unit of type one would see less velocity and more force~

Small increases in which of the following do NOT result in an immediate rise in minute ventilation (breaths per min)? a- oxygen b- H+ c-CO2

a- oxygen

If you were able to control fatigue in the muscle cell experimentally such that you only exposed the muscle to high levels of Pi and no other metabolites, what would you observe? a-A decline in force without much change in velocity b-An increased affinity of Ca2+ for troponin c-A decline in velocity without much change in force d-A muscle operating below Lo e-A decline in both force and velocity

a-A decline in force without much change in velocity

How is the Frank Starling relationship altered in systolic dysfunction? a-At a given end diastolic volume, there is lower stroke volume b-Both end diastolic volume and stroke volume are compromised equally c-Stiffness of the heart results in a reduced end diastolic volume only d-At a given end diastolic volume, stroke volume is higher

a-At a given end diastolic volume, there is lower stroke volume

Which section(s) of the renal tubule are mostly impermeable to water? a-Both the distal tubule and the Ascending limb of the loop of Henle b-Distal tubule c-Ascending loop of Henle d-Proximal tubule e-Descending loop of Henle f-Cortical Collecting Duct g-Both the distal tubule and descending limb of the loop of Henle

a-Both the distal tubule and the Ascending limb of the loop of Henle

The AV Valves of the heart are... a-None of the choices are correct b-Closed by contraction of the atria c-Open immediately following the QRS wave d-Regulated such that the right valve closes and following about a 100ms delay the left valve closes e-The only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles

a-None of the choices are correct

You are designing an experiment to quantify the levels of stress experiences by different individuals. Which of the following tests would reveal insight as to a patient's chronic stress? a-Testing plasma levels of cortisol b-Testing plasma levels of dopamine c-Testing plasma levels of growth hormone d-Testing plasma levels of follicle stimulating hormone e-Testing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone

a-Testing plasma levels of cortisol

An increase in H+ secretion... a-Will both increase HCO3- secretion and raise plasma pH b- Will both increase HCO3- reabsorption and raise plasma pH c-Will increase HCO3- secretion d-Will increase HCO3- reabsorption e-Will lower plasma pH f-Will raise plasma pH

b- Will both increase HCO3- reabsorption and raise plasma pH

Why would taking anabolic steroids like testosterone affect male fertility? a-Testosterone in excess would cause the size of the penis to decrease b-The negative feedback effects of testosterone would disrupt sperm production c-The positive feedback effects of testosterone would shut off, leaving minimal sperm production d-The sperm would be weak when overstimulated with testosterone e-The negative feedback effects of testosterone would result in a thicker semen

b-The negative feedback effects of testosterone would disrupt sperm production

What is the importance of brush border enzymes? a-They bring the small components of the macromolecules to the apical membrane for absorption b-They participate in the final stages of digestion c-They participate in the initial stages of digestion for the 3 major macromolecules d-They power the active transport that allows for absorption in the intestinal epithelium e-They secrete hormones that stimulate intestinal motility

b-They participate in the final stages of digestion

If you block calcium channels on an axon, which will not occur? a-graded potential b-exocytosis of neurotransmitter c-repolarization phase of the presynaptic action potential d-depolarization phase of the presynaptic action potential e-hyperpolarization phase of the presynaptic action potential

b-exocytosis of neurotransmitter

Which of the these is a major difference between smooth and skeletal muscle? a-Only skeletal muscle requires increased calcium ion concentration in the cytosol for contraction b-Myosin is the main protein that is regulated in skeletal muscle c- Myosin is the main protein that is regulated in smooth muscle d-Skeletal muscle usually exhibits spontaneous activity while smooth muscle cannot contract spontaneously e-Only skeletal muscle has both actin and myosin

c- Myosin is the main protein that is regulated in smooth muscle

Sertoli Cells... a-Are located in the ovaries b-Are stimulated by LH c-Are stimulated by FSH d-Do not produce any hormones e-Produce estrogens

c-Are stimulated by FSH

When parathyroid hormone is high... a-Blood calcium levels were high prior to its release b-Osteoblast activity increases c-Intestinal absorption of calcium increases d-Renal reabsorption of calcium decreases

c-Intestinal absorption of calcium increases

Dromotropic effects on a given heart are not present. Where would you find some kind of malfunction? a-SA Node firing b-Atrial myocyte force production c-Ventricular cardiomyocyte force production d- Purkinje fiber conduction e-Ability of coronary arteries to vasodilate

d- Purkinje fiber conduction

Your feminist friend who is a millionaire decides she wants to fund research to create a type of male birth control pill so that women don't have the be the only ones taking oral contraceptives. Which strategy should she fund that would work best and also minimize side effects? a-Hit up the hot tub two times per week b-Remove the anterior pituitary gland c-A pill that could promote FSH secretion independent of LH secretion d-A pill that could cease Sertoli cell activity while leaving Leydig cells unaffected e-Removal of the seminal vesicles and prostate gland

d-A pill that could cease Sertoli cell activity while leaving Leydig cells unaffected

One drug that is effective at helping those who suffer from ulcers is cimetidine, which is a histamine receptor antagonist. Why would this help someone who has an ulcer? a-Histamine stimulates the production of acid that this drug would potentiate that action of histamine b-Histamine stops the production of acid and this drug would inhibit that action of histamine c-Histamine stops the production of acid and this drug would potentiate that action of histamine. d-Histamine stimulates the production of acid and this drug would inhibit that action of histamine

d-Histamine stimulates the production of acid and this drug would inhibit that action of histamine

An EKG with a higher QRS complex than normal... a-Must mean that the end diastolic volume is higher b-Must mean that the person is exercising and innervating more cardiomyocytes c-Must mean that the ventricular contraction is stronger than normal d-None of these are true e-Must mean that atrial repolarization is smaller than usual so we see more ventricular repolarization

d-None of these are true

Which of the following digestive enzymes requires low pH to carry out its catalytic activity? a-Trypsinogen b-Lipase c-Trypsin d-Pepsin e-Carboxypeptidase

d-Pepsin

Baroreceptors sense ___________________ and will _____________________ their firing rate in response to low blood volume. a-pressure ; increase b-osmolarity ; decrease c-osmolarity ; increase d-pressure ; decrease e-pressure ; maintain

d-pressure ; decrease

The vessels in the cardiovascular system where exchange of gasses and nutrients occurs are the... a-arterioles b-veins c-venules d-alveloli e-arteries f- capillaries

f- capillaries