Systems Verification BICSI Final
Slack Balanced twisted pair cable shall have at work area
.5 M (1.6 ft) to allow for 1 ft after termination (cable shall not be stored in loops)
Untwist of category 5e and higher cable
.5 inches
Fill Ratio
1 Cable 53% 2 cables 31% 3 or more cables 40% 40% New Installs 60% Max cables
How far back from the cables end should the cables be labled
1 M (3.3 feet)
Slack optical fiber shall have left in the work area
1 M (3.3 ft) for termination and may be coiled in loops
Cable Bend Radii
1 Patch cord 1 4 Pair Cable 4 Multi pair cables 10 Coax Flexible 6 Coax semi-rigid 20 Optical Fiber up to 4 strands at rest 1 inch Optical Fiber up to 4 strands during pull 2 inches intrabuilding optical fiber 15 times during install
Maximum pulling tension of a 4 pair, 24 AWG cable
110 Newton
How high are telecommunications outlets
15-18 inches above finished floor
The maximum pulling force for one 4 pair, 24 AWG cable
25 lbf
Ratio of patch panels to horizontal cable management
2:2
slack optical fiber must have inside TR hardware
3 M (10 ft)
How far behind the guide cable should the next cable be added.
3 inches
Untwist of category 3 cables
3 inches
Maximum Cable Run Distance
90 M (295 Ft)
Organizations
ANSI - American National Standards Institute that focuses on meeting the standards and conformity assessment requirement, provide a neutral forum for the development of consensus agreements. Is the US representative to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and through the US National Committee to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (I tripple E) is the authority in technical areas ranging from computer engineering and telecommunications to consumer electronics. ISO - International Organization for Standardization responsible for defining international cabling and other standards. IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission is a joint venture with the ISO that is responsible for international electronics standards and telecommunications cabling known as the joint technical committee (ISO/IEC JTC 1). NEC - National Electrical Code is a safety code writen and administered by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Revised every 3 years and is used by fire marshals and electrical inspectors in loss prevention and safety enforcement. The NEC allows chapter 8 to be separate and independent of other chapters unless specifically referenced within chapter 8. EIA - In 1988, the telecommunications sector of the Electronic Industries Association became the TIA TIA - Telecommunications Industry Association that represents the global information and communications technology (ICT) industry through standards development, policy initiatives, business opportunities, market intelligence and networking events.
Telecommunications Spaces
AP - Access Provider is a company that provides a circuit path between SPs (Service Providers) and clients EF - Entrance Facilities consists of the telecommunications service entrance to the building, and may contain pathways that lead to ERs (Equipment Rooms), which is an environmentally controlled centralized space for telecommunications equipment that usually houses a main or intermediate cross-connect in the building, primary surge protection devices, transition hardware (from outside plant cabling) which is only allowed 50 ft within the building because it is not listed, demarcation point and SP electronics. There are several principal types of entrance pathways to EFs: Underground - which uses conduit or other types of mechanical pathways to provide an out-of-sight service to a building and are also secure. They have a higher initial cost but are economical over the life cycle because they require fewer repairs. Tunnel - Decrease the chance of accidental dig up, allow continuous inspection, but are a heavy expense. Direct Buried - A trench provides out of sight service without conduit. Usually, are cheaper, but are inflexible and do not provide the same physical protection. Aerial - cables placed overhead are the cheapest, readily accessible for maintenance, are usually joint use cable with the power supply company and other service providers, but are susceptible to environmental conditions and affect the aesthetic appearance of the building. Wireless - there are two options for wireless access: 1. a separate wireless EF when public safety or private land mobile radio (LMR) service is provided to the facility or in line-of-sight (LoS) or satellite-based wireless systems used for interbuilding backbone links or 2. using the existing ER, typically used for connecting a Distributed Antenna System (DAS). ER -
Cross Connects, Backbone Cabling, and Administration
Administration systems include requirements for; identifiers - that serve to locate the element record and administration scheme such as the standards found in ANSI/TIA 606-B, records - which can be paper based, spreadsheets, database programs, or computer programs specially designed for that purpose, and labeling - with a variety of methods to display identifiers for the buildings, pathways, spaces, cabinets, racks, cabling, connectors, the choice of material, fastening method, environmental, performance, and security issues. Common methods for displaying identifiers include bar codes, graphics, labels, tags, and electronic identifiers There are four classes of administration: Class 1 - 1 ER which is the only telecommunications space on the site Class 2 - 2 or more telecommunications spaces in a building Class 3 - Multiple buildings at a single site Class 4 - Multiple sites or campuses Data Centers - are buildings or portions of a building whose primary function is to house a computer room, including the data center electrical rooms, mechanical rooms, storage rooms, staging rooms, operations and command center, and other spaces whose primary functions are to support the computer room. For redundancy, in accordance with ANSI/BICSI-002 stamdards, classes of Data Centers have been established. Class 0 - a single path data center that meets the minimum requirements but cannot be classified as Class 1 or higher Class 1 - the single path data center Class 2 - the single path data center with redundant components Class 3 - the concurrently maintainable and operable data center Class 4 - the fault tolerant data center that contains two separate infrastructures with their own set of redundant components. Some of the key areas include a Telecommunications Entrance Room that contains the External Network Interface (ENI), wh
AHJ
Authority Having Jurisdiction normally enforces the codes and legal regulations.
Grounding and Bonding (Earthing)
BBC - Backbone Bonding Conductor (Formally known as grounding equalizer [GE]) is a conductor that interconnects elements of the telecommunications grounding infrastructure in multi-story buildings. It equalizes potentials between TRs on the same floor of a building. BC - Bonding Conductor used specifically for bonding. BCT - Bonding conductor for telecommunications now known as TBC - Telecommunications Bonding Backbone is a conductor that interconnects the telecommunications bonding infrastructure to the building's service equipment (power) ground. bond - an electrical connection using a low-resistive path bonding - the joining of metallic parts to form an electrically conductive path that will ensure electrical continuity and the capacity to safely conduct any current likely to be imposed building grounding electrode system - a network of grounded building components earthing - grounding to earth potential equalizing conductor - a conductor for the equalization of different ground (earth) points of a building to keep them at the same potential (0 V) GE - Grounding Equalizer now known as BBC GEC - Grounding Electrode Conductor used to connect the grounding electrode to either the equipment grounding conductor of the circuit at the service equipment or at the source of a separately derived system GPR - Ground potential rise is a voltage difference between a grounding electrode system and the earth return currents produced by lightning strike pr power fault current ground fault - an undesirable connection to ground in which the resistance between a conductor and ground reaches an unacceptably low level grounded - connected to earth or some conducting body that serves in the place of earth grounding conductor - a conductor used to connect the grounding electrode to the building's main grounding busbar grou
Copper Cable Listing Designations
CMP (FT6) - Communications Plenum CMR (FT4) - Communications Riser CMG (FT4) - Communications General CM (FT1) - Communications CMX (FT1) - Communications Limited CMUC - Undercarpet Communications LSZH (LSF) - Low Smoke Zero Halogen (Low Smoke and Fume)
Code vs Standard
Code is a rule to ensure safety Standard minimum performance
Revisions
Codes are revised every 3-4 years. Standards every 4-7 years
insulation displacement contacts (IDC)
Designed for solid conductors. Permits the termination of an insulated conductor without stripping insulation by inserting conductors between two or more sharp edges. 4 common styles of IDC termination blocks: 66 Style Block - Used for connecting voice applications. May be mounted on backboards with an 89 style bracker. (89B or 89D). Voice applications use bridging clips to make connections between the left and right set of contacts on a 66M1-50 block. the 66M-25 blocks have 4 columns of connected contacts. NOTE: Bridging clips are not category 5e/Class D compliant. 110 Style Block - Backbone cable is terminated on wall- or rack-mounted 110 termination blocks in 50, 100, 300, or 900 pairs and are used in both voice and data. The connecting block wire way is designed in such a way that one row is terminated on the wiring block by punching down from the bottom up and the next row from the top down. Patch panels are commonly terminated 110 blocks as well in 568A or 568B wiring scheme. It should be noted that the 110-style block itself does not contain the IDC. The IDC for this type of termination is in the C-2 (2-pair), C-3 (3-pair), C-4 (4-pair), and C-5 (5 pair) terminating clips. 210 Blocks are available in 64, 128, and 192 pair blocks feature BIX- Style Block - is available in 50, 250, 300 and 900 pair a one-piece pass-through unit that is reversed in its mount after cable termination to expose the opposite side and provide a cross connect field. Category 6/class E GigaBIX frames and blocks do not use the hinge concept. LSA Style Block - Stands for Lotfrei Schraubfrei Abisolierfrei (no solder, no use of screws, no insulation removal) in German. Provides a silver-plated IDC at a 45-degree angle with the conductors being held in place by tension in the contacts. The advantage of LSA is that more than one conducto
BICSI
Developed standards that further define aspects of telecommunications, ICT, Cable TV, and ESS cabling, cabling design, and cabling installation. Other associations include ATIS the (Alliance for Telecommunications Indistry Solutions), and SCTE the (Society for Cable Telecommunications Engineers)
EIA
Electronic Indistries Association (No Longer Exist)
Ladder / Lift Safety
Fall protection is required whenever a person is exposed to a fall hazard of more than 1.83 m (6 ft). PFAS includes a full-body harness and at least (1 lanyard in a boom lift and 2 lanyards whenever the installer leaves the safety of the elevating device or is using catwalks to allow at least one lanyard attached to a safety support at a time when moving along catwalk for 100% contact), a shock-absorbing lanyard, and a secure anchorage point capable of supporting 2,268 Kg (5,000 lbs) Never use conductive ladders - use ladders made of fiberglass or dry wood. Many sites don't allow metal or wood ladders. When working over 3 steps high a fixed or mobile scaffold is recommended. Extension ladders should always overlap between sections by at least three rungs and the top of the ladder should extend up to the work area and .9 meters (3 ft) above the roofline. The horizontal distance from the base to the wall should be 1/4 the working length of the ladder. A personal lift is required when a ladder or scaffold cannot be used. All operators must be trained and have received proper instructions before operating aerial platforms. Stay at least 3 m (10 ft) from exposed energized circuits operating at 300-50,000 volts (V). The AHJ may require that live parts operating at 50 V or more be guarded against contact. There are two types of lifts: Boom - Boom supported elevating working platform, is a basket mounted on the end of an extendable arm in which the user stands. A full-body harness and lanyard are required for anyone in the basket of a boom lift. Scissor - (Self-propelled) work platform mounted on a large scissor jack, which is stable but not flexible in its use because they only extend straight upward. OSHA does not require a body harness and lanyard for scissor lifts.
is not used for pulling cable into a pipe
Fishtape
Leveling:
Foot adjustment or shimming of any anchoring point should not exceed 12.7mm (.5")
Codes, Standards, and Regulations
For the ICT installer, the code most often encountered is the electrical code, National Electrical Code in the US and Canadian Electrical Code in Canada. At the state level many bodies issue their own rules that are generally in accordance with FCC Regulations. Other regulations that may affect the installation of ITC systems include Licencing and Permits. The Local AHJ normally enforces the codes and legal regulations for the jurisdiction. A Code: can be defined as "a rule" or set of rules to ensure safety during the installation and use of materials, components, fixtures, systems, premises, and related subjects," Practical safeguarding of persons and property from hazards, and quality of construction. Codes are typically revised every 3-4 years. Safety Standards: provide the criteria for safety testing of a component or system. Other standards are not written for safety requirements, but are written for product performance or conformance, representing industry consensus or requirements and best practice to ensure interoperability of components and systems by multiple manufacturers. A Standard: is to ensure a minimum level of acceptable performance. A standard is an accepted collection of requirements and recommendations for the defining, construction, evaluation, application, or comparison of materials, equipment, products, and services, developed to improve quality, function, performance, repeatability, or some other facet of the item being defined. Standards are revised every 4-7 years. Regulation: An authoritative rule that controls or governs behavior leading to uniformity. Hierarchy of Compliance: At the top is the AHJ, Codes and Regulations, Standards, Industry Best Practices, and Manufacturers Instructions. Shall vs Should: Required - Shall, Must, Required Recommended - Should, May, Desirable, Permitte
3 feet
How far back from the cables end should the cables be labled
3 inches
How far behind the guide cable should the next cable be added.
Color Code / Super Binders
Individual conductors are referred to as pairs of tip and ring conductors or positive and negative conductors respectively. Binders are 25 pair tip and ring combinations to make up the 600 pair super binder the violet/slate binder is not used. Super binders are comprised of 600 or more pairs starting with 601 as the red super binder and increasing with each tip color code. Intrabuilding Backbone have 25-2400 pair. Cables larger than 1200 pairs have binder groups of 100 pair. Tip Conductors: Super Binders White 1-600 (Pair 1-5) Red 601-1200 (Pair 6-10) Black 1201-1600 (Pair 11-15) Yellow 1601-2000 (Pair 16-20) Violet 2001-2400 (Pair 21-25) Ring Conductors: Pairs Blue - 1 Orange - 2 Green - 3 Brown - 4 Slate - 5 Tip/Ring: Binder White/Blue 1-25 White/Orange 26-50 White/Green 51-75 White/Brown 76-100 White/Slate 101-125 Red/Blue 126-150 Red/Orange 151-175 Red/Green 176-200 Red/Brown 201-225 Red/Slate 226-250 Black/Blue 251-275 Black/Orange 276-300 Black/Green 301-325 Black/Brown 326-350 Black/Slate 351-375 Yellow/Blue 376-400 Yellow/Orange 401-425 Yellow/Green 426-450 Yellow/Brown 451-475 Yellow/Slate 476-500 Violet/Blue 501-525 Violet/Orange 526-550 Violet/Green 551-575 Violet/Brown 576-600 VIOLET/SLATE NOT USED*
ISO
International Organization for Standardization oversee international standardization of telecommunications cabling along with the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commision) and form a joint technical committee (ISO.IEC JTC 1), (ICC) International Codes Council
Plywood:
It is recommended that TRs have 19mm (3/4") fire retardant plywood on at least 2 walls. Conduit ends should be positioned adjacent to the left side of the backboard or left most corner of the room. Plywood is available in Two Types (interior and exterior) and Four Grades (A,B,C,D). 4ft x 8ft recommended thickness is 3/4' but they go up to 1 1/4" thick. Contain no more than 15% moisture. For ITC systems use, grade A/C plywood should be used (A side facing out). Mounting should be done 8" (200mm) above finished floor or 4-6" if the TR is less than 8'-8". When installing plywood use galvanized screws that are a minimum of .5" longer than the depth of the wall covering including plywood. Toggle bolts should be a minimum of .25" in diameter installed 2" from the edge and on a maximum of 24" centers.
Thread Sizes:
M5, M6, 12-24, and 10-32
Fiber Types
Multimode - For backbone cabling the recommended multimode optical fiber is graded index optical fiber with a nominal 50/125 micron core/cladding diameter Singlemode optical fiber - are typically a zero dispersion wavelength around 1310 nanometers but also can be used in the 1550 nm region.
Codes and Standards Reference Guide
NEC (NATIONAL ELECTRIC CODE) Article 100 - Definitions Article 250 - Grounding and Bonding Article 760 - Fire Alarm Systems Article 770 - Optical Fiber Cables and Raceways Article 800 - Communications Circuits* ANSI/TIA ITC Standards: Copper Cabling 568.0 - General Telecommunications Cabling for Customer Premises 568.1 - Commercial Buildings 568.2 - Tw - Balanced Twisted Pair Cabling performance criteria 568.3 - Fiber 568.4 - Coax cabling and components 569-D - Pathways and Spaces design and construction practices 570-C - Residential Telecommunications Infrastructure 606-B - Administration Standards 607-C - Bonding and Grounding (earthing) for customer premises ANSI/TIA 526-7-A - Single-mode Optical Power Loss ANSI/TIA 526-14-C - Multi-mode Optical Power Loss ANSI/TIA 598-D - Optical Fiber Color Coding ANSI/TIA 758-B - Outside Plant Pathways and Spaces ANSI/TIA 1005-A - Industrial Premises ISO/EIC ITC Standards: Copper Cabling 11801 - Generic Cabling for Customer Premises 14763-2 - Implementation and Operation of Customer Premises Cabling Part 2: Planning and Installation 24764 - Data Centers 30129 - Bonding Networks for Buildings and other structures DIN VDE - Germany BS 7671 - United Kingdom AS/NZS 3000 - Australia/ New Zealand Structured Cabling Standards Timeline: 1991 - TIA/EIA 568: Wiring Standards 1991 - TSB 36: Category 1992 - TSB 40: Connectors 1995 - ISO 11801: Generic Cabling for Customer Premises 1995 - TSB 67: Testing
NEC
National Electrical Code of United States
IEEE
Nonprofit authority in areas ranging from computer engineering and telecommunications to consumer electronics and developed IEEE Project 802 to create the (LMSC) LAN/MAN Standards Committee.
Supports
Or hooks should be mounted every 4 to 5 ft and at each change of direction
Spacing:
Plan for a minimum of 1 meter (3.3') work and aisle space between and around equipment
Termination tools
Punch Downs - 66 and 110 punch down blades Insertion Tools - LSA and BIX insertion tools
Coax Cable
RG (Radio Grade) - is unbalanced, has a characteristic impedance of 75 ohms and were originally based on military specifications and utilize a solid dialectic. Series 6 - is used for video, CATV, and security cameras. Has a solid center conductor, and uses BNC or F connectors. Series 11 - is used for video backbone distribution, has a solid or stranded center conductor, uses F or N connectors, and has less attenuation than series 6 making it perfect for longer runs. F connectors have no center pin, are economical, and can be attached by compression. N connectors are threaded, have a center pin, used in data, radio, and video, similar to an F connector except it is larger. BNC (Bayonet Neil-Concelman) - connectors are threaded, have a center pin, are used with RG59 (75 ohm) coaxial cable, and has been used since the 1940's. Three types of BNC connectors are common: Three Piece Crimp, One Piece Compression (recommended) , or Screw on (not recommended). Crimp Style BNC and Compression Connectors are used to terminate coaxial cable Compression connectors provide the best performance and are a permanent termination while providing a water tight connection cable should be stripped leaving .25 inch exposed along with the dialectric wrapped in braiding. For F Connectors insert the cable until white dialectric is flush with center hole of the connector. For BNC connectors insert until you feel conductor reach the center pin
2:2
Ratio of patch panels to horizontal cable management
Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance and Impedance
Resistance: the property of a conductor to resist the flow of electricity through it. Expressed in Ohms - One ohm of resistance will allow 1A of current to flow when 1 V of electrical pressure is applied where V is voltage in volts, I is current in amperes, and R is resistance in ohms. Resistance changes in proportion to length. High temperatures increase the conductors resistance by approximately 2% for each 10 degrees Fahrenheit (5.5 C). Inductance: a property of an electromagnetic field built around a conductor that opposes any changes in current flow in a circuit, both ac and varying dc. The basic unit of inductance is a Henry (H). Inductive coupling is the transfer of energy from one circuit to another through this field. Inductive reactance is a force that opposes change in the direction of current flow on a conductive path. Is measured in ohms. Directly proportional to the frequency. Capacitance: a property of conductors that allows storage of electric charges when potential differences (voltages) exist between conductors. Cause a voltage difference between two wires when separated by insulation, resulting in a buildup (or storage of electric charges) of capacitance between the wires. Is measured in farads (F). Normally measured in microfarads (one millionth of a farad), nanofarads (one billionth of a farad), or picofarads (one trillionth of a farad). Impedance (Z): in AC circuits, the total opposition to current flow. Measured in ohms - the combined effects of resistance, inductive reactance, and capacitive reactance of the circuit. Characteristic Impedance: the input impedance of a uniform analog transmission line of infinite length. Impedance mismatches can cause: Attenuation, distortion, or corruption of transmitted and received signals. Most balanced twisted-pair cabling used for ICT exhibits a charact
American Wire Gauge (AWG)
Roughly represents the number of steps that were involved in the process of wire drawing. Smaller Numbers: Larger wires (fewer drawing steps are involved) Larger Numbers: Smaller wires (more drawing steps are involved) A gauge change of 3 numbers: Doubles or halves the conductors resistance and cross sectional area A gauge change of 6 numbers: Doubles or halves the conductors diameter
General Safety Practices
SDS - To help the installer work safely with commercial products, chemical manufacturers are required to provide SDS, and employers are required to provide access to them for all products that can be absorbed through the skin, inhaled, or require special handling for disposal. The physical effects of current: 2-3 - milliamperes (mA) tingling of the skin 10 mA - produce a painful shock, and muscles cannot release the contact 50-100 mA - causes breathing to become difficult 100 mA - triggers ventricular fibrillation, which causes the heart to repeatedly relax and violently clamps shut (which is the most damaging) 200 mA - causes the heart to clamp shut and severe burns occur on skin and hair (which allows a better chance of survival if medical treatment is given in time) NOTE: Never use a metal fish tape if the exit point is unknown Always lock out and tag electrical circuits In case of electrical fires, protection involves 4 (RACE) steps: Rescue - Get people out of danger Alarm - Sound alarm; call for help Confine - De-energize circuits, close windows and doors, deactivate HVAC systems. Extinguish - All TRs and ERs should have fire extinguishers or fire suppression systems designed to fight electrical fires. There are 6 steps to safely assist others without endangering yourself: 1. Survey the scene - check for hazards and ask questions 2. Notify someone - if a person attempts to rescue alone they can become overwhelmed by unforeseen hazards 3. Secure the area - turn off any sources of hazards, circuits, gas, water mains, etc. and move the person to a safe area only if it will not harm them to do so. 4. Check the injured persons ABCs A - Airway B - Breathing C - Circulation 5. Contact Emergency Medical Service - EMS and relay the information collected in the initial site survey. 6. Survey the scene - complete a seco
Fiber optic terminations
Scribe and Polish - insert the prepared fiber into the connector, then scribe and cleave the optical fiber and polish the connector end face Cleave and Secure Connectors - contain a pre-polished fiber stub with index matching gel. The fiber is cleaned, cleaved, inserted, and locked into place Pigtail Splice - short length of optical fiber cables are connectorized on one end at the factory and the opposite end is fusion spliced in the field onto an installed cable Heat-cured epoxy - time consuming. Requires a curing oven. Heat-activated adhesive - adhesive softens in oven. Requires cooling rack. Gives an opportunity to reheat. UV light-cured - takes only minutes. Have clear translucent components that allow the UV light to penetrate to ensure epoxy cures properly Crimp - require no curing process. Secured with mechanical pressure. Fiber within the ferrule is free floating Pre-polished connectors - have an internal vise-like system that holds the optical fiber in place when activated. Connector has index matching gel. Installer just preps fiber, cleaves, and inserts fiber until it butts up against factory installed optical fiber Anaerobic - two part chemical adhesive and primer application. When catalyst makes contact with adhesive a hardening of the adhesive occurs in 10-20 seconds.
Structural Steel members (Red Iron)
Shall not be used directly to support cable, but may be used for the attachment of proper cable supports
1 ft
Slack Balanced twisted pair horizontal cable shall have after termination
1 M
Slack optical fiber shall have left in the work area for termination
Modular Plug Termination
Strip 1 inch of jacket. There are three common modular connectors: 4p4c - 4 position 4 contact used primarily for telephone handsets 6p6c - 6 position 6 contact used primarily for telephones and modem line cords 8p8c - 8 position 8 contact used for ICT equipment and patch cords 6p2c - 6 position 2 contact may be supplied to user by telephone system manufacturers with a 2 conductor cable. Contact/Pin Assignments: T568A style have pair 2 on pins 3 and 6 T568B style have pair 3 on pins 3 and 6 USOC - Universal Service Order Code have ascending pinouts
TIA
Telecommunications Indistry Association govern telecommunications cabling infastructure, are accredited through
Fiber Optic Connectors
The most common connectors for multimode fiber ST ( Straight Tip) SC (Subscriber Connector) LC connectors along with specified angle physical contact (APC) connectors which are normally on factory terminated pigtails. Connector/adapter: 62.5/125 micron - beige connector - beige adapter 50/125 micron - black or beige connector - black adapter 50/125 micron - aqua or beige connector - aqua adapter Single Mode - blue connector - blue adapter Single Mode APC - green connector - green adapter
Testing Cable
There are three phases of testing: 1. Visual verification - of all pathways, spaces, cable placement, termination, bonding, equipment, patch cords, and compliance 2. Testing - using various testing tools including: a) mutimeters - which are one of the most basic field testers. b) Inductive Amplifier/Tone Generators - known as a toner or cable tracer to identify a specific pair by generating a tone on one end of a conductor while using an inductive amplifier (wand) to identify it at the opposite end. But this does not guarantee that there is continuity. c) Wire map testers - also known as pair scanners, are low-cost cable verifiers that test for opens, shorts, crossed pairs, and miswires, but lack diagnostic capabilities. d) Cable end locator kit - sometimes called an office locator kit, is a set of numbered modular plugs that can be identified by inserting the plug into the outlet and searching with the tester at the patch panel until the plug at the opposite end is found. e) Qualification test - sets are used to qualify application levels based on limited test criteria that does not meet industry standard certification. f) TDR - Time Domain Reflectometer: used to measure the length of a cable by using the nominal velocity of propagation (NVP) selected and transmitting a high rise-time pulse into the cabling and then capturing and timing the reflection changes caused by impedance. Impedance changes caused by kinks or splices are displayed as well. Has the ability to identify and locate cable defects, splices, connectors, and location at which impedance changes g) Telephone Test Set - also known as butt, is used to test analog voice circuits and to simulate the user's analog telephone equipment, identify analog circuits, and diagnose and troubleshoot analog circuits. h) Certification test sets are used
The preferred method for installing Backbone Cables.
Top Down
Network Topologies and Types of Networks
Topologies can have physical or logical configurations. LAN physical topology is related to the physical media and is primarily determined by how transmission channels are used to connect network devices. Logical topology is determined by how the messages are transmitted from device to device and how the LAN functions. There are 3 fundamental physical topologies: 1) Bus, that places all of the network devices on one length of cable where each end of the cable is connected to a terminator, 2) Ring - places all the network devices in a circle, all messages pass through each device, additional devices can only be added while the network is inoperative, and if any device fails, the entire network is affected, however a benefit is there is no reliance on a central device. 3) Star is the REQUIRED physical topology in an structured cable system, where the switch is placed in the physical as well as logical center of the network. Each device has its own direct, dedicated connection to the switch, which provides a centralized point for LAN communication. However this makes it vulnerable to breakdown as the network is essentially controlled by one device at a central location. A number of hybrid topologies have developed where more than a single distribution topology is present. Tree Topology is an extension of the bus topology by adding cable extensions to the basic bus topology. Hierachal Star Topology - is the recommended topology for structured cabling backbone distribution systems have switches that are connected to each other via a central hub, following a star configuration. Types of Networks: PAN - Personal Area Network - covers an area generally associated with an individual workspace LAN - covers an area associated with all or some of the space within the building. In most cases, multiple workspace devices are co
.5 inches
Untwist of category 5e and higher cable
Method for attaching pull string
Verify tensile strength (330 N-75 lbf to 880 N-200 lbf) Select appropriate extender tool (Telescoping poles reach from 2 M-6.5 ft to 8 M-26 ft) using a minimum of 3 half hitches and a knot. Do not attach tools to pull string and throw them through the ceiling. A safer option is to attach the string to a roll of tape or bean bag that can be tossed above the ceiling tiles.
3 inches
When terminating category 3 cables, the cable pair twists must be maintained from terminatin point.
110 Blocks
are available in 50, 100, 300, or 900 pairs
210 Blocks
are available in 64, 128, and 192 pair blocks
insulation piercing contacts (IPC)
designed for stranded conductors only. Can be used by some modular plugs. Others may accept stranded or solid conductors and are referred to as universal or multi-purpose plugs
Radio Frequency Interference:
electromagnetic interference that is in the radio frequency range
Slack horizontal cables should have in a TR
enough slack to reach the farthest corner of the TR via the pathways and the distance from floor to ceiling
Slack for Copper and Optical Fiber Backbone Cable
enough slack to reach the farthest corner of the backboard via the pathways
Goodput: t
he amount of usable data that crosses a given point in a network over a certain period of time
What should be used to secure cables
hook and loop straps ( nylon cable ties choke the cables)
Supports in open ceiling
hooks should be mounted every 4 to 5 ft and at each change of direction
1st step when pulling horizontal cable
in conduit is to choose a method of establishing cable run distance. in an open ceiling is to verify the manufacturer's specifications for cable tensile strength limitations.
Electromagnetic Interference:
interference that is caused when the electromagnetic field of one device affects the electromagnetic field of other devices
1st step in setting up cable
is to secure the area
Coax Cable
is unbalanced
number of 90 degree bends per 100 ft in and bend radius of conduit
no more than 2 90's 2 inches or less 6 times internal diameter 2 inches or more 10 times the internal diameter
Maximum single conduit segment
no more than 30 M (100 ft)
Cross talk:
occurs when the signals of one wire affect the signals on an adjacent wire
ANSI
the (American National Standards Institute) in the United States
Throughput:
the actual amount of data, in bits, that crosses a given point in a network over a certain period of time
Modular Jack Termination
the outlet jack should be installed with the contact pins up (facing down) and the locking tab down. The pin numbers run from left to right
Cancellation:
the twisting of opposing wires to effectively eliminate crosstalk
