TCW Midterms
Two doctrines of adoption:
Doctrine of Incorporation Doctrine of Transformation
SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION of World Bank
Economic development Poverty reduction Long-term support
STRUCTURE of FAO
FAO has a staff with more than 3600 units
HISTORY of FAO
FAO was founded on October 16, 1945, -The first idea of an international organization for food and agriculture emerged in 1905, which led to the creation of the International Institute of Agriculture (IIA).
History of UNESCO
The history of UNESCO and its objective for international collaboration may be traced back to a League of States decision on September 21, 1921, to appoint a Commission to investigate the viability of states freely sharing cultural, educational, and scientific accomplishments. In September 1924, the International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) was established in Paris to serve as the ICIC's implementing agency.
World Trade Organization
The main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.
WHO'S PURPOSE
to lead worldwide efforts to promote health, prevent illness, and solve global health concerns and responding to health emergencies such as disease epidemics, natural disasters, and other crises and It is a vital platform for collaboration and coordination in the field of public health
Executive Agreemen
•an agreement concluded by the President based on authority granted by Congress or based on the authority granted by the Constitution.
SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS of FAO
● Improved nutrition for all ● Expanded economic opportunities in the agriculture, fisheries, and forestry (AFF) sectors and ensured ecological integrity and clean and healthy environment. ● Reduced vulnerabilities among individuals and families and just and lasting peace achieved
FUNCTIONS of FAO
● To help eliminate hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition. ● To make agriculture, forestry, and fisheries more productive and sustainable. ● Reduce rural poverty. ● Enable inclusive and efficient agricultural and food systems. ● Increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises.
Security council
- 5 permanent members with veto power: China. France. Russian Federation - United Kingdom of Great Britain and northern Ireland. United states of america - 10 non-permanent members, five of which are elected each year by the general assembly for a two-year term
6. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
- Consists of 54 members of the United Nations elected by the general assembly
1. General assembly
- Main policy-making organ of the organization
5. Secretariat specialized agencies, programs, and funds:
- UNICEF, WHO, UNESCO, and the UN Development programme (UNDP)
Refugee
- a person who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social or political group, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself the protection of that country.
Principle of Non-Refoulement
- a principle wherein in addition to not returning the refugee to his/her own state, he/she must not be sent to a third state is his/her life or freedom would there be threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or opinion.
International Customs
- also known as customary law, consists of rules or law derived from consistent conduct of states, acting out of belief that the law required them to act that way (Aust, 2010) . To be deemed as international custom, two elements must exist: state practice and opinion juris sive necessitates (opinion of law or necessity)
State Recognition
- an act by which a state acknowledges the existence of another state, government, or belligerent community and indicates its willingness to deal with the entity as such under the rules of international law (Nachura, 2016)
States
- are entities that have rights and responsibilities under international law which have the capacity to maintain their rights by bringing international claims.
International Conventions
- international agreements concluded between States, in written form, and governed by International Law, embodied either in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designations (Art 2 (1)(a), Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties)
Nationality
- is a legal bond having as its basis a social fact of attachment, a genuine connection of existence, interests, and sentiments, together with the existence of reciprocal rights and duties (Nottebohm Case Liechtenstein v. Guatemala, 1995 ICJ 4)
2. Betancourt Doctrine
- pertains to the denial of diplomatic recognition to any regime, right or left, which came to power by military force.
Statelessness
- pertains to the status of having no nationality as a consequence of being born without any nationality or as a result of deprivation or loss of nationality (Nachura, 2016).
3. Lauterpacht Doctrine
- precludes the recognition of an entity which is not legally a State as it constitutes an abuse of the power of recognition.
4. Stimson Doctrine
- precludes the recognition of any government established as a result of external aggression.
International Law
- regulates relations of states and international persons. It is derived from treaties, international customs, and general principles of law. If conflict arises, the same is resolved through state to state transactions.
Functions of WTO
-Administering World Trade Organization agreements -Forum for trade negotiations - Handling trade disputes -Monitoring national trade policies -Technical assistance and training for developing countries -Cooperation with other international organizations
Significant Contributions of WTO
-Cut living costs and raise living standards. -Settle disputes and reduce trade tensions. - Stimulate economic growth and employment. - Cut the cost of doing business internationally. -Encourage good governance.
Function of ILO
-The ILO supports this tripartite relationship among its constituents—employers, employees, and member States. The ILO brings together governments, companies, and employees to define labor standards, develop laws, and create programs in order to guarantee that it meets the needs of working women and men. This demonstrates social dialogue in action and it ensures that the ILO's labor regulations, policies, and programs closely reflect the opinions of the social partners.
HISTORY of UN
-global organization that aims to promote peace, security, and cooperation among nations. -was born out of the horrors of world war II, when 51 countries signed the UN charter in San Francisco in 1945.-United nations was first used by president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942 to describe the allies fighting against the Axis powers. Has 193 member states and two observer states, and it's headquarters are in new york city -has regional offices in geneva, vienna, and nairobi.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO)
-is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. -Their goal is to achieve food security for all and make sure that people have regular access to enough high-quality food to lead active, healthy lives.
Function of UNESCO
-promote world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. -UNESCO funds a number of initiatives to train teachers and journalists to encourage education and a free press, both important components for democratic societies. - promote world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. -encourage education and a free press, both important components for democratic societies
5 MOST SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE IN UNITED NATION
1. Dag Hammarskjold (SWEDEN) - Served as the second secretary-general of the united nations from 1953 until his tragic death in 1961 2. Kofi Annan (Ghana) - Served as the 7th secretary-general of the UN from 1997 to 2006 Eleanor Roosevelt (USA) - Was a driving force behind the Universal declaration of human rights - Serving as the chair of the UN's human rights commission from 1947 to 1951 Boutros boutros- Ghali (egypt) - Served 6th secretary general of the UN serving from 1992 to 1996 5. Ban ki-moon (South Korea) - Served as the 8th secretary-general of the UN from 2007 to 2016
ACCOMPLISHMENTS of UN
1. Peacekeeping and conflict resolution - Facilitating peace agreements and mediating conflicts across the globe - Deployment of peacekeeping missions to maintain stability in post-conflict regions. Humanitarian assistance - Providing vital aid and relief to millions during emergencies, disasters, and conflicts - Leading effortd to combat hunger, disease, and poverty through various programs and initiatives Sustainable development - Establishing the sustainable development goals (SDG's) to address global challenges and improve living conditions - Encouraging member states to adopt sustainable practices and policies for a better future. Promotion of human rights - Advocating for universal human rights and fundamental freedoms through the universal declaration of human rights and other conventions - Monitoring and reporting on human rights violations, working towards accountability and justice. Diplomacy and mediation - Providing a platform for diplomatic negotiations and dialogue to resolve international disputes peacefully. - Fostering collaboration and understanding among nations through various forums and committees. Environmental protection and climate action - Addressing climate change through initiatives, agreements, and encouraging sustainable environmental practices - Advocation for measures to protect biodiversity and reduce environmental degradation. Health and Education - Promoting global health initiatives, including, efforts to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases. - Encouraging access to quality education and supporting educational projects worldwide.
Accomplishment of UNESCO
Sustained commitment to and investment in education and training Major policies, frameworks, standards, and curricula in place Investment in the teaching force Significant expansion, in particular in basic education, as a result of Free Primary Education and Free Day Secondary Education Greater concern for quality of education.
LOCATION of FAO
The FAO Headquarters is located in the city center of Rome, near the Circo Massimo and close to the Colosseum. It's a lofty white building that is easy to recognize.
CONTRIBUTION OF IMO?
The IMO sets standards for the safety and security of international shipping.
The three main bodies of ILO
The International Labour Conference The Governing Body The International Labour Office
Organizational Structure of UNESCO
The Secretariat, comprising the Director-General and staff, oversees the organization's operations, with approximately 700 staff members working in 53 field offices worldwide
Organizational Structure of WTO
The WTO has 164 members, accounting for 98% of world trade. A total of 25 countries are negotiating membership
LOCATION of World Bank
Washington D.C.
Concordat
a treaty or agreement between the Pope and a state or government.
Treaty
an international agreement conducted between states, in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments, whatever its particular designation. Steps in treaty making involves (1) negotiation; (2) signing of the treaty by the representatives; (3) exchange of ratification instruments; (4) ratification of the treaty by constitutional organs of the respective states; and (5) registration with and publication by the Secretariat of the United Nations (UN).
Doctrine of Incorporation-
generally accepted principles of international law are considered as part of a state's national laws by reason of its membership in the family of nations.
LOCATION of WHO
headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland and has six regional offices and 150 field offices worldwide.
Regional Custom
is a practice among states within a particular area of the world which can be sufficiently well-established and accepted as law that is binding among the states of that region but not elsewhere
World Health Organization (WHO)
is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.
INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION
is the United Nations specialized agency with responsibility for the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine and atmospheric pollution by ships. -The International Maritime Organization [IMO] serves as a global regulatory body that fosters safe, secure, and environmentally sustainable shipping practices, ensuring the well-being of seafarers, protecting the marine environment, and facilitating global maritime trade
Jus Cogens (Compelling Law)
refer to norms that command peremptory authority, superseding conflicting treaties and customs which can neither be derogated nor modified, except by a norm or similar character.
Obligations Erga Omnes (towards all)
refers to an obligations under general international law that a state owes in any given case to the international community, in view of its common values and its concern for compliance, so that a breach of that obligation enables States to take action.
Doctrine of Transformation
requires the enactment by the legislative body of such international law principles as are sought to be part of municipal law (Coquia and Defensor-Santiago, 2005)
State Practice
states that there must be evidence of substantial uniformity of practice by substantial number of states.
Opinio Juris Sive Necessitates
states the belief that the given practice is rendered obligatory by the existence of a rule requiring it.
SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS of IMF
Fighting world poverty Ensure the stability of the international financial system. Helping individual countries take advantage of the investment opportunities offered by international capital markets
1. Wilson/ Tobar Doctrine
- precludes the recognition of governments established by revolution, civil war, coup d'etat, or other forms of internal violence until the freely elected representatives of the people have organized a constitutional government (Sarmiento, 2009)
National Law
- regulates relations of individuals among themselves or within the state. It consists of statutory enactments, executive orders, and judicial pronouncements. If there is conflict, the same is redressed through local, administrative, and judicial process.
CONTRIBUTIONS of WHO
-Health promotion and disease prevention - Humanitarian response and disaster management -Creation of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), a system used to diagnose and classify illnesses -Provision of medical teams and volunteers to provide emergency aid, relief goods and assistance to those in need
Going Global
-John Winant became the head of ILO in 1939 when the World War II was About to take place.-The Declaration of Philadelphia set out the key Principles Of ILO's work after the WorldWarII. -In 1946,the ILO finally became a specialized agency of the United Nations
History of ILO
-Samuel Gompers, head of the American Federation of Labour (AFL) chaired the Constitution of ILO in the United States.-Created in 1919 by the Labour Commision, the Constitution of the ILO was composed of nine countries with representatives of each: Belgium, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, France Italy, Japan, Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Significant contribution of UNESCO
-UNESCO is working towards promoting global citizenship education and human rights education, fostering a culture of equality and respect for diversity. It empowers key stakeholders, promoting inclusive urban settings and supporting young women and men in the global movement towards a peaceful world, and contributes to the Declaration's objectives
STRUCTURE of WHO
-WHO plays an essential role in improving local health systems and coordinating the global response to health threats. -Discover how we work to support the efforts of governments and partners to ensure everyone, everywhere has an equal chance at a safe and healthy life
History of WTO
-WTO began life on January 1, 1995 - important contribution to the strength and stability of the global economy -helping to boost trade growth
The Preamble of the ILO
-Whereas universal and lasting peace can be established, only if it is based upon social justice. -And whereas conditions of labour exist involving such injustice,hardship,and privationto largenumbersofpeopleastoproduceunrestsogreatthatthepeaceandharmonyoftheWorld are imperilled,and an improvement of those conditions is urgently required.
Landmark Doctrines in State Recognition
1. Wilson/ Tobar Doctrine 2. Betancourt Doctrine 3. Lauterpacht Doctrine 4. Stimson Doctrine
Contribution & Accomplishments of ILO
1. World Employment Program 2.Created the Conventions and Recommendations 3.Published over 190 Conventions, six Protocols and 206 Recommendations 4.Won the Nobel Peace Prize for 1969
Manners of State Creation:
1.Discovery and Occupation 2.Prescription 3.Cession 4.Accretion 5.Conquest
Elements of a State:
1.People 2.Territory 3.Government 4.Sovereignty
Location of IMF
Headquarters: International Monetary Fund 700 19th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20431, USA
France Albert Thomas
ILO moved to Geneva In 1920 where the nine International Labour Conventions and 10 Recommendations were Adopted in less than 2 years.
International Monetary Fund
IMF
HISTORY of IMO
IMO was created by a convention adopted at the UN Maritime Conference in 1948. The convention came into force on March 17, 1958, after it was ratified by 21 countries—seven of which were required to have at least one million gross tons of shipping.
History of IMF
JULY 1944: Bretton Woods Conference MARCH 1947: IMF begins operations MARCH 1950: Poland withdraws from IMF OCTOBER 1956: First big loans 1961: IMF creates Africa Department AUGUST 1971: Gold convertibility ends OPEC oil embargo APRIL 1978: Flexible exchange rates AUGUST 1982: Mexico defaults MARCH 1986: Help for low-income nations 1990s / Collapse of Communism, Debt Relief JANUARY 2001: Debt relief SEPTEMBER 2008: Lehman Brothers declares bankruptcy 2010s / A Halting Recovery 2020: The Great Lockdownterm-101
Location of ASEAN
Jakarta Indonesia
SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE of IMF
Kristalina Georgiva Managing Director Gita Gopinath First Deputy Managing Director Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas Chief Economist
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS of UN
Maintenance of international peace and security: Promotion of human rights: Delivery of humanitarian aid: Development assistance: Environmental sustainability
Great Depression
Massive UnemploymentHarold Butler,the Assistant Director,succeeded Albert Thomas as director in1932. United States became a member of ILO in 1934 to support the requirementof international cooperation on labour issues
7. Trusteeship council
One of the main organs of the UN - Was established to supervise the administration of trust territories as they transitioned from colonies to sovereign nations.
FUNCTION of IMF
Overseeing the economies of member countries Lending to countries with balance of payments issues Helping member countries modernize their economies
Function of ASEAN
Promote Peace and StabilityPromote Economic Integration and Cooperation Enhancing Trade and InvestmentPolitical and Security CooperationHuman Rights Development
Kinds International Customs
Regional Custom Special Custom
Secretariat
Secretary-general is the chief administrative officer of the united nations and head of the UN secretariat
International Customs
State Practice Opinio Juris Sive Necessitates
UN Specialized agencies
World health organization UNESCO UNICEF
Special Custom
a long continued practice between two states, accepted by them as regulating their relations that form the basis of mutual rights and obligations.
HISTORY of World Bank
-The World Bank was established in 1944 to help rebuild Europe and Japan after World War II. Its official name was the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). -When it first began operations in 1946, it had 38 members. Today, most of the countries in the world are members
Organizational structure of UN
-UN has a complex organizational structure consisting of principal organs, specialized agencies, programs, funds, and various bodies.
Rights of States
1.Right to Independence 2.Right to Equality 3.Right to Existence and Self-Defense 4.Right to Territorial Integrity and Jurisdiction 5.Right to Legation
History of WHO
7th of April 1948 is now celebrated annually as World Health Day 1948: WHO is established as a specialized agency of the United Nations on April 7, with the entry into force of its Constitution. 1955: WHO launches the Expanded Program on Immunization. 1967: The Global Smallpox Eradication Program is initiated, leading to the successful eradication of smallpox in 1980. 1986: WHO's Global Polio Eradication Initiative is launched. 2002: The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) is adopted. 2014: WHO responds to the Ebola outbreak in West Africa. 2020: WHO plays a critical role in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic.
FUNCTIONS of IMO
A. Safety of Navigation B. Pollution Prevention C. Maritime Security D. Legal Framework E. Technical Cooperation F. Facilitating International
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASEAN
History of ASEAN
ASEAN brought together Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand with the aim of forming a united frong against the spread of communism.
International court of justice (ICJ)
Also known as the world court - Main judicial organ of the UN - Composed of 15 judges elected to nine-year terms of office by the United Nations general assembly and the security council.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS of World Bank
Gender Equality and Empowerment Disaster Risk Management Global Water Security and Sanitation Partnership Debt Management Facility (DMF)
UN 6 MAIN ORGANS:
General assembly Security council Economic and social council Secretariat International court of justice Trusteeship council
Location of WTO
Geneva, Switzerland -Geneva is ideally located at the gateway to the Alps and at the western end of Lake Geneva (Lac Léman).
Location of ILO
International Labor Organization's headquarter is in Geneva, Switzerland With over 40 field offices around the world.
International Labour Organization
It is a United Nations (U.N.)agency. The goal of the ILO is to advance social and economic justice by setting international labor standards.
FUNCTION of World Bank
Its role is to reduce poverty by lending money to the governments of its poorer members to improve their economies and to improve the standard of living of their people. The Bank is also one of the world's largest research centers in development.
Significant People at IMO
Mr. Kitack Lim, as IMO's Secretary-General since January 2016. ● Ms. Dorota Lost-Sieminska- Director, Legal Affairs and External Relations Division ● Mr. Hiroyuki Yamada - Director, Conference Division
Location of UNESCO
Place de Fontenoy in Paris, France
SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS of UN
UN has made important contributions in promoting global peace and security, humanitarian assistance. Sustainable development, human rights, and diplomacy. - Aims to encourage international cooperation, resolve conflicts, improve living conditions, and address pressing global challenges such as climate change and poverty
LOCATION of IMO
United Nations
UN
United Nations
UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
