Teaching Chapter 9

Inclusion

Placing students with special needs into a regular class, using modified class assignments, if they will benefit from the class experience.

Mainstreaming

Placing students with special needs who show the ability to keep up with the curriculum in a regular class.

stereotype

Preconceived generalizations about certain groups of people.

learning styles

Preferred methods of absorbing and processing information.

In meeting the needs of students with disabilities, schools may use various educational placements or combinations of them which include the following:

-Mainstreaming: students are placed in one or more regular classes; not treated as special students -Inclusion: Students are in special classes but not expected to keep up academically -Special education: adapted programs with extra staff and specialized equipment to help students with special needs learn

Options for supporting the gifted and talented include:

-Provide in-class enrichment; learning opportunities during regular classes -Use self-paced learning; students can move on when they are ready -Skipping a grade; may cause problems with social-emotional skills -Attending special schools (such as magnet schools) -Providing pull-out programs; leaving regular classes for advanced classes -Participating in extracurricular programs; improve knowledge and skills in all areas of interest -Taking advanced classes; may include community college or university classes -Some teachers specialize in teaching gifted and talented students -Regular classroom teachers may also have gifted and talented students -They need to provide these students with more rigorous activities -Gifted or talented students may be grouped for projects

Types of intelligence and their strengths:

-logical mathematical: logical problems, math -spatial: visualizing -bodily-kinesthetic: hands-on activities, movement -linguistic: words -musical: rhythm, sound patterns -intrapersonal: analyzer of self, strength/weaknesses -interpersonal: communication -naturalistic: analyzing environment -existentialist: philosophical questions

Teachers can incorporate tips and techniques for gaining skills into regular lessons. Such as:

-reminders -explanations -examples -checklists -organizational aids

Tapping individual learning strengths has benefits that include the following:

-understanding student potential; can improve students' attitudes towards learning -using varied teaching techniques; draws on a wider range of student strengths -allowing more student choice; allows students to draw on their strengths -helping individual learners; the teacher can help students find techniques that match their personal strengths -Helping all learners; students can strengthen other learning techniques

special needs

A broad range of psychical, mental, social, and behavioral challenges that impact learning.

self-paced learning

A form of learning that allows students to move to the next learning task as soon as they master the previous one. Students progress at individual rates, rather than as a class.

Ethnicity

A particular racial, national, or cultural group, including that group's customs, beliefs, values, and often language and religion.

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

A written education plan developed for a specific student with disabilities.

Limited English Proficient (LEP)

Describes students who are not proficient in English.

Diversity can enrich learning by:

Diversity can encourage new ideas, opinions, and experiences. Schools need to encourage respect and tolerance. Some schools see diversity as a source of conflict. School administrators must set the tone; teachers must model acceptance. Stereotypes have no place in schools. Teachers must be sensitive to students' individually. Teachers can learn about students' cultures by: - meeting with parents, listening to students' stories, and studying cultural traditions.

special education

Educational settings that provide adapted programs, extra staff, and specialized equipment or learning environments or materials to help students with special needs learn.

Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligences

Howard Gardner published his theory of multiple intelligences. This list continues to expand and evolve. Teachers find that drawing on different types of intelligences helps students learn more and expand all areas of intelligence.

multiple intelligences

Howard Gardner's theory that individuals have a broad range of types of intelligence, each to a different degree.

accommodations

In teaching, modifications to the environment, learning strategies, or materials that are made to help students with particular special needs succeed in the classroom.

Teachers can meet the needs of diverse learners by:

Learn students' individual learning styles, strengths, abilities, and interests. Differentiated instruction provides options that fit students' needs. Varying student groups can help meet different needs.

Programs to English language learners include:

Limited English Proficiency (LEP) and English language learners (ELL) face the challenge of learning English in school. Some students attend bilingual programs, others attend English as a Second Language (ESL) program.

auditory learners

People who learn best by hearing or listening to information.

kinesthetic-tactile learners

People who learn best by performing hands-on or physical activities.

visual learners

People who learn best if information is presented in a way that they can see.

pull-out programs

Programs that allow students to leave the regular classroom for certain periods of the day for additional instruction to meet their particular needs.

Learning styles and multiple intelligences

Recognize each student as an individual, and understanding differences in how students learn can help teachers maximize learning for more students.

magnet schools

Schools designed to emphasize a particular subject area or area of talent and attracted qualified students from throughout the school district.

Cultural diversity in the United States comes from:

Schools reflect the diversity of the U.S. Many people identify with a specific ethnic group based on their heritage. Ethnicity is a particular racial, national, or cultural group. Includes that group's customs, beliefs, values, and often language and religion.

Visual learners learn best when:

Seeing information. This can include: reading, writing notes, drawing, viewing pictures, watching movies, and highlighting (physical highlighting of important information).

Learners with special needs include:

Special needs may include physical, mental, social, and behavioral challenges. Under the "Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)", public schools must create Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) for students with speical needs.

exceptional learners

Students who are gifted, talented, or have special needs, such as a disability, and need, or can benefit from, programs matched to their abilities and potential.

Gifted and talented learners:

Students who have abilities significantly greater than those of others their age. Gifted means that they excel academically, and talented means that they have outstanding skills in music, art, theater, dance, and leadership.

English Language Learners (ELL)

Students whose native language is not English and who are not yet proficient in the English language.

To help English language learners, teachers can:

Teachers may use several methods in order to help English Language Learners. Some of these include: speaking clearly, printing assignments on the board, summarizing, demonstrating, giving step-by-step instructions, having students work in pairs and groups, and providing study guides and vocabulary.

Differentiated Instruction

Teaching that incorporates learning options to better meet the specific learning-related characteristics of individual students.

The purpose of an Individualized Education Program (IEP) is for:

The plan also describes specific accommodations necessary. The purpose of an IEP is that it creates an opportunity for teachers, parents, school administrators, related services personnel, and students (when appropriate) to work together to improve educational results for children with disabilities. The IEP is the cornerstone of a quality education for each child with a disability.

Kinesthetic tactile learners learn best when:

They learn best by doing things or through hands on activity. This can include: using objects for representation, studying with others, and working through a procedure in a way that involves them in the material.

Auditory learners learn best when:

They learn best by hearing information. This can include: hearing lectures, participating in discussions, reciting information out loud, and using tunes and rhythms to understand and memorize the information.

Two groups of exceptional learners are

Two main groups of exceptional learners are those who are gifted and talented, and learners with special needs.

The three learning styles are:

Visual learners, auditory learners, and kinesthetic-tactile learners. Teachers can plan lessons to incorporate different modes of learning, they can use different styles to help individual students, and they can avoid emphasizing one particular learning style when teaching.

learning diversity

differences in learning based on abilities, interests, or experiences

Learning diversity includes:

different learning styles, physical, social, emotional, or mental challenges, language barriers, and differences in ethnicity or cultural customs.