TEAS Grammar and Read

*Capatilize the pronoun ____*

I

*To choose correctly among the forms of who, re-phrase the sentence so you choose between he and hi__. If you want him, write wh__; if you want he, write who. *

him whom

*Third person singular is he she it or his, her, hers, its and him her i___*

it

*The apostrophe has three uses: 1.to form possessives of nouns 2.to show the omission of letters 3.to indicate certain plurals of lowercase let___*

letters

*Choosing Cases in the Appositive Position An appositive is the renaming or amplification of something earlier in the sentence. In the sentence "Ronald E. Pepin, translator of several Latin texts, will speak at our symposium on translating dead languages tomorrow," the phrase "translator of several Latin texts" is a re-identification of the person's name, an appositive. Occasionally, pronouns can fall into the appositive slot of a sentence and that can create questions about case. If the appositive is renaming something that functions as a subject, the pronoun should take the subject form; if the appositve is renaming something that functions as an object, the pronoun must take the object form.The two people in charge of the symposium, Micki and I, will help pay for the damages. (where "Micki and I" renames the subject, "two people") Nobody in the auditorium, not even he, expected that a riot would break out. (where "he" agrees with the subject "nobody") My favorite professors, Dr. Pepin and she, gave interesting talks. (where "she" corresponds to the subject "professors") Great Grandmother Etherea left her money to her favorite people, Jayden and ___. (where "me" agrees with the object of the preposition "people") The bank credited two different groups, the Stamp Club and us, with making deposits on the same day. (where "us" agrees with the object "groups")

me

*11. Use commas wherever necessary to prevent possible confusion or misread___. To George, Harrison had been a sort of idol.*

misreading

*Sometimes modifiers will get between a subject and its verb, but these mo____ must not confuse the agreement between the subject and its verb. EX: The mayor, who has been convicted along with his four brothers on four counts of various crimes but who also seems, like a cat, to have several political lives, is finally going to jail.*

modifiers

*Exception: Do not capitalize the nonsp___ use of the word "god." The word "polytheistic" means the worship of more than one god.*

nonspecific

*Comma Abuse 14. Don't put a comma between the two nouns, noun phrases, or noun clauses in a compound subject or compound obj____. Incorrect (compound subject): The music teacher from your high school, and the football coach from mine are married. Incorrect (compound object): Jeff told me that the job was still available, and that the manager wanted to interview me.*

object

*When a pronoun follows "let" in a mild exhortation, we use the ob___ form of the pronoun. We say "Let us go then," but we're apt to slip in the subject form, especially when the pronouns are compounded: "And now, let you and I take the first step toward reconciliation." (It should read "let you and me ... ") And in the Biblical admonition, we read "Let he who is without guilt cast the first stone." (It should read "Let him who is without guilt cast the first stone.")*

object

7*. Use a comma near the end of a sentence to separate contrasted coordinate elements or to indicate a distinct pau___ or shift. He was merely ignorant, not stupid. The chimpanzee seemed reflective, almost human. You're one of the senator's close friends, aren't you? The speaker seemed innocent, even gullible.*

pause

*. Do not use a capital letter when the quoted material is a fragment or only a p___ of the original material's complete sentence. Although Mr. Johnson has seen odd happenings on the farm, he stated that the spaceship "certainly takes the cake" when it comes to unexplainable activity. 4. If a direct quotation is interrupted mid-sentence, do not capitalize the s____ part of the quotation. "I didn't see an actual alien being," Mr. Johnson said, "but I sure wish I had."*

piece second

*Capitalize proper nouns (the names of specific people, pl___, organizations, and sometimes things)*

places

*Ex: The tornadoes that tear through this county every spring are more than just a nuisance. The subject, tornadoes is pl___. Don't get confused by the words in between, such as prepositional phrase.*

plural

*. Common introductory phrases that should be followed by a comma include participial and infinitive phrases, absolute phrases, nonessential appositive phrases, and long prep____ phrases (over four words). Having finished the test, he left the room. To get a seat, you'd better come early. After the test but before lunch, I went jogging. The sun radiating intense heat, we sought shelter in the cafe*

prepositional

*10. Use a comma to shift between the main discourse and a quot____. John said without emotion, "I'll see you tomorrow." "I was able," she answered, "to complete the assignment." In 1848, Marx wrote, "Workers of the world, unite!"*

quotation

*Place colons and semicolons outside closed quot___ marks. Williams described the experiment as "a definitive step forward"; other scientists disagreed. Benedetto emphasizes three elements of what she calls her "Olympic journey": family support, personal commitment, and great coaching.*

quotation

*The days of the week, the months of the year, and holidays (but not the sea___ used generally) Halloween, October, Friday, winter spring, fall*

seasons

*Ex: Kara Walters, together with her teammates, presents a formidable opponent on the tennis court. Presents is used because sin___. The phrase together with, does not make Kara Walters a compound subject. Ex: He seems to forget that there are things to be done before he can graduate. Things is the subject. Plural so are. *

singular

*The expression "more than one" (oddly enough) takes a sin___ verb: "More than one student has tried this." *

singular

*The singular object form is him, wh___ and the plural object form is them whom.*

whom

*Use single quotation marks to enclose quotes within another quotation. The reporter told me, "When I interviewed the quarterback, he said they simply 'played a better game.'___*

"

*Complex: composed of 1 or more dependent clauses and ___ or more independent clauses. Join an introductory dependent clause with the independent clause by a comma. Because road construction has hindered travel around town, many people have opted to ride bicycles or walk to work. Many people have opted to ride bicycles or walk to work because road construction has hindered travel around town.*

1

*Compound-Complex: composed of 1 or more dependent clauses and 2___or more independent clauses. Join an introductory dependent clause with an independent clause with a comma. Separate 2 independent clauses with a comma and a coordinating conj_____ (and, but, or, for, nor, so). When it is filtered, water is cleaner, and it tastes better. Join an introductory dependent clause with an independent clause with a comma. Separate 2 independent clauses by a colon when you wish to emphasize the _____clause. Whenever it is possible, you should filter your water: filtered water is cleaner and tastes better. Join an introductory dependent clause with an independent clause with a comma. Separate 2 independent clauses by a semicolon when the second clause restates the first or when the two clauses are of equal emphasis. When it is filtered, water is cleaner and tastes better; all things considered, it is better for you.*

2 conjunction 2nd

**Do not use quotation marks with quoted material that is more than ___ lines in length. See Colons, *

3

*. Use commas to separate ____ or more words, phrases, or clauses written in a series. The Constitution establishes the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. The candidate promised to lower taxes, protect the environment, reduce crime, and end unemployment. The prosecutor argued that the defendant, who was at the scene of the crime, who had a strong revenge motive, and who had access to the murder weapon, was guilty of homicide.*

3

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/quotation.htm

Begin here

*Use commas to separate independent clauses when they are joined by any of these seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet or FAN____*

FANBOYS

*F____ relationships (when used as proper names) I sent a thank-you note to Aunt Abigail, but not to my other aunts. Here is a present I bought for Mother. Did you buy a present for your mother?*

Family

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/607/02/

Start

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/621/1/

Start

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/607/1/

Start here

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/italics.htm

Start2

*4. Do not use commas to set off essential elements of the sentence, such as clauses beginning with that (relative clauses). Th__ clauses after nouns are always essential. That clauses following a verb expressing mental action are always essential. That clauses after nouns: The book that I borrowed from you is excellent. The apples that fell out of the basket are bruised. That clauses following a verb expressing mental action: She believes that she will be able to earn an A. He is dreaming that he can fly. I contend that it was wrong to mislead her. They wished that warm weather would finally arrive. Examples of other essential elements (no commas): Students who cheat only harm themselves. The baby wearing a yellow jumpsuit is my niece. The candidate who had the least money lost the election. Examples of nonessential elements (set off by commas): Fred, who often cheats, is just harming himself. My niece, wearing a yellow jumpsuit, is playing in the living room. The Green party candidate, who had the least money, lost the election. Apples, which are my favorite fruit, are the main ingredient in this recipe. Professor Benson, grinning from ear to ear, announced that the exam would be tomorrow. Tom, the captain of the team, was injured in the game. It is up to you, Jane, to finish. She was, however, too tired to make the trip. Two hundred dollars, I think, is sufficient.*

That

*When an attribution of speech comes in the middle of quoted language, set it ap___ as you would any parenthetical element: "I don't care," she said, "what you think about it." Be careful, though, to begin a new sentence after the attribution if sense calls for it: "I don't care," she said. "What do you think?"*

apart

*Pattern Five: Complex Sentence This pattern is an example of a complex sentence with a dependent marker. Dependent marker dependent clause[ , ] Independent clause[ . ] Examples of dependent markers are as follows: because, bef___, since, while, although, if, until, when, after, as, as if. Example: Because doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma, they have called for more research into its causes.*

before

*Quote context If the context of your quote might be unclear, you may add a few words to provide clarity. Enclose the added material in bra_____. Added Material: The quarterback told the reporter, "It's quite simple. They [the other team] played a better game, scored more points, and that's why we lost."

brackets

*In proofreading and editing your writing, remember that quotation marks always travel in pairs! Well, almost always. When quoted dialogue carries from one paragraph to another (and to another and another), the closing quotation mark does not appear until the quoted language finally ends (although there is a beginning quotation mark at the start of each new quoted paragraph to remind the reader that this is quoted language). Also, in parenthetical documentation (see the Guide to Writing Research Papers), the period comes after the parenthetical cita___ which comes after the quotation mark" (Darling 553).*

citation

*Everyone seems to be a plural subject, but it is always singular. Ex: Not only the students but also their instructor ________ been called to the principal's office. With paired conjunctions such as either ... or and not only ... but also, the subject cl-__ to the verb -- in this case, the singular 'instructor' -- determines whether the verb will be singular or plural.*

closer

*When subjects are connected with the word, or, the subject that is clo___ to the verb will determine whether the verb it is singular or plural. Ex: Some of the votes seem to have been miscounted. Some is the subject of the sentence. It is plural because the word votes Makes it a countable indefinite pronoun. *

closer

*Write each person's spoken words, however brief, as a separate paragraph. Use commas to set off dialogue tags such as "she said" or "he explained." If one person's speech goes on for more than one paragraph, use quotation marks to open the dialogue at the beginning of each paragraph. However, do not use clos____ quotation marks until the end of the final paragraph where that character is speaking.*

closing

*If the quoted speech follows an independent clause yet could be part of the same sentence, use a col___ to set off the quoted language: My mother's favorite quote was from Shakespeare: "This above all, to thine own self be true."*

colon

*When the sentence comes to a complete halt (after what could be an independent clause) and an explanation or list will follow, use a col___*

colon

*2. Use commas after introductory a) clauses, b) phrases, or c) words that come before the main clause. a. Common starter words for introductory clauses that should be followed by a com___ include after, although, as, because, if, since, when, while. While I was eating, the cat scratched at the door. Because her alarm clock was broken, she was late for class. If you are ill, you ought to see a doctor. When the snow stops falling, we'll shovel the driveway.*

comma

*9. Use commas to set off all geographical names, items in dates (except the month and day), addresses (except the street number and name), and titles in names.Birmingham, Alabama, gets its name from Birmingham, England. July 22, 1959, was a momentous day in his life. Who lives at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC? Rachel B. Lake, MD, will be the principal speaker. (When you use just the month and the year, no c___ is necessary after the month or year: "The average temperatures for July 1998 are the highest on record for that month.")*

comma

*Further, punctuation around quoted speech or phrases depends on how it fits into the rest of your text. If a quoted word or phrase fits into the flow of your sentence without a break or pause, then a ____ may not be necessary: The phrase "lovely, dark and deep" begins to suggest ominous overtones. Following a form of to say, however, you'll almost always need a comma: My father always said, "Be careful what you wish for."

comma

*Comma Abuse 13. Don't put a comma between the two verbs or verb phrases in a comp___ predicate. Incorrect: We laid out our music and snacks, and began to study.Incorrect: I turned the corner, and ran smack into a patrol car.*

compound

*Pattern Three: Compound Sentence This pattern is an example of a com_____ sentence with a semicolon. Independent clause [ ; ] independent clause [ . ] Example: Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma; they are unsure of its cause.*

compound

*Phrases such as together with, as well as, and along with are not the same as and. The phrase introduced by as well as or along with will modify the earlier word (mayor in this case), but it does not c_____ the subjects (as the word and would do). *

compound

*Compound: composed of 2 or more independent clauses. Join 2 independent clauses by a comma and a coordinating conj_____ (and, but, or, for, nor, so). Road construction can be inconvenient, but it is necessary. Join 2 independent clauses by a colon when you wish to emphasize the ____ clause. Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town: parts of Main, Fifth, and West Street are closed during the construction. Join 2 independent clauses by a semicolon when the second clause restates the first or when the two clauses are of eq____ emphasis. Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town; streets have become covered with bulldozers, trucks, and cones.*

conjunction fanboy 2nd equal

*Comma Abuse 15. Don't put a comma after the main clause when a dependent (subordinate) clause follows it (except for cases of extreme cont____). Incorrect (extreme contrast): She was late for class, but not because her alarm clock was broken. (incorrect) Incorrect: The cat scratched at the door, while I was eating. Correct: She was still quite upset, although she had won the Oscar.(This comma use is correct because it is an example of extreme contrast)*

contrast

*However, don't put a comma after the main clause when a dependent (subordinate) clause follows it (except for cases of extreme contrast). Incorrect: She was late for class, because her alarm clock was broken. Incorrect: The cat scratched at the door, while I was eating. Correct: She was still quite upset, although she had won the Oscar. (This comma use is correct because it is an example of extreme cont____)*

contrast

*Ex: There ----- to be some people left in this town after yesterday's flood. The subject is people which is plural so use have instead of has. Ex: Some of the grain _____ to be contaminated. Some is the subject of the sentence and it is not cou____; therefore singular.*

countable

*The names of God, specific de___, religious figures, and holy books God the Father,the Virgin Mary, the Bible the Greek gods, Moses, Shiva, Buddha Zeus*

deities

*Pattern Six: Complex Sentence This pattern is an example of a complex sentence with a dep_____ marker. Independent clause dependent marker dependent clause [ . ] Examples of dependent markers are as follows: because, before, since, while, although, if, until, when, after, as, as if. Example: Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma because it is a common, treatable illness.

dependent

*Use a comma after an introductory phrase, prepositional phrase, or dep_____ clause. To get a good grade, you must complete all your assignments. Because Dad caught the chicken pox, we canceled our vacation. After the wedding, the guests attended the reception.*

dependent

*Use quotation marks to set off a d____ quotation only. Examples: "When will you be here?" he asked. He asked when you will be there*

direct

*Capitalize Directions that are names (North, South, East, and West when used as sections of the country, but not as compass dir_____) The Patels have moved to the Southwest. Jim's house is two miles north of Otterbein.*

directions

*If the original quote is too long and you feel not all the words are necessary in your own paper, you may omit part of the quote. Replace the missing words with an elli____ Original Quote: The quarterback told the reporter, "It's quite simple. They played a better game, scored more points, and that's why we lost."*

ellipse

*ITALICS: Names of Vehicles, Foreign Words or Phrases, Words as Words, For Emp___, Words as Reproduced Sounds*

emphasis

*If a question ends with a quotation containing an exclamation mark, the exclamation mark will supersede the question and suffice to e___ the sentence.Wasn't it Malcolm X who declared, "Why, that's the most hypocritical government since the world began!" *

end

*6. Use commas to separate two or more coordinate adjectives that describe the same noun. Be sure never to add an extra comma between the final adjective and the noun itself or to use commas with non-coordinate adjectives. Coordinate adjectives are adjectives with eq___ ("co"-ordinate) status in describing the noun; neither adjective is subordinate to the other. You can decide if two adjectives in a row are coordinate by asking the following questions: •Does the sentence make sense if the adjectives are written in reverse order? •Does the sentence make sense if the adjectives are written with and between them? If you answer yes to these questions, then the adjectives are coordinate and should be separated by a comma. Here are some examples of coordinate and non-coordinate adjectives: He was a difficult, stubborn child. (coordinate) They lived in a white frame house. (non-coordinate) She often wore a gray wool shawl. (non-coordinate) Your cousin has an easy, happy smile. (coordinate) The 1) relentless, 2) powerful 3) summer sun beat down on them. (1-2 are coordinate; 2-3 are non-coordinate.) The 1) relentless, 2) powerful, 3) oppressive sun beat down on them. (Both 1-2 and 2-3 are coordinate.)

equal

*Use a comma between coordinate adjectives (adjectives that are eq___ and reversible). The irritable, fidgety crowd waited impatiently for the rally speeches to begin. The sturdy, compact suitcase made a perfect gift.*

equal

*Use quotations marks for: •Titles of short or minor works •Songs •Short Stories •Ess____ •Short Po_____ •One Act Plays •Other literary works shorter than a three act play or complete book •Titles of sections from longer works •Chapt____ in books •Arti____ in newspapers, magazines, or journals •Episodes of television and radio series*

essays poems chapters articles

*3. Use a pair of commas in the middle of a sentence to set off clauses, phrases, and words that are not esse____to the meaning of the sentence. Use one comma before to indicate the beginning of the pause and one at the end to indicate the end of the pause. Here are some clues to help you decide whether the sentence element is essential: •If you leave out the clause, phrase, or word, does the sentence still make sense? •Does the clause, phrase, or word interrupt the flow of words in the original sentence? •If you move the element to a different position in the sentence, does the sentence still make sense? If you answer "yes" to one or more of these questions, then the element in question is nonessential and should be set off with commas. Here are some example sentences with nonessential elements: Clause: That Tuesday, which happens to be my birthday, is the only day when I am available to meet. Phrase: This restaurant has an exciting atmosphere. The food, on the other hand, is rather bland. Word: I appreciate your hard work. In this case, however, you seem to have over-exerted yourself.*

essential

*Pattern Eight This pattern includes an independent clause with an embedded ess_____ clause or phrase First part of an independent clause essential clause or phrase rest of the independent clause [ . ] An essential clause or phrase is one that cannot be removed without changing the overall meaning of the sentence. Example: Many doctors who are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma have called for more research into its causes.*

essential

*Capitalize Titles preceding names, but not titles that fo___ names She worked as the assistant to Mayor Hanolovi. I was able to interview Miriam Moss, mayor of Littonville.*

follow

*The noun that a pronoun refers back to is called its antecedent. A pronoun and antecedent must agree in number. Singular to singular and plural to plural. Must agree in gender: His or Her, He or She. Must be clear as to which noun is the antecedent. Ex: The nurse saw his former patient in the mall and wished that ___ had greeted him more cordially. *

he

*Remember that when we compound a pronoun with something else, we don't want to change its form. Following this rule carefully often creates something that "doesn't sound good." You would write, "This money is for me," so when someone else becomes involved, don't write, "This money is for Fred and I." Try these: This money is for him and me. This arrangement is between Fred and ___. Those are both good sentences.*

him

*8. Use commas to set off phrases at the end of the sentence that refer to the beginning or middle of the sentence. Such phrases are free modifiers that can be placed anywhere in the sentence without causing confusion. (If the placement of the modifier causes confusion, then it is not "free" and must remain "bound" to the word it modifies.) Nancy waved enthusiastically at the docking ship, laughing joyously. (correct) Inc____:Lisa waved at Nancy, laughing joyously. (Who is laughing, Lisa or Nancy?) Laughing joyously, Lisa waved at Nancy. (correct) Lisa waved at Nancy, who was laughing joyously. (correct)*

incorrect

*Use a semicolon when you link two inde____ clauses with no connecting words. For example: I am going home; I intend to stay there. It rained heavily during the afternoon; we managed to have our picnic anyway. They couldn't make it to the summit and back before dark; they decided to camp for the night. You can also use a semicolon when you join two independent clauses together with one of the following conj______ adverbs (adverbs that join independent clauses): however, moreover, therefore, consequently, otherwise, nevertheless, thus, etc. For example: I am going home; moreover, I intend to stay there. It rained heavily during the afternoon; however, we managed to have our picnic anyway. They couldn't make it to the summit and back before dark; therefore, they decided to camp for the night.*

independent conjunctive

*Comma Splices A comma splice is the use of a comma between two inde_____ clauses. You can usually fix the error by changing the comma to a period and therefore making the two clauses into two separate sentences, by changing the comma to a semi____, or by making one clause dependent by inserting a dep_____ marker word in front of it. Incorrect: I like this class, it is very interesting. Correct: I like this class. It is very interesting. (or) I like this class; it is very interesting. (or) I like this class, and it is very interesting. (or) I like this class because it is very interesting. (or) Because it is very interesting, I like this class.*

independent semicolon dependent

*Use quotation marks [ " " ] to set off material that represents quoted or spoken language. Quotation marks also set off the titles of things that do not normally stand by themselves: short stories, poems, and articles. Usually, a quotation is set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma; however, the typography of quoted material can become quite complicated. Here is one simple rule to remember: In the United States, periods and commas go in___ quotation marks regardless of logic. Click HERE for an explanation (sort of).*

inside

*Use a dash [ — ] (or two hyphens [ -- ] on old-fashioned typewriters) or dashes as a super-comma or set of super-commas to set off parenthetical elements, especially when those elements contain int___l forms of punctuation:Do not use dashes to set apart material when commas would do the work for you. Usually, there are no spaces between the dash and the letters on either side of a dash, although the dash is frequently shown that way in documents prepared for the World Wide Web and e-mail for typographical and aesthetic reasons (because the WWW authoring and e-mail clients have little control over line-breaks).A dash is sometimes used to set off concluding lists and explanations in a more informal and abrupt manner than the colon. We seldom see the dash used this way in formal, academic prose.*

internal

* Common intro_____ words that should be followed by a comma include yes, however, well. Well, perhaps he meant no harm. Yes, the package should arrive tomorrow morning. However, you may not be satisfied with the results.*

introductory

*Be careful not to use quotation marks in an attempt to emphasize a word (the kind of thing you see in grocery store windows—Big "Sale" Today!). Underline or itali____ that word instead. (The quotation marks will suggest to some people that you are using that word in a special or peculiar way and that you really mean something else—or that your sale is entirely bogus.) *

italicize

*Quotation marks may additionally be used to indicate words used ironically or with some reservation. The great march of "progress" has left millions impoverished and hungry. Do not use quotation marks for words used as words themselves. In this case, you should use it___ The English word nuance comes from a Middle French word meaning "shades of color."*

italics

*When you are quoting something that has a spelling or grammar mistake or presents material in a confusing way, insert the term sic in i___ and enclose it in brackets. Sic means, "This is the way the original material was." Example: She wrote, "I would rather die then [sic] be seen wearing the same outfit as my sister." Should be than, not then.*

italics

*We do not enclose indirect quotations in quotation marks. An indirect quotation reports what someone says but not in the exact, original language. Indirect quotations are not heard in the same way that quoted lang____ is heard. The President said that NAFTA would eventually be a boon to small businesses in both countries. Professor Villa told her students the textbooks were not yet in the bookstore.*

language

*Use single quotation marks for quotes within quotes. Note that the period goes inside all quote m___. Example: He said, "Danea said, 'Do not treat me that way.'" *

marks

*First person case is I. Possessive is my mine and Objective is ____*

me

*Pattern Seven This pattern includes an independent clause with an embedded non-ess____ clause or phrase First part of an independent clause [ , ] non-essential clause or phrase, rest of the independent clause [ . ] A non-essential clause or phrase is one that can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence or making it ungrammatical. In other words, the non-essential clause or phrase gives additional information, but the sentence can stand alone without it. Example: Many doctors, including both pediatricians and family practice physicians, are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma.*

non-essential

*In reporting "silent speech"—noting that language is "said," but internally and not spoken out loud—writers are on their own. Writers can put quotation marks around it or ___: Oh, what a beautiful morning, Curly said to himself. "Oh, what a beautiful morning!" Curly said to himself.*

not

*Apostrophe - add 's to the singular form of the word (even if it ends in -s): the owner's car James's hat (James' hat is also acceptable. For plural, proper nouns that are possessive, use an apostrophe after the 's': "The Eggleses' presentation was good." The Eggleses are a husband and wife consultant team.) add 's to the plural forms that do not end in -s: the children's game the geese's honking add ' to the end of plural nouns that end in -s: two cats' toys three friends' letters the countries' laws add 's to the end of compound words: my brother-in-law's money add 's to the last no___ to show joint possession of an object: Todd and Anne's apartment*

noun

*On the other hand, if a question ends with a quoted statement that is not a question, the question mark will go out___ the closing quotation mark. Who said, "Fame means when your computer modem is broken, the repair guy comes out to your house a little faster"? *

outside

*On the other hand, some words ending in -s refer to a single thing but are nonetheless pl___ and require a plural verb.  EX: My assets were wiped out in the depression. The average worker's earnings have gone up dramatically. Our thanks go to the workers who supported the union.*

plural

*When used as subjects, such words as each, either, one, everybody, and anyone regularly take singular verbs.) Collective nouns take a singular verb when they refer to the group as a unit Some nouns (such as athletics, statistics, politics, series, deer, and sheep) can be either singular or pl___ depending on meaning.)*

plural

*Words such as glasses, pants, pliers, and scissors are regarded as pl___ (and require plural verbs) unless they've preceded the phrase pair of (in which case the word pair becomes the subject).  EXAMPLES: My glasses were on the bed. My pants were torn. A pair of plaid trousers is in the closet.*

plural

*Possessive form pronouns are in singular his whose and in pl____ their wh___*

plural whose

*If your sentence compounds a positive and a negative subject and one is plural, the other singular, the verb should agree with the pos____ subject. EX: The department members but not the chair have decided not to teach on Valentine's Day. It is not the faculty members but the president who decides this issue*

positive

*In a structure such as "My mother is a lot like her," we have no trouble recognizing that "like" is acting as a preposition and we need the object form of the pronoun after it. Why, then, can't we use "than" and "but" as prepositions in sentences such as "Dad's a lot taller than him" and "No one in this class has done the homework but me"? Such usage is now widely regarded as acceptable in all but the most formal writing. The same argument is sometimes used for the object form after as — "The coach is not as smart as me" — but this argument does not enjoy the cogency of using the object form after but and than.Garner* argues that when the pronoun precedes the but phrase, the objective case should be used ("None of the students were interested but him"); when the but phrase precedes the verb, the subject case is appropriate ("None of the students but he were interested"). The argument goes that in the former case but is behaving as a prep____, in the second as a conjunction. *

preposition

*Fused sentences happen when there are two independent clauses not separated by any form of punct____. This error is also known as a run-on sentence. The error can sometimes be corrected by adding a period, semicolon, or colon to separate the two sentences. Incorrect: My professor is intelligent I've learned a lot from her. Correct: My professor is intelligent. I've learned a lot from her. (or) My professor is intelligent; I've learned a lot from her. (or) My professor is intelligent, and I've learned a lot from her. (or) My professor is intelligent; moreover, I've learned a lot from her.*

punctuation

* The titles of book-length works that are published separately are italicized. This includes books, full-length plays, if published separately, and long poems, if published separately: Novel: One Hundred Years of Solitude Play: Death of a Salesman Long Poem: Paradise Lost Chapter titles are enclosed in quotation marks (but not chapter numbers). 2. The titles of short stories are enclosed in quotation marks. 3. The titles of short poems are enclosed in quot____ marks. 4. The titles of newspaper and magazine articles are enclosed in quotation marks. 5. The titles of essays are enclosed in quotation marks. *

quotation

*Generally, we italicize the titles of things that can stand by themselves. Thus we differentiate between the titles of novels and journals, say, and the titles of poems, short stories, articles, and episodes (for television shows). The titles of these shorter pieces would be surrounded with double quot___ marks. In writing the titles of newspapers, do not italicize the word the, even when it is part of the title (the New York Times), and do not italicize the name of the city in which the newspaper is published unless that name is part of the title: the Hartford Courant, but the London Times. *

quotation

*Occasionally — very occasionally, we hope — we come across a sentence that seems to demand one kind of punctuation mark within quotation marks and another kind of punctuation mark outside the quotation marks. A kind of pecking order of punctuation marks takes over: other marks are stronger than a period and an exclamation mark is usually stronger than a question mark. If a statement ends in a quoted question, allow the question mark within the quot____ marks suffice to end the sentence. Malcolm X had the courage to ask the younger generation of American blacks, "What did we do, who preceded you?" *

quotation

*talics are used primarily to punctuate the titles of full-length works that are published separately. There are also a couple of specialized uses for italics with titles.Qu_____ marks are used to punctuate titles of short works and parts of other works--i.e., titles of those works that are not published separately. *

quotation

*Verbs in the present tense for third-person, singular subjects (he, she, it and anything those words can stand for) have s-endings. Other verbs do not add _____. EXAMPLES: He loves and she loves and they love_ and

s-endings

*Independent Clause An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. An independent clause is a sent___ Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz. Dependent Clause A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. A dependent clause can___ be a sentence. Often a dependent clause is marked by a dependent marker word.A dependent marker word is a word added to the beginning of an independent clause that makes it into a dependent clause. When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, it was very noisy. Some common dependent markers are: after, altho____, as, as if, because, bef___, even if, even though, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever, whether, and while. When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz . . . (What happened when he studied? The thought is incomplete.)*

sentence cannot although before

*When the personal pronoun follows except, but, than, or as, you've got an argument on your hands. Traditionally, these words have been regarded as conjunctions and the personal pronoun that follows has been regarded as the subject of a clause (which might not be completed). Thus "No one could be as happy as I." (If you provide the entire mechanism of the clause — "as I [am]" — you see the justification for the subject form.) The same goes for these other conjunctions: "Whom were you expecting? who else but he?" "My father is still taller than ___" [than she is]. *

she

*EX: Three-quarters of the student body ____ against the tuition hike. Three-quarters represents a lump sum; a singular entity. Ex: A high percentage of the population _____voting for the new school. A high percentage is countable because of voting; therefore plural quantity. Quantities, representing a total noncountable amount are sin___. Voting indicates countable.*

singular

*When used as a subject or adjective these indefinite pronouns are always singular and, therefore, they take sin____ verbs. another anybody anyone anything each each one either every everybody everything much neither nobody no one nothing one other somebody something someone These pronouns may be used as subjects, and they take a singular verb. Everyone has been invited. *

singular

*When you have neither ... nor, the subject closer to the verb—in this case attitude—counts. Because attitude is singular, use bothers, the sin____ form of the verb.]Ex: to bother: Neither Fred's ratty clothes nor his sullen attitude __________ Esmeralda, who lets Fred pick up the check every time they dine out.*

singular

*The pronouns neither and either are singular and require s____ verbs even though they seem to be referring, in a sense, to two things. EXAMPLES: Neither of the two traffic lights is working. Which shirt do you want for Christmas? when nor or or is used the subject closer to the v___ determines the number of the verb. Whether the subject comes before or after the verb doesn't matter; the pro____ determines the number.*

singular verb proximity

*Convention normally insists that a new paragraph begins with each change of sp____: "I don't care what you think anymore," she said, jauntily tossing back her hair and looking askance at Edward. "What do you mean?" he replied. "What do you mean, 'What do I mean?'" Alberta sniffed. She was becoming impatient and wished that she were elsewhere. "You know darn well what I mean!" Edward huffed. "Have it your way," Alberta added, "if that's how you feel."*

speaker

*THERE and HERE THE SUB____ THAT FOLLOWS DETERMINES IF SINGULAR OR PLURAL. 4 Subject-Verb Agree*

subject

*3rd person plural is they, their, theirs, and th____*

them

*Pattern Four: Compound Sentence This pattern is an example of a compound sentence with an independent marker. Independent clause [ ; ] independent marker [ , ] independent clause [ . ] Examples of independent markers are the following: there___, moreover, thus, consequently, however, also. Example: Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma; therefore, they have called for more research into its causes.*

therefore

*First person plural is we, our, ours, u__*

us

*Occasionally pronouns are connected to other subjects or objects in the sentence. In that case, the case of the pronoun can be important and errors are apt to be made, especially in the object position. Generally, the choice becomes obvious when you drop the noun or noun phrase that the pronoun is combined with. We students can no longer tolerate the administration's mismanagement of funds. [We can no longer tolerate ... ] The administration has given us students no alternative. [... has given ___ no alternative.] In the second person, this is not really a problem, because the form of "you" remains the same whether it is singular or plural, subject or object. Y__students need to take care of this situation on your own. I'm giving you students three months to come up with a solution.

us you

*Comma Abuse Commas in the wrong places can break a sentence into illogical segments or confuse readers with unnecessary and unexpected pauses. 12. Don't use a comma to separate the subject from the ve___. Incorrect: An eighteen-year old in California, is now considered an adult. Incorrect: The most important attribute of a ball player, is quick reflex actions.*

verb

*An independant clause is a stand alone clause that has a s_____ and verb. 2 independent clauses are joined by a comma and a coordinationg conjunction FAN_____*

verb fanboy for and nor but or

*The only problem most writers have with whose is confusing it with who's, which looks like a possessive but is really the contraction for who is. In the same way that we should not confuse his with he's (the contraction for he is or he has), we should not confuse whose with ____. Who's that walking down the street? Whose coat is this? I don't care whose paper this is. It's brilliant! Whose can be used to refer to inanimate objects as well as to people (although there is a kind of folk belief that it should refer only to humans and other mammals): "I remember reading a book — whose title I can't recall right now — about a boy and a basenji."*

who's

*Place a question mark or exclamation point within closing quotation marks if the punctuation applies to the quotation itself. Place the punctuation outside the closing quotation marks if the punctuation applies to the wh___ sentence. Phillip asked, "Do you need this book?" Does Dr. Lim always say to her students, "You must work harder"?*

whole

*Use capital letters in the following ways: The first w____ of a sentence When he tells a joke, he sometimes forgets the punch line.*

words

*Use commas to separate independent clauses when they are joined by any of these seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, ____.The game was over, but the crowd refused to leave. The student explained her question, yet the instructor still didn't seem to understand. Yesterday was her brother's birthday, so she took him out to dinner.*

yet

*1. Coordinating Conjunction The seven coordinating conjunctions used as connecting words at the beginning of an independent clause are and, but, for, or, nor, so, and y___. When the second independent clause in a sentence begins with a coordinating conjunction, a comma is needed before the coordinating conjunction: Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, but it was hard to concentrate because of the noise. 2. Independent Marker Word An independent marker word is a connecting word used at the beginning of an ind_____ clause. These words can always begin a sentence that can stand alone. When the second independent clause in a sentence has an independent marker word, a semic____ is needed before the independent marker word. Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz; however, it was hard to concentrate because of the noise. Some common independent markers are: also, consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, and therefore.

yet independent semicolon

*2nd person pliural is you, your, yours, and y___*

you

*Second person singular for case is you your yours and y___*

you