Test 1
protoplast culture (tissue culture)
Can use cells from any part of the plant. Test protoplast for traits like disease resistance. Use favorable cells to form callus.
Protoplast fusion
Fuse the 2 desired protoplasts and allow callus to form Several disease resistant potatoes have been produced this way.
what agricultural techniques came into play thanks to Borlaug and the GR?
Irrigation Mechanization Use of fertilizer Use of pesticides
How many genetically modified crops were grown in the US? the world?
180 million acres in US 450 million acres
Thomas Malthus
19th century idea where population grows and food population grows at a constant rate
minimum requirement of calories for good health
2600
what percentage of processed foods contain GMOs in the US?
75%
how many people suffer from starvation world-wide? what percentage live in developing countries (Asia and Pacific areas)? How many people die from hunger each year? how many are children
842 million 98% 900 million 1/3
the best land for plant growth is in use how?
by other farms or have been used by human construction
daily food must contain
carbs fats vitamins certain amino acids proteins
what happens when you eat less than 2600 calories?
decline in health, die young, children were living less than 1 year old.
what is an example of unusable land?
desert
Crop improvement
established in the 19th century but a scientific understanding of plant breeding did not occur until Mendel when he established rules with heredity.
What are some things people used plants for?
food, drinks, meds/drugs, poisons, flavorings, fragrances, building materials, dyes aesthetic enjoyment
where does calorie intake come from in Africa, South America and Asia (food groups)
grains (wheat, barley, rice) which is later processed into flour
population growth is highest in countries where starvation is ________.
highest
What has made it difficult to identify certain ancestral plants?
human selection
as food resources increase, population _______.
increases
why is investment high?
maintenance, machinery and fertilizers. Practices cost more because of increased yields per acre and paying workers also increased.
Marasmus
not getting sufficient calories. Inadequate energy intake
Symptoms of Marasmus
o Children 1-3 years old o Dehydration o Stomach shrinkage o Weight loss o Diarrhea o Rust in skin color o Damage immune system o Faster death without treatment
Green Revolution
o Refers to renovation of agricultural practices beginning in Mexico in the 1940s Application of science and technology to create high yielding varieties of major food staples (mainly grains) that are disease resistant
Symptoms for Kwashiorkor
o children 4-8 years o edema due to fluid retention o bulging of abdomen o inability to grow and gain weight o diarrhea o rust color in skin o damage immune system o death without treatment
irrigation leaves behind ________. Plants are not _______ tolerant which decreases production.
salt
What plant has the highest return amount?
soy beans
Vincristine
used to treat leukemia. Survival rate has increased from the 60s to now because of this plant from 10% to 90%. 40% of the drugs we use are derived from plants.
what 3 foods in the grass family feed majority of the world?
wheat, corn and rice
advantages of G.R.?
- Yields are 2-4 times greater - Shorter growing season - Farming incomes have increased - Diet pf rural communities is now varied
How did people start choosing which crops to continue growing?
Certain traits were wanted.
Dr. Norman Borlaug
Father of Green Revolution. Started with wheat in 1953 sent from all over the world. Primary goal was to develop a strain of wheat that would grow in Mexico. By 1963, he had developed a dwarf wheat that had high yields and was resistant to several diseases. More energy went into seed production. He helped food deficient in Mexico and India
Why did humans start choosing agriculture?
Population pressure and environmental changes. Because of the glaciers retreat, animals that were being hunted were moving. People moved closer to water to survive and cultivate plants.
__________ is a limited resource. Swamps and xeric (dry) areas are not suitable for agriculture.
Water
Agricultural Productivity
amount of crop generated during the life cycle of a crop per unit of land cultivated
Agriculture
caring for or cultivation of plants
Grain
primary food in the grass family that feeds the world
food production increased, but calorie in take ______________.
remains the same.
Kwashiorkor
taken too early from the breast. Milk proteins replaced by insufficient plant diet
what limits affect productivity?
temperature, water and soil quality
Plants are __________ dependent for normal growth.
temperature.
