Test 1

Frieze

A a decorative/pictorial band running across the upper part of a wall (The Pantheon)

Brick

A building unit made of clay (never a block of stone--the building units in stone construction are called blocks) either sun-dried (or mud brick) or kiln fired

Cromlechs

A circle of upright monolithic stones. Stonehenge is a cromlech.

Engaged Column

A column that is not freestanding but attached to a wall

Plan

A drawing or diagram showing the HORIZONTAL layout of the spaces and walls that form a building. If the building is more than one story, the plan will usually show only a single story layout. A city or town plan will show the horizontal design of buildings, streets, and other spaces in relationship to each other

Ziggurat

A large mud-brick step temple built by the ancient Sumerians

Pylon Gateway

A massive gateway formed by the Egyptians to mark the entrance to a temple complex.

Post and Lintel Construction (prehistoric)

A method of construction in which two posts support a horizontal beam, called a lintel

Mortise and Tenon (prehistoric)

A method of joining two elements--The projecting piece (tenon) on a stone or timber that fits snugly into the depression/hole that was made to receive it (mortise). Such joints are very strong and flexible.

Dolmen

A prehistoric structure made up of two or more large upright stones supporting a large, flat, horizontal slab or slabs

Pilaster

A rectangular column that usually projects about a third of its width from the wall to which it is attached

Monolith (prehistoric)

A single large stone (sphinx)

Volutes

A spiral scroll, as seen on an Ionic capital.

Coffer

A sunken panel, often ornamental, in a vault or a ceiling (parthenon)

Buttress

A support usually of stone or brick I.E. The Pantheon

Column

A tall cylindrical vertical upright and used to support a structure (base, shaft, capital)

Fluting

a series of shallow concave grooves, vertical on the shaft of a column.

Colonnade

a structure composed of a series of arches supported by columns

Entasis

a swelling in the middle of the shafts on a column

Abacus

a tablet placed horizontally on top of the capital of a column as an aid in supporting the architrave

Obelisk

a tall, four-sided pillar that is pointed on top

Pediment

a triangular gable between a horizontal entablature and a sloping roof Usually on the West and East

Tholos

a type of tomb in Mycenaean architecture with a bee-hive shaped circular plan, also called a bee-hive tomb; a temple with a circular plan

Pier

a vertical supporting structure (as a portion of wall between two doors or windows)

Facade

an exterior wall serving as the major entrance to a building, often the focus of the exterior design, and quite often the wall facing the street. Not all buildings have a single facade, however

Stoa

an open building with a roof supported by a row of columns parallel to the back wall (a covered colonnade or portico) Temple of Hera

Ionic Order

characterized by volutes (spiral, scroll-like form), capitals, columns with bases, uninterrupted frieze, base

Load-bearing

construction where walls bear the weight of the roof

Corbeled Vault

A vault formed by the piling of stone blocks in horizontal courses, cantilevered inward until the two walls meet in an arch.

Mastaba

Arabic, "bench." An ancient Egyptian tomb brick or stone structure with sloping sides inside it are burial chambers and are believed to help mummies live on. Offerings were brought to these structures and there would be a statue near by where the ka (spirit) would live on

Column Capital

forms the crowning member of the column

Great Temple to Amun

Karnak 1550 BCE Built for the God of the sun. Located near Theves during the new kingdom period. Ram heads were placed along pylon. There was a statue of King Tut outside. Statues of both Ramsses the second and the third they're placed in courtyards. Hypostyle hall built by Seti the first. (Clear story) Obelisks (washington Monument) of Hatshepsut

Megalith (prehistoric)

Multiple large stones

Citadel at Tiryns

Mycenaean 1300 BCE Plan of Acropolis These were the foundations of the Greek temple They had cyclopean walls

Citadel of Mycenae

Mycenaean 1600-1250 BCE The lion gate (entrane) was made of rough stone without mortar and was post and lintel. The Palace was the center Cyclopean architechture (huge stones, walls) Megaron: the great room, the throne room.

Treasury or Atreus

mycenian tomb corbel dome with a single stone on top like dome

Echinus

ovolo molding between the shaft and the abacus of a Doric column

Temple of Hera I

Paestum (Italy) 550 BCE Had colonnaded, Peristyle border has a pronaos and a naos

clerestory

refers to a wall of a building which is raised above an adjoining room, and this section of wall has windows.

Doric Order

simple, heavy columns without a base and topped by a broad, plain capital

Ashlar Masonry

smooth stone work, with or without visible joints between the stones (Step Pyramid Complex of King Djoser)

Corbeled Dome

stone corbeled courses laid in a circular base and stacked higher to form a structure.

Corbeled Arch

stones placed closer and closer together until final gap closed by a keystone

Raking Cornice

the angled portions of the cornice meeting at the top of the pediment

Column Base

the lowest part of the column

Portico

Porch

Caryatid

Replaces column with a female figure (Erechteum)

Cornice

the topmost projecting part of an entablature

Column Shaft

the vertical segment of a column between the base and the capital

Step Pyramid Complex of King Djoser

Saqqara 2630 BCE A pyramid whose sides rise in a series of giant steps. It was the first of all Egyptian Pyramids and the largest strone construction to date. This structure harbored the first appearance of the column form and was the first smooth stone masonry. The first architect (Imhotep) known to history built this structure.

Cella

The chamber at the center of an ancient temple; in a classical temple, the room (greek, naos) in which the cult statue usually stood.

Megaron

The large political and religious hall and throne room in a Mycenean palace, fronted by an open, two-columned porch

Architrave

The lintel or lowest division of the entablature; also called the epistyle.

Elevation

a drawing or diagram showing a VERTICAL design of a building, either an exterior or interior wall. Shown would be the arrangement of doorway, windows, supporting elements (columns) and decorative features (moldings and pilasters)

Detail

a drawing or photograph that presents only a small aspect of a building, such as the design of a column or the carving over an arched doorway

Reconstruction

a drawing that attempts to show how a building originally appeared, especially in cases where it exists in ruins off has been greatly altered from the orignial

Section or Cross Section

a drawing, diagram, or model that shows a building with a perpendicular slice of the exterior removed in order to reveal the interior spaces in relation to the exterior structure

Citadel

a fortress that overlooks and protects a city; any strong or commanding place

Lions Gate

a gate in the mycenaean city of mycenae that let people in and out but was protected (corbel arch)

Axonometric or Cut-away view

a perspective drawing of a building seen from above at an angle, with portions of the roof and exterior walls removed to reveal the interior spaces with walls. In a sense, it reveals both the plan and elevations of the building--inside and ou

Rusticated Masonry

a rough styled, roughening the surfaces and beveling the edges of stone blocks to emphasize the joints between

Hypostyle hall

a row of windows in the upper part of a wall, a large interior room characterized by many closely spaced columns that support its roof.

Ziggurat at Ur (Ancient Mesopotamia)

2100 BCE Iraq (Neo-Sumerian) A sacred sanctuary in modern Iraq made from sun-dried brick. Gudea built this sanctuary because of its height--from a concept that God is up in heaven, hell is down in earth; the gods could come down to make contacts with humans on mountains, and Ziggurat, a man-made mountain

Stonehenge (prehistoric)

2900-1400 BCE Salisbury Plain, England A prehistoric monument consisting of a large circle of megaliths surrounding a smaller circle and four massive trilithons(3 stone construction). It is a cromlech, with a blue stone in the center and a heel stone furthest out (correlates with the sun)

Epidaurus Theater

350-2nd centure BCE Roles played by men Plays usually honored deities This theater honored Dionysis (God of Wine)

Erechteum

421-407 BCE Ancient statue of Athena (outside) Has a frieze Has a porch with sculpted female figures as columns

Propylaea

437 BCE Mnesicles The entrance into the Acropolis in Athens. Had doric columns Statue of Athena

The Parthenon

448 BCE Iktonos and Kallicrates Up high on the Acropolis Orientation was to the East Had doric columns Four ionic columns in the back Statue of Athena (inside)

Persepolis Palace (Ancient Mesopotamia)

518 BCE Iran (Persian) Audience halls with a number of columns made to entertain guests. It was a palace of Darius the first. Throne room with one hundred columns. It was made of brick, stone, and wood. Eventually conquered by Alexander the Great and he drunkenly burned it down.

Khorsabad Palace (Ancient Mesopotamia)

720 BCE Iraq (Assyrian) The site of the Assyrian Palace of Sargon II, which displayed sculptures of the kings head on the body of the bull. It is a Ziggurat meaning step temple

Mortuary Temple of Queen (actually king) Hatshepsut

Deir-El-Bahari 2550-2460 BCE Made of sandstone from the cliffs (built into the cliffs) She was depicted as a man with red skin She was a woman king

Mortuary temple

In Egyptian architecture, a temple erected for the worship of a deceased pharaoh. (Queen Hatshepsut)

Peristyle

Columns are around the perimeter

Palace of Knossos

Crete, Minoan 1700-1380 BCE Has multiple buildings where it was said intruders would get lost. This palace also has multiple courtyards and is made of post and lintel construction. The Palace of Knossos harbored the first plumbing system known to date. Sarcophagus of Hagia Triada

Temple of Edfu

Egypt; 237-57 BCE cut and fitted stone structure (pylons)

Great Pyramids

Giza 2550-2460 BCE Built for King Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure, three massive stone monuments-lie just outside the modern city limits or Cairo-Kuphe is the largest, the middle one is the pyramid of Kaphre, and Menkaure is the smallest Made with white tera limestone **Kaphre has a valley temple which is the pyramid with the sphinx on the outside **MenKaure has three pyramids of the queens