test 1 (ch. 6 & 8)

Kian takes a multiple-choice test, she relies on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

Pilar tries to encoding information which occurs through ________.

automatic processing and effortful processing

what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior in operant conditioning?

punishment

Araceli remembers that her dog is named Lupita and her cat is named Tasha, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. this is an example of ________.

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

for learning to be maximized, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

CS + UCS; continuous

B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson did not believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning. however, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

vicarious punishment is a type of punishment. the following is a good example of it.

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Tony is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. he repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Tony can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

acquisition

the following theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories.

arousal theory

memories are distorted by your current belief system so forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________.

bias

there are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory. What should be changed to make the above sentence correct?

change the word sensory to the word acoustic

in order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. What should be changed to make the above sentence correct?

change the word transitional to the word sensory

the following is an example of__________. Ana Maria finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three.

chunking

when Sandra comes home late at night she can walk through the house without turning on the light because she has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________.

cognitive map

the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

the following is an example of which reinforcement schedule? Maureen wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Maureen praises him and gives him a hug. which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities are called ______.

primary

Lashley conducted research where he purposely damaged the brains of rats that had learned a task and then tested those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task. what was his hypothesis?

equipotentiality hypothesis

the types of memories we consciously try to remember and recall are_______.

explicit memories

today I am trying to learn the names of all 44 presidents. why, I don't know. while I am remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.

explicit memory

Lynn attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. she repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. the puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Lynn realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. she attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. the puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

one of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

one of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct. which is it?

eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

the following is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? Jeanette receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather.

fixed ratio

many people in the baby-boom generation consider the Kennedy assassination to represent a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

flashbulb memory

B. F. Skinner was a famous American psychologist. the following is a correct statement about Skinner.

he is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: the motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Lashley developed the equipotentiality hypothesis. How did he do it?

he trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze.

an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus in ___________conditioning.

higher order

some people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

implicit

innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

classical conditioning is used in the following experiment(s).

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

one or more of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule.

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience_______?

learning

the Atkinson-Shiffrin model states________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

in operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

Jax looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. his ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.

none of the above (acoustic, semantic, sensory, epic)

you are at the doctor's office. kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidentally touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

one of the following is an example of semantic encoding.

remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROYGBIV

Carl studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Mandarin. when asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Mandarin vocabulary. this is an example of ________ interference.

retroactive

Arturo was experiencing ________ amnesia, meaning that he experienced loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. Nina was experiencing ________ amnesia, where she could not remember new information. not a good day for either of them.

retrograde; anterograde

operant conditioning is used at times in experiments. one of the following may be an example of this fact.

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Arturo is asked by his tyrant of a teacher to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. Arturo remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird which is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

Sandy is conditioned to fear dogs. cats are similar to dogs, and even though no attempt was made to make Sandy fear cats, she reacts with fear when she sees them. this is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

Tim and Katie eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. after a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Tim feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Katie is fine, but Tim has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Tim immediately feels ill.

taste aversion

the main idea of the Stroop effect is_______.

the brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.

in classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent. what would you change to make the above statement correct?

the word latent should be changed to the word acquisition.

in operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together. what should be changed to make the above sentence true?

the word operant should be changed to the word classical.

the concept of elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

the following is a good example of which reinforcement schedule? tony catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals.

variable interval