Test 1

Adaptation

A change in function or sue of devices to change functional ability. Change in the function that promotes survival and self actualization. Occupation and activity are used to promote adaptation. Adolf Meyer: Disease in psychiatry are largely problems of adaptation. Adaptation takes place a part of the normal developmental process. Work helps with problems of adaptation. Ex: Get to to class on time, but need to stop for gas along the way/ pick up a friend. Need to set alarm earlier; leave earlier.

Susan Cox Johnson

A designer; arts and crafts teacher Director of occupations at the New York State Department of Public Charities Sought to demonstrate that occupation could be moraly uplifting, it could improve the mental and physical state of patients ansd inmates in pubic hospitals and almhouses. These individuals could contribute to their self support. Taught occupation ot invalids. Advocated for high education standards and for the training of competent practitioners.

What is Occupational Therapy

A practice that uses goal- directed activity to promote independence in function. A profession that uses therapeutic activities to help persons engage in meaningful activities. Skills for the job of living.

Professional Philosophy

A set of values, beliefs and guiding principles underlying somebody's practice or conduct.

Changes in the Profession

AOTF founded to promote research OT practice shifts towards working with people who have severe disabilities. Change to technical focus using modalities Moved away form arts and crafts. Occcupational Therapy Assistants Began in psychiatry then general practice. Lack of agreement as to the role of OT and OTA

Occupational performance

Ability to carry out activities of daily life from various categories. These activities are categorized int eh following performance areas of occupation: ADLs= feeding, dressing, bathing hygiene, toileting, etc IADLS= Care of others/pets, child rearing, health and financial management, meal prep/clean up Rest/sleep Education activities= going to school, studying, formal/informal education work activities= Activities related to employment and volunteer play and leisure= Activities that promote pleasure and diversion social participation= Activities related to interaction with others

Function

Action for which a person is specifically fitted

Definition of Occupation

Activities of everyday life, named, organized and given value and meaning by individuals and a culture. Occupation is everything people do to occupy themselves, including looking after themselves, enjoying life and contribution to the social and economic fabric of their communities. Occupation based practice is emphasized in OT Framework, accreditation standards, texts and research. Engagement in occupation is beneficial, motivating. Leads to positive, physical, mental and social outcomes. Increase in generalization and motor learning.

Technology Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1988

Addresses the availability of assistive technology devices and services to individuals with disabilities

Herbert Hall

Adopted Arts and crafts for medical purposes. Worked with invalid patients providing medical supervision of crafts for the purpose of improving their health and financial independence. Patients with neurasthenia were prescribed the "work cure" (arts and crafts) instead of total rest (past treatment). Began with participation on al limited basis from bed and gradually increased the level of activity until the patient wen to eh workshop. Used this method at a facility he established din Marblehead, Massachusetts. President of NSPOT

Emerging areas of Practice

Aging in place Driver assessment and training Community health and wellness Needs of children and youth Ergonomics consulting Technology and assistive device developing and consulting. Changing needs of society provide new opportunity for OT practice. Emerging areas address the underprivileged populations (homeless, migrant workers, victims of disasters) and veterans to address current issues (PTSD) New advances in healthcare and technology. Adaptations have come a long way. Allow people to talk/communicate, when the couldn't before.

Who are people served by Occupational Therapy?

All ages (birth to the very end) Physical, cognitive, psychological, psychosocial problems (teach people how to cope). Trauma, disease, conflict, or stress (get through the day). Developmental delays, congenital problems (people who have problems that interfere with their ability to engage in everyday activities).

Handicapped Infants and Toddlers Act of 1985

Amendment to the education for all Handicapped Children Act Includes children from 3-5 yrs and initiates new early intervention programs for children from birth- 3 yrs old. OT is considered a primary service. Every child needs to have a plan. Still don't have inclusion for children other than SPED

Aging in Place

Americans are living longer. More older adults are living at home and living independently or with minimal quality of support. Support and staying active in their community is necessary and helps. Participating in social activities also help with quality of life. OT helps the individual to remain at home and be active in their community. Home modification: Safety ramps, bars in the shower. Energy conservation: work smarter, hot harder. Do activity more efficiently to prevent injury. Education: Works with the client and family on safety at home, how to manage meds, respond to emergency and procedures involved, show adequate judgment and cognition. For safety and living independently longer. Remediation: solving problems, alternative ways to do certain tasks, different strategies. Improve they current situation and living standard Socialization with others is important to the psychological well being of individuals living at home. Doing new social activities or continuing previous social activity.

Purposeful Activity

An activity used during intervention that is goal directed and may or may not be viewed as meaningful to the client. These activities typically involve an end product and are goal directed.

Thomas Kidner

Architect teacher; friend of George Barton Recognized the connection between occupationl Therapy and Vocational Rehabilitation Influential in establishing a presence for OT in vocational Rehabilitation and tuberculosis treatment. Vocational Secretary of the Canadian Military Hospitals Commission. Developed a system of vocational rehabilitation for disabled Canadian Veternas from WWI. Included OT workshops in architectural drawings for instiuttions for physically disabled. Helped promote the movement to hospitalize individuals with the disease and designed hospitals in both Canada and the U.S. for the treatment of tuburculosis patients. After passage of Vocational Rehabilitation Act (1920), he encouraged OT's to become involved in rehabilitation of diabled men from WWI.

Deinstitutionalization plan

As psychotic behavior yielded to chemical control, it became possible to dishcarge many people, eventually leading to a national plan to release clients. More community facilities were opened. Didn't believe peole should be institutionalized.

Technology and assistive device developing and consulting

Assitive Technology (adaptive technology): Products, devices or equipment that are used to maintain, increase, or improve the functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities Practitioners use activity analysis in the occupational therapy process to meet the demands of each client's desired occupation in context This is often a collaborative multidisciplinary team process Consultation is done with other health care professionals, client and family or caregivers, educators, assistive technology device vendors, manufacturers, etc. Assistive Technology can assist with: Communication Computer access Daily living Education and learning Hearing and listening Mobility and transportation Recreation and leisure Seating and position Vision and reading Prosthetics and orthotics

Task

Basic actions, steps of an activity. Breaking down the activity. Little things that get you to your goal. Ex: Cooking may involve mixing the batter. Ex: Activity of "gardening" involves planting flowers Ex: geting to class on time. Need to set the alarm; find transportation; get ready, eat, coffee.

Occupation

Classified under ADLs, IADLs, self care, education, work, play and leisure, and participation in social activities. Different ranges; role its being performed in determines what the occupation is, goal will be different.

George Edward Barton

Coined the term occupational therapy Incorporated the Boston Society of Arts and Crafts Studied under William Morris Personally experienced tuberculosis, foot amputation and paralysis. Used therapeutic occupation on himself. Opened Consolation House in Clifton Springs, NY for people who were convalescing or needing rehabilitation. Used occupation as a method to Treatment.

Trends to come

Decreased reimbursement Work hard and produce Shorter length of stay, but with expectation of increased functional outcome; fix the patient

Ergonomics

Definition: Refers to the science of fitting jobs to people Involves providing recommendations to individuals and companies on work station setup to promote safety, efficiency and comfort to prevent work related injuries. OT could examine the setting and positions, how they lift objects and other physical requirements. Proper ergonomics may prevent work related injuries, leads to fewer missed work days, which leads to lower costs to company and client.

Personality characteristics

Desire to help others and like people. Appreciation of diversity and human's ability to change. Creative thinkers, problem solvers, teachers. Be able to handle your own problems and feelings before helping others. Empathy- understand the clients situation. Be able to relate to individuals and small groups. Interest in life long learning and teaching.

Children and youth.

Different areas: Autism, literacy, play, sensory integration, transportation, childhood obesity, early intervention. Childhood obesity: Leading health issue in America. Can lead to other disease. Defined: excessive body fat that affects child's overall health. Affect their self esteem (making friends) and their insecurities. May have trouble communicating with other people. Anti bullying programs. Teach children to use respectful language. May have trouble with physical education because of weight. Have decreased endurance on the playground. Encouragre them to participate in activities. Find a balance between rest and going oit and playing by limiting amount of time with technology. Setting times to gout and play. Services that help children from birth- 3 years and may extend to 5 yrs. States are responsible for implementation of services. Help children with developmental markers, needs or things they should be doing. Get them to where they need to be to help them later in school. Early intervention: helps the child move it along. Work closely with the family and parents. Parents need to be present so they can manipulate the child and do it at home. Empower the family. work on their development issues so they don't end up in sped. School system: helps them function in the educatin environment. Ex: perception, scisors, school activities.

Problems addressed in Occupational Therapy

Dysfunction is the inability to engage in everyday activities. Help clients who have functional disabilities by increasing they abilities to do the everyday things. Think big to small.

Arts and Crafts Movement

Early 20th century changes in science, technology, medicine, and industry. Henry Ford developed the assembly line for cars. This movement was a reaction to the exapnding use of tools and machines. Founders believed production of items by machines decreased activity and were oposed to the productin of items by machines. Using their hands to make items conncected people ot their work, physically and mentally and was healthier. Concern developed for people who were injured or ill and denied competived involvement in life. There was an increased awareness that handicapped people are productive.

Progression of the profession

Eight schools of Occupational Therapy in U.S. Adopted minimum standards for courses training in OT. Revised twice by the AOTA National registry of graduates begain in 1929. AMA- American Medical Association, inspected and accredited OT schools. OT profession assumed responsibility for accrediting and monitoring schools. Published journal specific to OT: AJOT

Goal

End toward which effort is directed

Occupation as an End

Engaging in the occupation is the goal of intervention. Activities or task the person finds important Derived from the person's values, experiences or culture. Example: Go to the art museum as a leisure activity. Example: School system- hand eye coordination. Doing it in school with peers who can cut.

William Morris

English Poet, designer and socialist reformer

John Ruskin

English author, poet, artist and art critic

Soldiers Rehabilitation Act

Established a program of vocational rehabilitation for soldiers disabled on active duty. OT's assisted in helping soldiers adjust to thier industrial responsibilities in civilian life. Help soldiers return to productive living.

Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975

Establishes the right of all childrne to a free and appropriate education, regardless of handicapp condition. Includes OT as a related service.

Holistic approach

Focus: the functional relationship of the parts to the whole being Emphasis: the organic and functional relationship between the parts and the whole A person is a whole- interaction of biological, psychological, sociocultural and spiritual elements Examples: ADL's, gross and fine motor skills Adolf Meyer

ACOTE Accredited OT Education

Foundational concepts include biologic, behavior sciences, sociology, anthropology, medicine and normal human development (know what is normal). Theory and processes of OT Developing specific skills and techniques. Problem solving through critical thinking is necessary to evaluate function, analyze activities, designing interventions and thinking out of the box. Fieldwork training Level I and II Develop professionalism.

Preparatory activities

Get client ready for purposeful activity. Activities include ROM, exercise, strengthening or stretching. Ex: Finger songs/games; visual calendar; blowing something through a straw at a target to teach of focus and body awareness, stretching to improve range of motion or loosen up.

Activities

Goal-directed human actions. Person is focused on the goal of the activity, rather than the process involved in achieving the goal. OT focuses on "doing" as a method to learn or relearn skills. OT's give patients "opportunities" rather than "prescriptions. Components of various occupations. Global/general. Ex: Occupation of "mother" involves cooking. Ex: Occupation of "homeowner" involves gardening.

Occupational Therapy's views of Human Beings

Holistic= focus on the functional relationship of the parts to the whole things. Active being= Humans are in control of and can change their behavior Engaged in occupation= ordinary and familiar things humans do everyday.

Truthfulness

Honest, accountable, accurate Demonstrated through behavior

Occupational Therapy Settings

Hospitals, Skilled Nursing Facilities, Clinics, Schools, Mental Health facilities, Homes, Senior care facilities, Community centers or service agencies, Prisons, Early intervention

OT is based on Humanism

Humanism's a belief that the client should be treated as a person, not an object. Looking at whole picture: patient, goal, activities and task. Altruism Equality Freedom Justice Dignity Truthfulness Prudence

Active being

Humans are in control of and can change their behavior. Humans are viewed as open systems. There's a continuous interaction between the person and environment. Person influences social and physical environment; vise versa

What does an OT do?

Increase clients ability to engage in everyday activities such as: Activities of daily living (ADL): feeding, dressing, bathing Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL): financial management, shopping. Leisure, work, education, and social participating. They also interact with a patient to asses their existing performance, set goals, and develop a plan. Building rapport with client is important.

AOTA Priorities- 2011

Increase the influence and recognition of the profession- centennial vision. Focus on science driven research and evidence based practice Coordinated Online Opportunities Leadership (COOL). Its a database that allows members to volunteer for organization work in their area of expertise. Campaign building and broad-based advocacy. Professionals can help each other with information and ideas. Building research capacity and pursue of doctorates degrees. Evidence based types of information

Driver Assessment and Training Programs

It is an everyday occupation that allows the client to live independently. Ex: emergencies, appointments, leisure. Requirements of safe driving: good judgment, reaction time, visual perceptual skills. Only put them on the road when they are ready and fit the requirements. Occupational Therapists role: Examine the patient to determine if they are able to drive after a trauma, illness or decline in function. They evaluate their physical, cognitive and social abilities. Intervention: remediate poor abilities or make adaptations to accommodate dysfunctional skills. If they need modifications to the vehicle they drive. Assessing whether the client is capable of driving safely. Teaching new or seasoned driers with a disability on how to drive ore regain ability. Train them in the necessary skills to ensure that they drive safely. Evaluates and intervene in physical, social, cognitive and psychosocial aspects that affect driving.

Activity Analysis

Know the activity and be able to break it down.

Moral Treatment

Late 1700's to 1800's there was a heightened social consciousness. Believed that all people have value and were entitled to compassion. Sought to make the existence of those confined more bearable. Moral treatment decreased by the mid 1800's.

State Regulations

Licensure that protects the public and define OT's scope of practice for consumers, facilites, and providers. The practice of Occupational Therapy is regulated in most states through licensure laws that protect the government. Licensure laws give legal definiton of occupational therapy and the domain of OT. Need to keep up to date on the status of licensure laws and proposed changes to regulations.

Contrive Activities

Made up of activities that incorporate some of the same skill needed of occupations. Simulating the activity. Ex: child tying shoes on a doll before tying his or her real shoes. Scooping rice and beans. Placing pennies in a slot on a can to teach fine motor skills or buttoning. Pretending to through a ball

National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy (1917)

March 15, 1917 Made up of like minded individuals Focus: strived to utilize people's innate desire to do; to help them be who they want to be. Wanted to study and advance curative occupations for invalids and convalescents. Encourged original research. Promote cooperation among Occuptional Therapy socieites and with other agencies or rehabilitation. Dunton's Principls of Occupational Therapy In 1921, the name was changed to Occupational Therapy Association

Purposeful Activities

Meaningful to the client and have an end product. What you're trying to get them to do. Ex: Throwing a ball at the target. Opening a milk carton. Dressing oneself. Cooking

Medicare

Medical assistance for people 65 yrs or older or those who are permanenlty and ttally disabled. Cover OT services in the inpatient setting and limits coverage for outpatient services. Increased the demand for Occupational Therapy.

Susan Tracy

Mother of OT education Was a nursing instructor involved in the arts and crafts movement. Supervised nurses at Adam Nervine Asylum in the use of occupations. Developed the first structured training course that prepared students to teach patient activities. Believed only nurses were qualified to practice occupations and tried to make it a nursing skill. Book: Studies in Invalid Occupations (1910). First known book written on Occupational Therapy How to select and use arts and crafts activities with patients.

Eleanor Clark Slagle

Mother of Occupational Therapy Interested in Mental Hygiene Movement Social Workder Directed Occupational Therapy department at Henry Phipps Psychiatric clinic of Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. Developed "Habit Training"- Reeducation of disorganized habits. Modify or construct new ones to restore or improve and maintain health Habit training involved all hospital staff and took place 24 hrs a day. Directed activity: given in increased doses as patient improves; increase amount of activity. Held office in NSPOT

Occupation-Centered Activities

Natural setting, actual context. Ot practitioners must strive to work with clients in the setting they will be discharged to. Media= objects nod materials used by OT practitioners to facilitate change for the patient Ex: Playing a game of catch with friends on the playground. Go to the cafeteria or McDonalds to open a milk carton by themselves. Be able to dress themselves at home or at a store. Cooking in the kitchen at home.

WWII

New demand for OT's Few accredited schools. OT's were required to be graduates fo accredited schools, took 18 months to complete. War emergency courses were developed due to demand of war and need for quick training, 4 month course. Military personnel increased in 4 yrs. Passing an essay based exam became a requirement in 1945. Objective testing format adopted in 1947, where a multiple choice test was elected.

Post WWII

New drugs and technology Antipsycotics and tranquilizers= patients benefited more from OT Treatment. Lead to deinstituationlaization of mental patients.

Educational Trends

OT educational programs: Faculty evaluate what to teach based on ACOTE Standards. Standards can change, they need to keep up with standards and trends Continually developing curriculum to meet changing practice and exapanding diversity of OT roles. OT profession requires life long learning to remain current. Evidence based practice: OT practitioners need to support clinical decisions iwth research Justify intervention and examine evidence. Why does it work?- show evidence. Have a good understanding of why we're doing it. Master's entry level was prompted by need to improve OTs ability to utilize reserch and compte in healthcare market. OT moving to doctorats program only. AS degree is education required for OTA's. OTA's moving bachelor's degree. Clinical doctorate emerges to repare doctoral trained faculty to teach, advance reaserch and generate evidence. Participatory reserach- helps keep OT faculty in touch with clinical practice. Talking to other people to resolve issuess in community. Involves the clinician, client and family members in the research process.

Infringement

OT's must be aware of infringement on OT scope of practice. Don't want to impinge on someone else. Don't want another department to impinge on OT. Ex: Model Practice ACT for PT: Proposed to expand phsyical therapy's scope of practice to include functional training in self care and home management (including ADL and IADL) Speech wanted to include feeding in their scope of practice

Levels of Practitioners

Occupational Therapist (OT); Occupational Therapy Assistant (OTA)

Core concepts of Occupational Therapy

Occupational Therapy views humans holistically Occupational Therapy views humans as active beings, wherein occupation is critical to well being Occupational Therapy classifies Occupations under activities of daily living, self care, education, work, play and leisure, and participation in social activities Human learning entails experience, thinking, feeling and doing The profession views occupation as both a means and an end Every human being has the potential for adaptation Occupational Therapy is based on humanism, were the values of altruism, equality, freedom, justice, dignity, truth and prudence, are central to the profession. The client, family and significant other are active participants throughout the therapeutic process in what is referred to as a client- centered approach.

Engaged in Occupation

Ordinary and familiar things humans do every day; everyday life activities. What occupations define you and how it influences you; impact

Patient vs. client

Patient is usually used in hospitals or rehabilitation centers. Client is usually used when patient receives OT in community based places, mental health facilities or training centers. They have different connotations.

Role

Pattern of behaviors; certain rights and duties individual is expected to perform, is trained in and encouraged to conform to in a given situation. The activity the role is being performed in determines what occupation it is. Expectation of individuals culture provides subtle messages about which roles to adapt and when. Example: preparing a meal; roles of mother vs. chef.

Quality of life

Phenomenological view- quality is inherent in the experiences of the individual, what is meaningful and satisfying. OT's work with clients to identify occupations that are meaningful and will improve the person's quality of life. It's important to their quality of life. Very individualized Do activities with children that has them move around a lot. If they fidget, have them sit on a floaty, so the child doesn't disturb others when they move. Client center approach= involving the person, family member or significant others in the OT process. Make sure that everyone is on the same page. Client must help the practitioner understand their experience.

Phillipe Pinel

Physician in France; took over an insane asylum after French revolution. Intorduced "work treatment" for the insane Used occupation to divert the patients mind away from their emotioanl disturbances and toward improving their skill. First to use organized programs of activity Used physical exercise, work, music and literature in treatment Introduced farming as an important elemtn of institutional life.

Types of Activities

Preparatory, Contrive, Purposeful, Occupation- Centered

William Rush Dunton Jr.

President and Treasurer of NSPOT Psychiatrist; considered the father of Occupational Therapy. Felt strongly about he therapeutic value of Occupation. Worked at the Sheppard Asylum and develop the Arts and Crafts program. Was interested in implementing a similar program to Pinal and Tukes. Published " Occupational Therapy: A manual for nurses". Describes simple activities that the nurse can used or adopt in the treatment of patients Started a cours for nurses that showed them how to use arts na crafts as a means for habit training.

Social Securities Amendments

Previously hospitals were reimbursed based on actual costs. Established the Prospective Payment System (pps) Created Diagnosis Related Groupings (DRGs)

Rehabilitation Act (1973)

Principles: Emphasized priority to service for people with the most severe disabilities. Mandated that state agencies establish anorder of selection th twould place the most severely idsabled perosn first for service. Every client accepted for services participartes in the service planning process by completing an individualized written Rehabilitatin Program (IWRP). Specifies the vocatioanl goal and key supporting objectives. Development of a set of standards by which the impact of rehabilitain services could be assessed. Emphasized the need for rehabilitation research Civil rights provisions that gave euqal opportunity for poeple with disabilites. It prohibited discrimination in employment or in admissions criteria to academic pgorams on the basis of a disabling condition.

Occupational Therapist (OT)

Professional Program. Requires at least a master's degree. Can take 4-5 yrs. By 2020 there will only be doctorates programs. They can do evaluations and learn more theory. Curricula has a strong science base and include focus on human development across the life span. May also be called an OTR= Registered Occupational Therapist

Civilian Vocational Act

Provided federal funds to states on a 50-50 matching basis to provide rehabilitation services to civilians with physical disabilities. To be eligible for benefits, applicants for the program had to be unable, because of their disability, to engage successfully in gainful employment.

Benjamin Rush

Quaker and physician First in the U.S. to institute Moral Treatment. Established a structure for patients that simulated real life. Patients engaged in simple work tasks that were purposeful to them. Demonstrated that his promoted better health and brought order and puprose. Care and activites were individualized when needed. Father of American psychiatry.

Metaphysics

Questions about the nature of human kind.

WWI

Reconstruction Aids trained to rehabilitate veterans injured in war so they could return to the military or be employed- reconstruction program. OT and physiotherapy aides trainined under the direction of orthopedic professionals. OT (reconstruction) aides trained using arts and crafts to treat the mind "shell shock" and body. Saw orthopedic and pyshiatric patients. Physio aides saw orthopedic patients. They used massage and exercies to treat patients. As the need to reconstruction aides increased, so did the need for training. Programs consisted of insruction in arts and crafts, medical lectures nd hipsital ettiquite, as well as practical experiences in a hospital or clinic. Walter Reid Hospital taught disabled soldiers skils of metal work, wood work, weaving, block pringting, carving and took making as part of rehabilitation. Validation of activity as therapy Link b/w occupational therapy and physical disability

Epistemology

Relates to nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge; how do we know>

Freedom

Respect a persons right to choice Demonstrate independence, initiative and self direction. Demonstrated through nurturing and providing support and encouragement.

Justice

Respect the legal rights of all Abide by the law

Community Health and Wellness

Role of OT: May develop programs to keep communities healthy. Programs focus on wellness and prevention of disability. They help those with disabilities integrate into the community and contribute to society. Provide services to the community that promotes wellness and quality of life. Help older adults access healthcare, social groups, transportation and daily living activities- help increase the quality of life. May also work as consultants to assure accessibility fore people with disabilities (playground, public buildings). May design program to increase wellness in the community or address a specific concern. Ex: childhood obesity, needs of the homeless, migrant workers, or victims of disaster.

Federal Laws

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973: Reasonable accommodation for people with disability. Individuals with Disabilites Education Act (IDEA): Requires school district to educated students with disabilites in the least restrictive environment. Requires states to establish procedures assuring that students with disabilites are educated to the maximum extent appropriate. Same as students without disabilites. Balanced Budget Act of 1997: Reduce Medicare spending, create incentives for the development of managed care plans, encourage enrollment in managed care plans and limit free for service payment and programs. X amount of visit patient can have, rest is out of pocket. Medicare: Medical assistance for people 65+ or those who are pemanently and totally disabled. Covers OT services in the inpatient setting and limited coverage for outpaient services.

1970's - 1980s

Societal changes: Introduction of personal computers. Increase in alcohol and druge abuse, AIDS Deinstitutionalization More services in the community, overall services were lacking, especially for the homeless. Still not getting the servcies they need. Legislation for peopel with disabilities.

William Tuke

Society of Friends (Quaker); York, England Established th York retreat in 1796. Applied Moral Treatment Believed that moral Tretment movements were preferable to restraints and drugs. The environment at York Retreat was like a family. Patients were treated with kindness and consideration.

Ethics

Standards and rules of conduct

Independence

Stare or condition of being self reliant

Activity

State or condition of being involved

Axiology

Study of values; questions of desirability

Adolf Meyer

Swiss phsyician who came to U.S. Professor at Johns Hopkins. Committed ot a holistic approach and developed the psychobiological apraoch to mental illness. Provided OT field with its philosophical base. Advocated that each individual should bee seen as a complete and unified whole, not a series of parts or problems to be managed. Believed that providing an individual with the opportunity to participate in puposeful activity promoted health. NSPOT 1921- philosophy of OT Rhythms and balance: Work, play rest and sleep- meaningful and purposeful activities; activities we do everyday.

Occupational Therapy Assistant (OTA)

Technical program. Requires an associates degree, that takes 2 yrs. They are supervised by OT. Curricula has a strong science base and includes a focus on human development across the life span.

Occupational Performance

The ability to carry out activities of daily life (including activities in the areas of occupation).

Equality

Treating people fairly and impartially Treating all individuals equally with an attitude of fairness and impartiality. Respecting each individuals beliefs, values and lifestyles in the day to day interactions.

Post WWI

Treating tuberculosis in sanitariums across the country. A lot of OT's were employed in this area. Great Depression slowed the development of the profession. AOTA membership decreased. Schools and departments closed. Came to a standstill because there was no war.

Therapy

Treatment of an illness or disability

Altruism

Unselfish concern for others. Caring, dedication, responsiveness and understanding

Occupation as a means

Use occupation to bring abut change in clients performance. Helps you get to the end. Occupation used as a means can be the same as an activity. Ex: Go to the art museum to see people and initiate light conversation (improve socialization participation). Ex: If student can't cut, work on finger strength and hand eye coordination. Can use play dough or construction paper.

Prudence

Use sound judgment, care and discretion (OT Code of Ethics, Appendix A)

Rehabilitation movement

VA hospitals increased in size and numbers to serve veterans with mental and physical issues/ disabilities. People were living longer and were still disabled; korean war. Hill Burton ACT provided government funding for rehabilitation hospitals for disabled persons. OT's were hired to teach patients ADL's, designing orthotic devices, trianing patients how to use prosthetics, using progrssive resistive exercies, etc.

Dignity

Value an individuals uniqueness.

Areas of Occupation

Various life activities, including activities of daily living (ADL), Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), education, work, play, leisure and social participation.

Centennial Vision

We envision that occupational therapy is a powerful, widely recognized, science driven and evidence based profession with globally connected and diverse workforce meeting society's occupational needs. - AOTA OT is common, well known, awareness. There is science and research to show that it works; proof behind the treatment, etc. Anybody can receive OT and anybody can be an OT. Meaningful and purposeful activities are don. Developed with input from members constituents and consumers. A return to the rots of OT- occupations