Test 1 MLC

Measures of time and speed

reaction time and movement time

The interval of elapsed time after a suddenly presented stimulus until the beginning of the response is called the

reaction time interval

Attention remaining for a secondary task is ______ when the primary task is more complex

reduced

_________ is the stage of information processing in which a person decides what to do with the information provided

response selection

Spatial/event anticipation bypasses the

response selection stage

What is a skill

skills involve achieving some well-defined environmental goal in these ways -maximizing the certainty of goal achievement (maximize how many times you are achieving the skill) -minimizing the physical and mental energy cost of performance (be efficient) -Minimizing the time used

Compatibility and Complex Actions

Compatibility between the stimulus and response is defined not in terms of the initial interaction but rather in terms of the efficiency of the intended final position -make take longer but it would be more beneficial for the response -not as fast (may) = more efficient S-R compatibility effects may influence the response-selection stage in terms of how an action is to be performed, rather than simply about where to move

Error scores in discrete tasks

Computing an error score for a given subjects was attempting a series of trials on a test requiring accuracy (e.g., the subject threw 5 darts) ex. hitting a target

Limitations in Stimulus Identification- Parallel Processing

some sensory information can be processed in parallel and without much interference-- that is, without attention ex. sensory signals from the muscle and joints. associated with posture and locomotion (movements that you are not consciously aware of ex. naming the ink color in which a work is presented (the color of the word is red but the actual word says yellow)

Anticipation that includes what will happen in the environment is called

spatial anticipation

The reduced ability to sustain attention with time is a limitation in what information process stage?

stimulus identification

The extent to which a stimulus and response are connected in a natural way is called

stimulus-response compatibility

Cocktail party effect

Dichotic-listening paradigm all auditory stimuli are processed through stimulus identification in parallel without attention with those relevant tot he individual being process further (with attention) ex. ignoring the noise and listening to the one you are participating in but if something is loud enough you will know because some attention is still allocated to other sounds

Motor Learning

Human movement, underlying biological and mechanical factors that influence movement -process of acquiring new, or modifying existing, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences -Changes in the central nervous system that allow for production of a new motor skill -Change in the capability for responding

Information stored in which memory system is thought to be very abstract?

Long term memory

Temporal Anticipation

Performer can anticipate when the stimulus is going to arrive (ex. team sports; track- warning signals) When something is going to happen

Spatial/Event Anticipation

Performer knows what kinds of stimuli could be presented and what kinds of responses will be required for each of the anticipated stimuli *about what one has to do tries to bypass the response selection stage When using this anticipation, the performance was smoother, less jerky, and more rapid (performance improved)

Movement Accuracy Effects on Reaction Time

RT increased as the precision requirements of the task increased

Temporal vs Spatial/Event Anticipation

Temporal results in larger reductions in RT compared with spatial/event anticipation

Reaction Time (RT)

The time required to detect and recognize the stimulus and select and initiate the proper response -it is an important performance measure indicating the speed and effectiveness of decision making -this interval is a measure of the accumulated durations of the three stages of processing -any factor that increases the duration of one or more of these stages will increase this interval Is the onset of the stimulus until the start of initiating the response (movement itself isn't included in this interval)

Number of Stimulus-Response Alternatives

a factor that influences RT As the number of possible S-R alternatives increases, there is an increase in the time required to respond to any one of them (more S-R alternatives, the longer the RT)

Serial skills

a group of discrete skills strung together to make up a new, more complicated skill action (e.g., shifting gears in a car) The word serial implies that the order of the elements is usually critical for successful performance

Automatic processing is thought to be the result of ________________

a lot of practice

The Probe- Task Technique

a researcher would have the subject perform one task, called the primary task. At some strategic point in the performance of the primary task, the researcher would probe the attention demanded in the main task by presenting a secondary task use the RT to the probe as a measure of the attention demanded by the primary task

Attention

a resource (or pool of slightly different resources) that is available and that can be used for various purposes (is limited; set amount of attention) ways in which attentional resources are allocated define how we use attention can only do two things at the same time (multiple taks leads to mistakes and lack of attention; takes resources away from the primary task)

Sustained Attention

after a period of time, the task of concentrating on a single target of our attention becomes a progressively more difficult chore -the inability to keep your attention on one things for a long period of time factors known to affect vigilance include motivation, arousal, fatigue, and environmental factors

the inverted-U principle examines the relationship between

arousal and performance

perceptual narrowing occurs when ____________

arousal is high

the components of stimuli from sources such as vision, audition, and touch are thought to be ___________ in the stimulus identification stage

assembled

Developing Automaticity

automaticity is developed through lots of practice especially under a consistent mapping condition although very fast processing is effective when the environment is stable and predictable, it can lead to terrible;e errors when the environment changes the action at the last moment -good but can lead to many errors (good in stable, predictable skills) most effective in closed skills

____________ is the interval between the presentation of one of several stimuli to the beginning of one of several response

choice reaction time

Calculating Root Mean squared error (RMSE)

compute the distance of the subject's tracking response from target line at every set distance point along the track or at a constant interval of time along the track good for tracking tasks (driving) amplifies larger errors; penalizes the larger error

Absolute Error (AE or MAE)

consider the absolute value of the error on each trial, and take the average of those error scores for the various trials (the average with positive values only) Interpreted as one person or group being more off target than another lose ability to determine under/over (more accurate)

Long-term memory

contains very well-learned information that has been collected over a lifetime. a vast amount of information can be stored in LTM by processing in STM (requires effort)

Limitations in Response Selection -- controlled and automatic processing

controlled processing is thought to be slow, attention demanding, serially organized, and volitional as a large part of conscious information processing activities -learning a task (more time is needed to select the appropriate response(s) Performing two information processing tasks together can completely disrupt both tasks automatic processing is fast, not attention demanding organized in parallel, and involuntary -once it becomes automatic you can allocate resources to other tasks

Measures of movement magnitude

distance, weight, number of attempts

By instructing a swimmer to push or pull the water, I am shifting the individual's focus of attention to an _____________

external focus of attention

when an expert reverts from a(n) ____________ to a(n) _____________ focus of attention, the consequences to performance can be and result in "choking"

external to internal

Three elements that are critical to almost any skill

1. Perceiving the relevant environmental features (environment provides stimuli) 2. Deciding what to do and where and when to do it to achieve the goal 3. Producing organized muscular activity to generate movements that achieve the goal (result)

Correlations

the association strength between scores The size (from -1.0 to +1.0) indicates the strength of a relationship Correlations can be positive or negative, regardless of strength

In the study of anticipation, one research method involves showing a video clip where the view of an opponent's body part is blocked. If the blocked view interferes with the athlete's anticipation, this indicates that __________.

the athlete uses that perceptual information

Constant Error (CE)

the average of all scores (errors) for each subject (could cancel each other out) interpreted as an overall tendency to under throw or over throw the target -can cancel each other out/ gives you under throwing and overthrowing (under or over)

Response Complexity and Motor Programming

the effect of movement complexity on RT has been interpreted as relating to the time necessary to prepare and initiate movement during the response-programing stage of RT

Closed Skills

the environment is stable and predictable (e.g. drilling a hole in a block of wood); track and field and swim (more predictable; know what you are going to be doing)

Open Skills

the environment is variable and unpredictable during the action (e.g. team sports ); lots of unpredictable factors at play

Objectivity

the extent that two observers evaluating the same performance arrive at the same (or very similar) measurements. Sensitivity of the measuring device to changes in the skill of the performer

Reliability

the extent to which the measurement is repeatable under similar conditions (reliable: gives the same result for multiple occasions)

Stimulus-Response Compatibility

the extent to which the stimulus and the response it evokes are connected in a "natural" way For a given number of S-R alternatives, increasing this will decreases choice RT Practice can help overcome this

Validity

the extent to which the test measures what the research intends it to measure (accurate)

Psychological Refractory Period

motor system processes the first stimulus of two closely spaced stimuli and generates the first response the exterminator presents the second stimulus during the time the system is processing the first stimulus and its response, the onset of the second response can be delayed considerably

Movement-Programming stage

organize the motor system to produce the desired movement translate response selection into a set of muscular actions retrieve and trigger program of action from memory- motor program

Attention and Understanding Skilled Performance

the performer must learn what to attend to and when to attend to it Has to shift attention between the following: -event sin the environment -monitoring and correcting his or her own actions -planning future actions -doing many other processes that compete for the limited resources of attentional capacity

Costs of Anticipation

the primary disadvantage occurs when the anticipated action is not what actually happens incorrect anticipation will require more processing activities and longer delay compared to a response to a neutral or unanticipated event (if it foes bad then it is worse then not anticipating at all -- delay time is more significant

Limitation in Movement Programming -- Double Stimulation Paradigm

the subject is required to respond, with separate responses, to each of two stimuli presented very closely together in time the delays (psychological refractory period) in responding occur because of the interference that arises in programming the first and second movement as rapidly as possible

Response Selection Stage

the system's problem is deciding what response to make, given the nature of the situation and environment It is a transition process between sensory input and movement output 1. identify the stimulus -Now: identify what needs to be done

Stimulus Identification stage

the system's problem is to decide whether a stimulus has been presented and, if so, what it is It is primarily a sensory stage The components of stimuli are thought to be assembled in this stage (assembly all the different comments that are coming in) *Patterns of movement are detected

Stages of information processing

there are three stages through which information must pass on the way from input to output stages are nonoverlapping (processing in two different stages cannot occur at the same time) have to finish processing the things in one stage before moving on

Error scores in continuous tasks

these are capable of producing many error scores on a single trial

Hick's Law

Can determine one's RT based on the # of S-R alternatives ex. driving Measuring the amount of information bit: amount of information to reduce uncertainty by half

Benefits of Anticipation

A correct anticipation can result in the processing lag equivalent to RT = 0 ms It can start an action simultaneously with a single or even before it One factor that affects the capability to predict effectively is the regularity of events

Variable Error (VE)

A measure of the subject's inconsistency how consistent is my error-- has nothing to do with the target

Short term memory

Also known as the working memory a temporary holding place for information (e.g., a phone number) needs to be reversed to prevent loss of information rehearsal is the process by which we keep from losing information from STM

Movement Duration Effects on Reaction Time

As movement duration increases, RT to initiate the response increases (longer due to motor program stage)

Henry-Rogers Experiment (1960)

had the subjects make different movements while keeping the stimulus for the movement and number of responses alternatives constant (N=0) 1. lifting the finger from a key 2. lift the finger, and grasp a ball 3. lift the finger, strike first ball, press key, and grasp second ball What was realized is that reaction time changes but considering the definition, reaction time should technically be the same As complexity increased, RT increased

Continuous Skills

have arbitrary beginning and end points, the behavior flowing for minutes or hours (e.g., swimming and knitting) walking, cycling harder to pinpoint when it will start or end

Evidence suggests that during a Stroop task, the color of the ink and the word spelled by the ink are initially processed ______________

in parallel

By instructing someone to catch a ball with their arms extended, I am shifting the individual focus of attention to an

internal focus of attention

Anticipation

it is one way in which learners cope with long RT delays A performers can organize movements in advance Event spatial and temporal anticipation Experts have a large advantage over novices in perpetual anticipation

Short-term sensory store

it is responsible for storying vast amounts of sensory information only long enough for some of it to be abstracted and further processed -cant retain the Information for very long -- it does hold a lot of info -important for identifying the information

When stimulus-onset syndrome (SOA) is short the delay before completion of the movement programming stage is _____________

longest

T/F Short term memory and working memory are the same thing

true

When to use RMS and MAE

use for larger errors use for smaller errors

Discrete Skills

usually have an easily defined beginning and end, often with a very breed duration of movement (e.g., throwing a ball, firing a rifle, or turning on a light switch); shorter in length (specific time point; start to end pattern)

Variables affecting the stimulus identification stage

visual, auditory, and haptic (touch) Stimulus clarity (ex. blur on a picture; visual, background noise; auditory) Stimulus intensity (ex. how bright; visual, how loud; auditory) Modality: react different to certain stimuli

Inattention Blindness

we can miss seemingly obvious features in our environment when we are engaged in attentive visual search -paying close attention to one things so you end up missing other important factors