test 3

Sculpture of the _________________ periods was mainly restricted to architectural decoration in relief sculptures around the portals or principle entrances. Some of the most important and elaborate sculptural decoration is found in a semicircular space above the cathedral doors called the _________.

(1) Romanesque and Gothic (2) tympanum

Though in Greek architecture the dwellings for the people were simple; the dwellings for their gods still influence architecture today. The standard for Greek architecture was established in the ______________.

Archaic period

Motion and space were concerns of the ___________artist. The concept of time, a dramatic use of light, and a passionate theatricality complete the list of the five most important characteristics of this style of art.

Baraque

The other most significant building design was the use of _________ to replace cut stone.

Concrete

Throughout the Renaissance as _____________, went, so went the country.

Rome

Images, symbols, supernatural forces--these were but a few of the concerns of prehistoric and ancient artists. __________ were the first to forge links between religion and life, life and art, and art and religion.

Stone Age people

Which statements are true about Gothic architecture?

a c d e f

This work of art is from the Paleolithic period, the female form is highly abstracted, with the emphasis placed on the anatomical parts associated with fertility (the breast, swollen abdomen, and enlarged hips) and the other parts are subordinated. In this small sculpture called ______________ prehistoric artist attempted to "capture" fertility.

Venus and wilendorf

El Greco an artist in Spain during the Late Renaissance incorporated elements from different styles in his work. In the work The Burial of Count Orgaz which of these statements are/is true.

all

Which of these statements are true about the three David's by Donatello, Verrocchio and Michelangelo.

all

Compare and contrast the portal sculpture of the Chartres Cathedral and the Reims Cathedral. Which of these statements are true

all of the above

When we look at the Late Gothic work Madonna Enthroned by Cimabue and the Early Renaissance work Madonna Enthroned by Giotto, we see both similarities and differences. Both works can be considered transitional works.

all of these

the Postimpressionist artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec was influenced by many artist and styles. This can be seen in his painting At the Moulin Rouge. Which of these statements is true about the artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and his work At the Moulin Rouge?

all of these

A comparison of Tintoretto's The Last Supper with Leonardo's The Last Supper will show the dramatic changes that had taken place in both art and the concept of art over almost a century.

b

Which statement applies to this work of art?

b

Tintoretto an artist of the Late Renaissance has a unique painting technique in comparison of the other artist of the time. He painted the canvas with dark colors and then quickly painted in lighter sections giving his work a dark appearance. He used broad areas of loosely switched paint. This loose brushwork and dramatic white spotlighting on a dark ground anticipated the _______ style.

baroque

In the work Young Girl by the Window by the Impressionist painter __________ we see the importance that brush work had in Impressionist painting. The surface dissolves into an array of loose brushstrokes, applied; it would seem, at a frantic pace. The vigor of these strokes contrasts markedly with the tranquility of the scene. But what is most impressive is her ability to suggest complete forms through a few well-placed strokes of pigment.

berthe morriste

Even though this church has a traditional plain exterior like other Christian churches, the Church of San Vitale is an example of the __________ church, which was the popular style in the East and the art of Byzantine. This church is know for its spatial effect. It is octagonal with a domed central space, its circular nave is ringed by an aisle or ambulatory eliminating the longitudinal axis of the Early Christian basilica.

central plan

In Florence, Italy at the beginning of the 15th century there was a major competition for the commission to create and design the Baptistery of Florence's doors. Ghiberti's depiction of Abraham's sacrifice of his only son Isaac won. He rendered Isaac in the manner of the 5th century sculptor, possibly making Isaac's torso the first nude made in this style since _________ times.

classical

In Albrecht Durer's Adam and Eve one can see his admiration for ___________ by his emphasis of the idealized beauty of the human body in his Adam's young muscular body and Eve's substantial and well-rounded form.

classical style

Some Abstract Expressionists such as Mark Rothko focus on ________________ ; the creation of pulsating fields of color was more important than the gestural quality of the brushstroke. The canvases are so large that they seem to envelop the viewer with color, the subtle modulation of which create a vibrating or resonation effect. An example of one such work of art is Mark Rothko's Magenta, Black, Green, on Orange.

color field

Greek architecture and sculpture was painted. Statues and wooden panels were painted with _________ a durable and permanent medium. In this technique the pigments were mixed with wax and applied to the surface while hot.

encaustic

A group of artist arose in Europe that believed the fundamental purpose of art was to express their intense feelings toward the world. The term ____________ has come to refer to a wide range of art, but overall it refers to art that is the result of the artist's unique inner or personal visions and that often has an emotional dimension.

expressionism

A short-lived but influential art movement, __________ choose their color and brushwork on the basis of its ability to express emotional qualities. They painted traditional subject matters of nudes, still life's, and landscapes, but what set their works apart was their harsh, nondescriptive color, bold linear patterning, and a distorted form of perspective. We see this in Andre Derain's painting London Bridge.

fauvism

Compare these three works of art, Narmer Palette, Old Kingdom Egyptian, Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, Akkadian and the Stele Inscribed with the Law Code of Hammurabi, Assyrian. Which of these statements is/are true.

A, B, and C

Compare these two works of art,Narmer Palette, Old Kingdom Egyptian and Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, Akkadian. Which of these statements is/are true?

A,b and D

In Egyptian art the depiction of the figure followed a strict conventionalism that lasted for thousands of years. The exception to this was the _____________ when the wedge-shaped stylizations that stood as a rigid canon for the representation of the human body were replaced by curving lines and full-bodied forms.

Armana period

During the 15th century in northern Europe we have the development of what is known as _____ ________, painting that depicts ordinary people engaged in ordinary activities.

genre painting

The American painter ________ captured the essence of her subjects by simplifying their forms. In the case of her flower pictures as in the White Iris she magnified and abstracted the details of her botanical subjects.

georgia o keefe

Titian uses color and strokes of paint and layers of varnish as a compositional device rather than line and chiaroscuro giving him more in common with the artist who would follow him than with his Renaissance contemporaries in Florence and Rome. An example of his work and his use of the _________ technique is Titian's Venus of Urbino.

glazing

The theme of ________ sculpture took on a new mood. The iconography is one of redemption rather than damnation. No more threats of damnation, instead of scenes of judgment day, the viewer sees scenes, such as events from the life of Christ or the Virgin Mary, or apocalyptic visions.

gothic

In the ________ plan, such as that found at St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice, the "arms" of the cross are equal in length.

greek cross plan

To combat the exclusion of women and ethnic minorities in exhibitions and representation, an anonymous group of women artists banded together as the _________________ . The group appeared in public with gorilla masks and proclaimed themselves to be the "conscience of the art world."

guerrilla girls

Even though the Greeks believed in naturalism or truth to reality, based on a keen observation of nature and they used this to base their representation of the human body in art. They could not resist perfecting it according to the notion of ________ that is the representation of forms according to an accepted notion of beauty or perfection and in the realm of art it ruled the Greek mind.

idealism

The Dutch Baroque painter Rembrandt was a much sought after portrait painter. Rembrandt surrounded his figures in a haziness using exaggerated chiaroscuro as other Baroque artist and he used a painterly technique like Valasquez in which his brush strokes are heavily loaded with pigments and applied in thick ________.

impasto

In the work The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus, the Flemish Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens created _____________ . By resting the mass of struggling forms on a single point so that we know visually that all this energy cannot be supported on this single point, so we inter continuous movement.

implied motion and time

Two of the most significant areas of art in the Renaissance period were one (1) ______, which never really adopted Gothicism and readily simulated elements of Greek and Roman art. The other was (2)_________, which was steeped in medieval tradition and continued to concern herself with the spiritualism of the Gothic era, enriching it with a supreme realism.

italy and greece

The Surrealist followed Freud's theory of the unconscious and his free association technique for by passing the conscious mind. The Surrealist were inspired by the thoughts and visions of the subconscious mind and sought to record them in their art. One of the two methods of surrealism is Automatic Surrealism. It was a direct outgrowth of automatic writing and was used to divulge mysteries of the unconscious through abstraction. It is exemplified by ________________.

jane miro painting

The __________ artist abandoned the Renaissance rule to observe and emulate nature and instead observed and copied art. In Jacopo Pontormo's Entombment we see several other characteristics of this style such as distorted and elongated figures, lack of a defined focal point, and the use of discordant pastel hues.

mannerist

The Baroque sculptor Bernini sculpture of David is remarkably different from those of Donatello, Verrocchio, and Michelangelo. He used three of the five major characteristics of Baroque art in his sculpture, they are ________.

motion (implied)

The Baroque architect Francesco Borromini was able to incorporate the elements of ___________________ , all elements that were important to Baroque artist. We can see his use of these elements in his work, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, where its facade undulates in implied movement complemented by the concave entablatures of the bell towers on the roof. Light plays across the plane of the facade, bouncing off the engaged columns while leaving the receded areas in darkness.

motion, space and light

The Rape of Sabine Women illustrates the Baroque Classicism that Nicolas Poussin would bring to France during the Baroque period.

none of these

It rejects the expressionnism in favor of shapes and materials that are pure and simple. The characteristic style of this nonobjective work of art by Anges Martin is a quint-essential example of _______________.

pop art

Realist painters attempted to paint objects as they saw them, optically, rather than conceptually, how they knew them to be. They rejected conventional academic themes such as mythology and history in favor of everyday life and carefully observed social settings. This movement is synonymous with the artist Gustave Courbel. He used the term to describe his work and issued a manifesto on the subject. An example of his work is The Stone-Breakers. The critics were offended by his quick application of paint onto the canvas with a palette knife that resulted in a coarsely textured surface (impasto).

realism

Robert Campin's Merode Altarpiece (Figure 6-12) is a _____________ whose three panels from left to right, contain the kneeling donors of the Altarpiece; an Annunciation scene with the Virgin Mary and the angel Gabriel; and Joseph, the foster father of Jesus, at the work in his carpentry shop.

religious work

_____________ is a Greek word meaning "Rebirth" spanning roughly the 14th - 16th centuries.

renaissance

The sheer quantity of and the impressive array of ____________ in which humans and animals are represented would suggest a principle role of images and symbols in the struggle for human survival for Stone Age man.

sculptures and paintings

Baroque painters are known for the theatrical drama and passion created in their works and one way they achieve this is their dramatic use of light. One such work is The Conversion of St Paul by Caravaggio, in this work he used an exaggerated chiaroscuro called ______________. It usually involved one very small source of light and evoked a harsh realism or naturalism in the figures.

tenebrism

Rome was replaced as the center of the art world, during the Baroque period by _____________ under the reign of Louis XIV.

France

. _______ is considered the greatest painter at the time of the Neoclassical and Romantic periods, but did not belong to either group. He is known for work devoted to man's inhumanity to man with political overtones. His works range from social satire to savage condemnations of the disasters of war and his style was influenced by Baroque artist like Velasquez and Rembrandt. An example of his work is The Third of May, 1808.

Fransisco Gayo

In _______________ we see the theory of Analytic Cubism at its high point. Numerous planes intersect and congregate at the center of the canvas to form a barely perceptible triangular human figure, which is alternately constructed from and dissolved into the background.

Georges Braque's The Portuguse

The choir of the Benedictine abbey church of Saint-Denis is believed to be the beginning of the _________ style of Architecture. In the construction of the choir the pointed arch is used instead of the round arch of the Romanesque. Innovative rib vaults resting on pointed arches cover the ambulatory chapels creating exceptionally light vaults. Because of this lightness, the walls between the chapels were eliminated and the outer walls were opened up and filled with stained-glass windows. This new type of vaulting and the use of stained glass became the hallmarks of the ________________.

Gothic; (2) French Gothic architecture

In the Baroque period the Renaissance balance between emotion and restraint that was adopted from Classical Greek Art gives way to unleashed passion and the theatricality and the marked extension of the figure into the surrounding space of _____________.

Greek Hellenistic Art

_________ societies are marked by a written language, advanced social organization, and developments in the areas of government, science, and art. They are also often linked with the development of agriculture.

Historic

The Rococo portrait painter Elisabeth Vigee-Librun was a complete success during her lifetime and was the official portrait painter for Marie Antoinette. In her portrait Marie Antoinette and Her Children she uses the triangular composition and the child on the lap, which is reminiscent of ____________ images such as the Madonna and Child.

Renaissance

_____________ is known for a revival of Classical themes in art and literature, a return to the realistic depiction of nature through keen observation, and the revitalization of the Greek philosophy of humanism, in which human dignity, ideas, and capabilities are of central importance.

Renaissance

The Surrealist followed Freud's theory of the unconscious and his free association technique for by passing the conscious mind. The Surrealist were inspired by the thoughts and visions of the subconscious mind and sought to record them in their art. One of the two methods of Surrealism is Illusionistic Surrealism. It rendered the irrational content, absurd juxtapositions and metamorphoses of the dream state in a highly illusionistic manner. It is exemplified by ______________.

Salvador Dali's The Persistence of Memory

One of the founders of the Der Blaue Reiter movement _____ believed in colors capacity to communicate the artists in most psychological and spiritual concerns. In his essay "Concerning the Spiritual in Art" he examined the belief that artist must express the spirit and their innermost feelings by the orchestration of color, form, line, and space. In the work Sketch for Composition VII we see his application of these theories in which bold colors, lines, and shapes tear dramatically across the canvas with what looks like no preconceived fashion.

wassily kandinsky

The most popular type of painting during the Neoclassical and Romantic periods and the one that had the least impact on the development of modern art was ___________. Its style and subject matter were derived from conventions established by the Academie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture in Paris. One of the most popular members was Adolphe William Bouguereau with his oeuvre of mythology, religious, and historical paintings in the grand classical manner.

Academic art

_____________ art differs from its predecessor of Sumerian art in that it commemorates rulers and warriors instead of offering homage to the gods; it is of violence instead of prayer. An example would be the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin.

Akkadian

Donatello, Verrocchio, Michelangelo, and Bernini all created a sculpture of David. Compare and contrast these sculptures. Which of these statements is/are true?

All are correct

The _________ civilization of the island of Crete was unlike that of Mesopotamia and Egypt in that its architecture was not tombs, mortuary temples, or shrines. It instead, constructed lavish palaces for their kings and royal entourage

Minoan

A group of artist in the mid 1950's reacted against the elitism of abstract art. ____ not only embraced representation, but selected commonplace and familiar subjects that are already too much with us, such as imagery drawn from advertising, comic strips, film, and television. An example of this style is Andy Warhol's Green Coca-Cola Bottles.

Pop art

Rome's unique contribution to the arts is that of _________ in its portrait sculpture. It came from their tradition of making wax death masks that were sometimes translated into more permanent mediums. Because they were made from the actual heads and faces of the subjects and no attempt was made to idealize them; they are true representations of the subject.

Realism

When the major cities of this society were excavated it revealed sculpture, craft art, and monumental architecture that appears to have been created for worship. An example of art and architecture of the religious-oriented society of the ___________ was the ziggurat. The ziggurat and temple on top was the focal point of the city and towered high about the fields and dwellings.

Sumerians

Justinian and Attendants from the Church of St. Vitale, is an example of the art style that comprised most of the ornamentation of the Early Christian churches. Which of these statements is/are true about this work of art.

a c and e

The artist Edouard Manet was pivotal in the development of Impressionism and one of his most important works was Le Dejeuner sur L'Herbe (Luncheon on the Grass). Which of these statements is/are innovations within the work that met with disapproval from critics and the public, but would change the future of art?

a c d

___________ is characterized by spontaneous execution, large gestural brushstrokes, nonobjective imagery, and fields of intense color. Many canvases are quite large, lending monumentality to the imagery.

abstract expression

Which statement applies to this work of art?

d

________________ shows this cultures engineering skills. The main part of the building is circular and it is 144 feet in diameter and is crowned by a dome equal in height to the diameter. Supporting the massive dome are 20-foot-thick walls.

Pantheon of the Early Roman period of Roman

During the _____________ of vase panting the human figure became the preferred subject and the figures of both man and animals were given substance and an attempt at naturalistic gestures was made. The vase was still divided into horizontal bands of images.

Archaic Period

A prime example of sculpture of the ______ and the characteristics that it entails would be the Kouros Figure. The figure is very stiff and ridge even though all the body parts are freed from the block of marble the shape of it adheres essentially to the block shape. The lines of musculature are stylized following anatomical patterns and not optical fact and the muscles are flexed unrealistically. The face is stylized with the hair in an intricate pattern and thick-lidded eyes. It is the facial expression and the smile that is seen in most sculpture of the period, so much so that the smile is named after that period

Archaic period

During the _____________ of vase panting the human figure became the preferred subject and the figures of both man and animals were given substance and an attempt at naturalistic gestures was made. The vase was still divided into horizontal bands of images.

Archaic period

Ulysses in the Land of the Lestrygonians, is an example of the _________ . Works in this style give the illusion of an opening of space away from the plane of the wall, as if the viewer were looking out a window.

Architectural style of Roman painting

Carved stone relief's depicting scenes of war and hunting are common art forms in ____________ art. One such example is The Dying Lioness from Nineveh a sculpture relief of a royal hunting expedition and its carnage. It depicts a naturalistic representation of a lioness bleeding and paralyzed in the assault as she emits a pathetic, helpless roar.

Asssyrian

Justinian and Attendants from the Church of St. Vitale, is an example of ________ . This art style comprised most of the ornamentation of the Early Christian churches. In this medium a design is formed by embedding small pieces of colored stone or glass in cement.

a mosiac

Some of the greatest accomplishments of the greeks can be witnessed in their ____________.

arch

The most significant design in Roman construction was the _________ .

arch

In the ______________, art is characterized by excessive, almost theatrical emotion and the use of illusionistic effects to heighten realism. In sculpture the space surrounding the figures is treated as an extension of the viewer's space, at times narrowing the fine line between art and reality. An example of art from this period would be the The Dying Gaul, which illustrates the artist's preoccupation with dramatic subjects, harsh realism and passionate emotion.

Hellenstic period

____________ was part of the Fauves movement but his reputation exceeded the short lived movement. He developed a style characterized by surface pattern, strong, sinuous lines and brilliant colors as we can see in his work Red Room. We can also see the influence Fauvism had on his style as in the distorted form of perspective seen in this work.

Henri Matisse

Greek sculpture reached a height of perfection during the Classical period with one of the most significant developments early in the period with the introduction of ___________ in figure sculpture.

Implied movement

"May" from Les Tres Riches Heures de Duc de Berry, by the Limbourg brothers is an excellent example of the _______________ of painting of the late 14th and early 15th centuries. This style appealed to the aristocracy with its themes involving splendid processions of knights and ladies complete with entourages, horses, and hunting hounds and courtly scenes. Brilliant color, embellishment with gold leaf, and attention to details are some of its characteristics.

International style

The church of St. Sernin in Toulouse, France, fitted all the requirements of a (1)___________ cathedral, such as a prominent transept crowned by a multilevel spire above the crossing square. Most importantly it was fire proof because it was constructed out of stone using the ceiling structure called a (2)_________. But they still had the same problem as the Romans had, that is there is little light in the interior of the cathedral because openings weaken the structure.

(1) Romanesque; (2) barrel vault

Structurally, the central problem of __________ architecture was the need to develop a masonry vault system that admitted light but was fire proof. The builders of the cathedral of St. Etienne helped in the solution with the use of the first true rib vault, which made it possible to pierce the walls directly above the tribune gallery with windows. This series of windows that appears cut into the slightly domed modules of the ceiling is called a _______ . It became a standard element of the Gothic cathedral plan.

(1) Romanesque; (2) clerestory

Painters have used ________, or the contrast of light and shade to create a scene of roundness and mass in their figures and objects in an effort to render a realistic impression of three-dimensional forms in space since the time of Giotto (1310). But if we look at the work of the Renaissance painter Sandro Botticelli as in The Birth of Venus painted in 1486 we see a work that has very little spacial depth because he had constructed his composition with ___________.

(1) chiaroscuro; (2) line instead of tonal contrasts.

Some of the most spectacular remains of Egypt are architectural structures built for their pharaohs. The Old Kingdom (1)________________. the Middle Kingdom (2) _____________. The New Kingdom (3) ___________.

1 is D 3 is b

During the Baroque period, King Louis XIV of France preferred (1) _________ so to guarantee adherence to this style he formed academies of art. They were run by the state and their faculties were populated by leading proponents of the (2) ____________ .

1) Classicism; (2) Classical style

After Constantine issued an edict of tolerance for all religions, Christians could come out of hiding and build churches. One of the most important of these Churches was the Old St. Peter's, which drew on the __________ and derived a plan for Christian cathedrals that functioned for centuries to come. Some important features that were incorporated into other churches were the long central aisle or nave, at the end of it is the apse in which the altar sets.

Basilcan plan

During the Classical period, the Greek sculptor Polykleitos's developed a __________ from which he would derive his 'ideal' figures. He has idealized the athletic figure by imposing on it a set of laws relating part to part, such as the entire body is equal in height to eight heads.

Canon of proportions

Some of the earliest surviving Christian Art is found in _________, secret underground burial places for Christians beneath the city streets. Some times small chapels were carved out in them and here early Christians worshiped and prayed for the dead. These chapels were very simple but sometimes they were decorated with frescoes; such as, the The Good Shepherd in St. Pietro and Marcellino.

Catabombs

An important improvement from Archaic sculpture in depicting a more realistic human figure in __________ sculpture that can be seen in Polykleitos's Doryphoros is the weight shift principle. The human figure is situated so that the legs and hips are turned in one direction and the chest and arms in another. This shifting of weight results in a diagonal balancing of tension and relaxation.

Classical

In vase painting of the ___________ bands are eliminated and a large dominate area of the surface if covered in human figures in a variety of positions in an attempt to create a three-dimensional space by the technique of position. The great improvement of the representation of the human figure in this period and its use of the principle of weight shift and the naturalistic use of implied movement is very evident in this vase.

Classical period

No matter how abstract they appear the sculptures of ___________ are rooted in the figure. He reduces the figure to a form with sparse indications of its features. In his works, he reached for the essence of the subject by offering the simplest contour that along with a descriptive title, could fire recognition in the spectator. We see this in his work Bird in Space.

Constantin Brancusi

Greek architecture is divided into three styles. The Parthenon is an excellent example of the __________ style with a single row of columns surrounding a two-roomed cella that housed a 40 foot statue of Athena. One of the main architectural features of this Greek style is the column. The Parthenon's columns have no base and the capital is simple and cushion like; it is the simples of the three styles.

Doric

The three styles or orders in Greek architecture: ______, _______, and _________.

Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian

The three styles or orders in Greek architecture: ______, _______, and _________.

Doric, the Ionic and the Corinthian

The Egyptian, Old Kingdom work the Narmer Palette is an example of the _________ approach to rendering the human figure, that was encounter in Mesopotamian art such as Victory Stele of Naram-Sin and the Stele Inscribed with the Law Code of Hammurabi.

Egyptian

Unlike the art of Mesopotamian civilizations the _________ art styles proceed from the three periods of Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms with very few variations.

Egyptian

The __________ Statue of Khafre is an example of tomb sculpture. The artist has confined the figure to the block of stone from which it was carved instead of allowing it to stand freely in space. Permanence was essential as sculptures like Khafre were created to house the ka, or _____________ if the mummified remains of the deceased disintergrated.

Egyptian, old kingdom

The Romantic movement's most famous artist is __________ and example of his work is The Death of Sardanapalus. The extremes of emotion the Romantic artist sought was enhanced by virtuoso brushwork and a brilliant palette as we can see in this work.

Eugine delacroix

Because of the protestant mandate that man should not create "false idols," Dutch artist turned to secular art and paintings of everyday life and activities. The ___________ became the favorite subjects of the Dutch. The single artist who typifies this is the Dutch painter Jan Vermeer. An example of his work is Young Woman with a Water Jug.

Genre painting

The Dipylon Vase is an example of _________ that covered the years 900 to 700 BCE in Greece. Geometric patterns predominated and like Egyptian art the human figure was conceptual and was usually reduced to a combination of geometric forms such as circles and triangles. The vase is decorated in horizontal bands of pictorial or geometric motifs or solid black.

Geometric period

The peoples of the Cyclades Islands, the island of Crete and the Mycenaens formed the seeds of one of the world's most influential and magnificent civilizations that of ancient ________.

Greece

The _____ culture has had more far-reaching and lasting influence on art and civilization than any other culture. Even today its influences can be felt in science, mathematics, law, politics, and art.

Greek

______________ was a pivotal work of art in the development of Analytic Cubism with its extreme faceting of form, the use of multiple views, and the collapsing of space. These are all characteristics that were used to develop the style of Analytic Cubism.

Jacques Lipchitz's Still Life with Musical Instrument

The representation of the figures are similar in the Akkadian work the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin and the _____________. In both the artist renders the human body of important personages in a combination of frontal and profile views. The figures legs and face are shown in profile, and his torso faces front again.

Law code of Ham

The artists of the Renaissance, along with the philosophers and scientists, tended to share the sense of the universe as an orderly place that was governed by natural law and capable of being expressed in mathematical and geometric terms. One of the artist that practiced this philosophy was Piero della Francesca. A development of his believes can be seen in his work Resurrection in which all the figures in the painting are contained within a triangle with Christ at the apex. This would become a major compositional device in Renaissance painting and can be seen in many other works of the time, another example would be ___________________.

Leonardo's da Vinci's Madonna of the Rocks

The work Guernica by ________ was a mural executed in 1937 for the Pavilion of the Spanish Republic at the Paris International Exposition. It was inspired by the bombing of civilians in Guernica, Spain by Germany, during the Spanish Civil War. It evokes the agony, brutality, and inhumanity of war through a series of powerful emotional images.

Pablo picasso

Hall of Bulls, Lascaux, France is a splendid example of Stone Age painting from the ____________ period. These superimposed realistic images of horses, bulls, and reindeer appear to be stampeding in all directions. The artist used a variety of techniques to capture foreshortening and contrast of light and shadow to create the illusion of three-dimensional forms.

Paleolithic

The Postimpressionist __________ like van Gogh desired to express his emotion on canvas but he relied on broad areas of intense color to transpose his innermost feelings to canvas. He abstracted the scene into patterns and pure unnaturalistic color fills flat planes and shapes bounded by firm line. He developed a theory of art called Synthetism, in which he advocated this use of broad areas of unnaturalistic color and primitive or symbolic subject matter.

Paul gaugin

The dome of Hagia Sophia rests on supports called ________. Although the dome of Hagia Sophia is massive, it appears to be light and graceful due to the placement of a ring of ________ at its base.

Pendentatives, windows

Art historians have recognized a more distinct style within the Baroque that began shortly after the dawn of the eighteenth century. This __________ style strayed further from classical principles than did the Baroque. It is more ornate and characterized by sweetness, gaiety, and light. The works subjects were delicate and sprightly representation of the leisure activities of the upper class. An example of this style is the work Happy Accidents of the Swing by Jean-Honore Fragonard.

Rococo

Artist classified as __________ advocated asserting emotion and intuition over rationalism and the importance of the individual over social conformity. The sense of emotion is enhanced by virtuoso brushwork and a brilliant palette

Romanctist

Instead of looking to nature for models the __________ artist sought stylistic inspiration in Roman works, the small carvings of the pre-Romanesque era, and especially manuscript illumination. The artist goal was to convey their message with the details and emotionalism that would have the most dramatic impact on the viewer (sinner) making realism unimportant.

Romanesque

The panel Adam and Eve Reproached by the Lord from the bronze doors of St. Mary's Cathedral in Hildesheim depicts God confronting Adam and Eve pointing his finger accusingly at them. The accusing finger of the Lord is the focal point of the drama as it points to the cringing figures of Adam and Eve. The subject matter of this work reflects a theme that will be depicted repeatedly in ____________. That is God as the merciless judge and humans are quivering creatures, who must beware of God's wrath and the salvation from the fires of hell in the afterlife.

Romanesque Art

_______, or the rendering of subjects with sharp, photographic precision, is firmly rooted in the long, realistic tradition in the arts. As a movement that first gained major recognition during the early 1970's, it also owes some of its impetus to the Pop artist's objective portrayal of familiar images. It is also in part a reaction to the expressionistic and abstract movements of the twentieth century. An example of this style is Audrey Flack's World War II.

Superrealism

__________ is a group of artist that took their name from the title of a painting by a major proponent, Wassily Kandinsky. Their work focused on the contrasts and combinations of abstract forms and pure colors and at times it was completely without subject. The artists sought to free themselves from the shackles of observable reality. Their art can be described as nonobjective or abstract.

The blue rider

The Merode Altarpiece: the Annunciation with Donors and St. Joseph, is a work from the Northern Renaissance believed to be by Robert Campin. Which of these statements is true about this work?

a b d e

For some Abstract Expressionists, such as Jackson Pollock, the gestural application of paint seems to be the most important aspect of their work. Pollock would walk across the surface of the work of art dripping and splashing paint across his huge canvases. The art critic Harold Rosenberg coined the term ___________ in 1951 to describe the outcome of his painting process—a painting whose surface implied a strong sense of activity, as created by the signs of brushing, dipping, or splattering of paint. An example of one such work of art is Jackson Pollock's One.

action painting

Remembering our lessons from Chapter 2: Visual Elements of Art and Chapter 3: Principles of Deign compare Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper and Raphael's The School of Athens we see these similarities.

all of these

Bernini combined the arts of ________________ to archive the desired theatrical effect in the sculptural group The Ecstasy of St. Theresa for the chapel of the Cornaro family in the church of Saint Maria Della Vittoria. Uncontrollable passion and theatrical drama best describe this masterpiece of Baroque art.

architecture, sculpture, and painting

__________ was an assemblage of works by leading American artist and an impressive array of Europeans ranging from Goya and Delacroix, to Manet and the Impressionists; from Van Gogh and Gauguin, to Picasso and Kandinsky. The International Exhibition of Modern Art was held in 1913 at the 69th Regiment Armory in New York City. It raised the artistic consciousness of the Americans. In the years following the show, American artist explored abstraction to new heights.

armory show

The Last Supper by Leonardo's da Vinci displays, the Renaissance ideals of Classicism, humanism, and technical perfection. Remembering our lessons from Chapter 2: Visual Elements of Art and Chapter 3: Principles of Deign, which of these would be examples of "technical perfection."

b c e g

The cultural achievements of Charlemagne's reign and __________ were the decipherment of the true biblical text and the collecting and copying of ancient Roman literary texts. Over time with repeated coping of these manuscripts by illiterate scribes with illegible hand writing made the text of the bible was barely decipherable.

carolingan art

____________ was the most fervent follower of the Impressionist technique. The dissolution of surfaces and the separation of light into its spectral components remained central to his works of art. His ability to capture in painting this visual phenomenon of when objects are bathed in sunlight they are optically reduced to facets of pure color. This can be seen in his work Rouen Cathedral. In his works he has also captured how actual color-or local color- of the objects is altered by different lighting effects and how solids tend to dissolve into color fields. Shadows are not black or gray but a combination of colors as in this work the shadows have been transformed into patches of bright blue and splashes of yellow and red.

claude

________ can trace its heritage to the analytical and intellectual work of Cezanne. It built upon his geometrization of nature, abandonment of scientific perspective, rendering of multiple views, and emphasis on the two-dimensional canvas surface.

cubism

The Sumerians developed a system of writing called ___________, from the Latin cuneus, meaning "wedge": the character in it are wedge shaped.

cuneiform

In a spirit of rebellion and disillusionment during World War I, a group of artist established the ______ movement. It declared itself against art, responding to the absurdity of war and the insanity of a world that gave rise to it. They declared that art, a reflection of this sorry state of affairs was stupid and must be destroyed. In its nihilistic mocking of traditional values in the arts and by extension Western society as a whole, the artist Marcel Duchamp created the Mona Lisa (L.H.O.O.Q.). In which he impudently defiled a color print of Leonardo da Vinci's masterpiece with a moustache and goatee.

dada

__________ was founded in Dresden, Germany by a group of artist that saw it as bridging a number of disparate styles. The work Dance Around the Golden City by the member Emil Nolde shows the expressiveness of their images is due as much to the wrenching distortion of form, ragged outline, and agitated brushstrokes as to their use of color.

die The bridge

Which of these statements is true about the artist Paul Cezanne and his work Still Life with Basket of Apples?

e

Considered the two works Judith and Holofernes by the two Baroque contemporary artist Caravaggio and Gentileschi, which of these statements best describes a comparison of the two works?

e all

There are works of art from the ____________ like the page from the Lindisfarne Gospels that have characteristics similar to those that appear in the small carvings and metalwork of the Celtic-Germanic culture, "barbarians" tribes who migrated throughout Eurasia for centuries. Surrounding the cross in the page from the Lindisparne Gospels are repetitive linear patterns of the interlacements of fantastic animals and snakes. This combination of interlace with animal figures was only common in these "barbarian" tribes.

early middle ages

The central theme in the works of the Expressionist painter ________ is pain and isolation. In The Scream he transforms the placid landscape into one that echoes in waves of high-pitched tone that emanates from the sunken head. This references the swirling forms of van Gogh's works, but he has added a sense of horror to the intensity of his work. The composition speaks of his view of humanity as being consumed by an increasingly dehumanized society.

edward muninch

A group of avant-garde artist came together in Italy and sought to portray the dynamism of modern life. In the ________ movement the artist often focused on motion in time and space by incorporating the Cubist discoveries from analyzing form. They aimed to capture the dynamism of motion by the simultaneous repetition of forms. As we can see in the work Street Light by the artist Giacomo Balla, the light of the lamp pierces the darkness in reverberating circles. V-shaped brushstrokes simultaneously fan outward from the source and point toward it, creating a sense of constant movement.

futurism

The Romanesque Manuscript Illumination of The Annunciation to the Shepherds, uses the technique of _____________, which implies that humans are less significant than celestial beings and that animals are lower than humans. We know this because of this work's use of relative size to indicate relative importance.

hierarchical scaling

__________ or a system of belief in which humankind is viewed as the standard by which all things are measured. One of the main expressive painting to capture this spirit is Leonardo da Vinci's Madonna of the Rocks.

humanism

Perhaps because early Christians were persecuted they adopted many symbols that were already present in Roman art for their own proposes like a fish for Christ and grapes for the promise of salvation through the blood Jesus had shed. But after the persecution stopped the symbolism still remained and important part of Christian Art. So when interpreting a Christian work of art, it is important to interpret its symbolic meaning or its ______, such as, the The Good Shepherd in St. Pietro and Marcellino, in which the symbolizing of Jonah's deliverance, after three days, from the belly of the monster as a prefiguration of Christ's resurrection.

iconography

Building upon the Venetian method of painting like Titian, who used strokes of paint and layers of varnish to construct the forms in his work, the Baroque painter Velasquez used a myriad of strokes to capture light exactly as it plays over a variety of surface textures. Velasquez's method of dissolving forms into small, roughly textured brushstrokes that re-create the play of light over surfaces would be the foundation of a movement called ________________ some two centuries later.

impressionism

This ____________ movement originated in France and its artist wanted to depict real life, to paint straight from nature, and to capture the changing effects of light. Their styles were diverse, but all experimented with effects of light and movement and of color juxtaposed on the canvas rather than mixed on the palette.

impressionism

In the _____________ Constantine completed the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, Rome. The large public meeting hall was 300 by 215 feet, and was divided into three rectangular sections or aisles. The central aisle, called a nave, was covered by a groin vault. This basilica set a precedent for Christian church architecture. It would serve as the basic plan for basilicas and cathedrals for centuries to come.

late empire period of roman arch.

The Oath of the Horath by Jacques-Louis David is an example of the __________ style. Some of the characteristics of this style we see in this work are the harsh sculptural lines that define the figures and setting, a subdued palette, and the use of planar recession into space.

neoclassicism

In order to create a naturalistic representation of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface Renaissance artist developed rulers of perspective. In Masaccio's Holy Trinity one sees the use of ___________ as he creates the illusion of an extension of the architectural space in the church.

one point linear perspective

The Fantastic artist ______ abandoned representational elements in his art and turned to ethnographic and children's art, seeking a universality of expression in their extreme simplicity. Many of his works combine a charming naïveté with wry commentary. His work Twittering Machine offers a humorous contraption composed of four fantastic birds balanced precariously on a wire attached to a crank. Does he satirize contemporary technology or does he have something more sinister in mind?

paul klee

At first the works of Georges Seurat seem like they would be part of the Impressionist movement, except he disciplined the free and fluent play of the Impressionist into a calculated arrangement of color based on scientific color theories. Seurat's technique is called ________, after his application of pigment in small dabs, or points, of pure color. Upon close inspection, the painting appears to be a collection of dots of vibrant hues-complementary colors abutting one another, primary colors placed side by side. These hues intensify or blend to form yet another color in the eye of the viewer who beholds the canvas from a distance.

pointillism

A group of artist came together during the nineteenth century. They were united in their rebellion against Impressionism or what they considered an excessive concern for fleeting impressions and a disregard for traditional compositional elements. The __________ individual styles differed considerably and included such artist as Vincent van Goth, Paul Gaugiun, George Seurat, and Paul Cezanne.

postimpressionist

The development of the _____________, made it possible for Albrecht Durer to disseminate the works of the Italian masters throughout Northern Europe.

printing press

The sculpture Augustus of Primaporta is a curious juxtaposition of an individualized head and an idealized anatomically perfect body in classical pose. It is an example of how the ___________ sculpture took on political concerns. Every facet of the Primaporta statue was designed to carry a political message, promoting himself and his achievements.

republican period

In this painting by Jan Van Eyck we see as in most Flemish paintings of this time, that the items scattered about are invested with __________ relevant to the occasion. The furry dog in the foreground stands for fidelity, and the oranges on the windowsill may symbolizes victory over death.

symbolism

In the Middle Ages there was one art form that women of all social classes and walks of life were taught, ___________________. The most famous surviving example of works created by women is the Bayeux Tapestry, which describes the invasion of England by William the Conqueror in a continuous narrative that was at least 230 running feet long.

the fiber arts of weaving and embroidery

The Baroque artists love for combining the arts of painting, sculpture, and architecture to create an unsurpassed illusionistic effect so the viewer wonders if it is real, can be seen in Baciccio's Triumph of the Sacred Name of Jesus. To achieve this effect of ___________ Baciccio combined painted figures with white stucco modeled sculpture and a gilded stacio ceiling.

troupe

The Futurist sculptor ___________ search to express dynamic movement reached a monumental expression with his work Unique Forms of Continuity in Space. The human form is expanded, interrupted, and broken in plane and contour as it seeks to convey the elusive, surging energy of motion that causes the form to disappear behind the blur of its motion.

umberto boccini

One of the most tragic and best known figures of the Postimpressionist was ___________. He felt painting was about the expression of the artist emotions and color was an important part of this. He believed color not the form determined the expressive content of his pictures. There is a sense of expressiveness in both his use of colors and in his application of paint. The thickness, shape, and direction of his brush strokes create a tactile counter part to his intensive color schemes. One of his most famous works Starry Night is filled with ecstatic movement. Both the earth and sky pulsate with over powering turbulence, creating his own unique vision.

vincent van goth