Test 3: Ch 5 & 6

Sr

+2

Acids with H & Polyatomic ion

-ate > -ic acid OR -ite > -ous acid ex. sulfate > sulfuric acid ex. sulfite > sulfurous acid

Which of the following compounds is insoluble in water?

Al(OH)3

Acetate

C2 H3 O2-

How can the burning of coal cause rain to be acidic?

Coal may contain sulfur, which forms SO2 when burned. This contributes to acid rain.

A water ___ is an estimate (for an individual or nation) of the amount of water required to sustain the consumption of goods and services.

Footprint

Metals

Low values for electronegativity

An acid releases H+ ions in water. The H+ ion is a hydrogen atom that has lost its electron, and is therefore often referred to as

Proton

What is the correct systematic name for the compound Na2CO3?

Sodium carbonate

A solution is acidic if

[H+] > [OH-]

A substance that releases H+ ions in water

acid

SO2, NO2, and CO2 all produce ___ solutions in water

acidic

base

any compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in aqueous solution

A(n) ____ solution is one in which water is the solvent.

aqueous

Groundwater

aquifers

When naming an ionic compound, the ____ is always named first. To name the anion, the root of the nonmetal name is added to the suffix -___.

cation, -ide

The amounts of SO2 and NOx emissions from anthropogenic sources are ___ those from natural sources

considerably greater than

NO

contributes to acid rain

As [H+] in solution increases, the pH of the solution ___.

decreases

Biological agents

fecal contamination

A low BOD is an indication of ____ quality of water

good

Which type of intermolecular force is responsible for water's anomalously high boiling point and low density in the solid state?

hydrogen bonding

pH of 4.0 or lower

lake is essentially dead

Surface water

lakes, streams, rivers

pH below 6.0

many fish disappear

parts per million (ppm)

mass(g) of solute / 1x10^6 g solution

Zn2+

none

seawater

slightly basic (8.2)

Pb2+

water pipes

Neutralization reaction

when acids and bases react with each other

Al

+3

Which of the following options correctly describe a 0.0050 M solution of glucose (molar mass 180.2 g/mol) in water?

- 200 mL of this solution contains 1.0 x 10^-4 moles of glucose - This solution contains 9.01 x 10^5 ppb of glucose

Which of the following statements about the use of Roman numerals in naming and writing chemical formulas are correct?

- A Roman numeral is included for any metal that can form more than one monatomic cation - The ion designated Fe(III) has a charge of +3

Which of the following options correctly describe the water cycle?

- A drop of water in the ocean could one day end up in a lake - Climate can affect the water cycle

Which of the following options correctly describe the pH scale?

- A solution with a pH of 3 is more acidic than a solution with a pH of 5 - The more acidic a solution is, the lower its pH

Bronsted-Lowery Theory

- Acids GIVE a proton (H+) - Bases RECIEVE a proton (H+)

Which of the following options correctly describe the behavior of acids?

- Acids dissolve carbonates, producing CO2 gas - An acid will cause the dye litmus to change from blue to pink - Acids have a sour taste

Which forms of sodium chloride (NaCl) conduct electricity?

- An aqueous solution of dossier chloride - Molten sodium chloride

Which of the following statements describe the drawbacks of using chlorine-containing chemicals in the water treatment process?

- Chlorine can react with organic matter to form trihalomethane (THMs) - The taste and odor of residual chlorine is objectionable

What are the consequences of a large amount of phosphates and nitrates in the water?

- Dead fish - Oxygen depletion - Algal blooms

Which of the following options correctly describe electronegativity and its trends?

- Electronegativity increases from left to right in the periodic table - the element with the highest electronegativity is fluorine - the higher the electronegativity value of an element, the more strongly it attracts bonding electrons to itself

Which of the following are examples of overconsumption of water?

- In arid regions, water from rivers and lakes is diverted for agricultural purposes, leading to desertification - Water is used to irrigate residential gardens in areas where water is scarce - Ground water is pumped from aquifers faster than it can be replenished by precipitation

Which sources of water are protected by the Clean Water Act (CWA)?

- Lakes - Coastal areas - Rivers

Which of the following options correctly compare the effect of acid precipitation on lakes in different geological surroundings?

- Lakes in granite areas tend to have lower pH values than lakes in limestone regions - Lakes in limestone regions have a higher acid-neutralizing capacity

What waste is present in sewage that makes it more complicated to treat than contaminants found in water in the water treatment process?

- Organic compounds - Nitrate ions

Which of the following statements correctly explain why water is a polar molecule?

- Polar bonds - Bent geometry

Which of the following bodies of water is/are included in the natural water cycle?

- Sea ice - Glaciers - Lakes - Rivers

Which of the following are defined by the US EPA as water contaminants?

- Substances that are harmful to human health - Substances that degrade the color of water - Substances that degrade the taste of water

Which of the following options correctly describe the different sources of fresh water?

- Surface water is found in lakes, streams, and rivers - Groundwater is found in aquifers

Consider the formula for the ionic compound Na2O. Which of the following statements correctly interpret this formula?

- The cation in this compound it Na+ - The compound contains 2 Na+ ions for every O2- ion

Which of the following options correctly describe how to name an ionic compound?

- The cation is named first and the anion second - When naming the anionic portion of the ionic compound, the element name is changed to end in -ide

Which of the following options correctly describe a polyatomic ion?

- The charge on a polyatomic ion belongs to the whole unit - The atoms of a polyatomic ion are held together by covalent bonds

Which of the following options describe the correct format used to represent a chemical compound?

- The number of atoms/ions in the formula is indicated by a subscript - In the formula of an ionic compound the cation is always placed first

Which of the following statements correctly describe the process by which an ionic compound dissolves in water?

- The positive and negative ions separate from each other - The attraction between the H2) molecules and the ions is stronger than the attraction of the ions for each other - The positive ions are attracted to the partially negative O atom of the H20

Which of the following options correctly describe the different ways of expressing the concentration of a solution?

- The units ppm or pp. are most commonly used for very low concentrations of solute - Solutions with the same molarity contain the same number of molecules, ions, or atoms of solute per unit volume.

Characteristics of BASES

- bitter taste - slippery feel in water - turns litmus blue - are electrolytes

Which of the following options are correct systematic names for ionic compounds?

- copper(II) oxide - potassium chloride

STRONG acids & bases

- dissociate completely in water - strong electrolytes

which of the following options correctly describe the effects of acid deposition?

- impairs the grown of trees - can cause damage to animal and plant life in lakes and streams - increases the corrosion and deterioration of buildings

pH = -log[H+]

- measure of concentration of H+ ions (H3O+) - based on power of 10

Weak acids & bases

- slighlty dissociate in water - weak electrolytes

normal rain

- slightly acidic (5-6)

Characteristics of ACIDS

- taste sour - turn litmus red - are electrolytes

Cl

-1

S

-2

Nonpolar solvents are used for which of the following applications?

-Dry cleaning solvents -Drug production

Which of the following statements correctly describe polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)?

-nonpolar -toxic -stored in fatty tissues of animals

Hydrogen ion

0 e- 1 p+ (PROTON) - much too reactive to exist alone - attach to something else

A solution contains 2 pp. of Hg. This is equivalent to ___.

0.002 mg/L Hg

What is the molarity of a 1.50-L solution containing 22.3 g of sodium chloride (NaCl)? The molar mass of NaCl is 58.44 g/mol.

0.254 M

Approximate percentage of fresh water in lakes, rivers, and wetlands

0.3

A volume of 1cm^3 is equivalent to ___.

1 mL

Correctly order the steps showing the effect of decreased ocean pH on marine organisms such as coral

1) CO2 (aq) + H2O (l) --> H2CO3 (aq) 2) H2CO3 (aq) --> H+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq) 3) H+ (aq) + CO3^2- (aq) --> HCO3- (aq) 4) CaCO3 (s) --> Ca2+ (aq) + CO3^2- (aq)

Rank the global uses of water from the most used to the least used, starting with the application that uses the greatest amount of water at the top of the list.

1. Agriculture 2. Industry 3. Domestic

Order steps involved in the formation of a sulfate aerosol

1. Atmospheric SO2 absorbs water from the atmosphere 2. SO2 reacts with water to form H2SO4 3. H2SO4 droplets combine to form sulfuric acid aerosols 4. H2SO4 dissociates to form H+, HSO4-, and SO4^2- ions 5. HSO4- and SO4^2- ions react with bases to form salts

Arrange the phases of water from the least dense to the most dense, starting with the lease dense phase at the top of the list.

1. Gaseous 2. Solid 3. Liquid

SO2 can be converted to SO3 in the atmosphere via a pathway involving ozone. Correctly order steps in this process, starting with the first step at the top of the list.

1. O3 reacts with H2O in the presence of sunlight to form a hydroxyl radical, -OH 2. The -OH radical reacts with SO2 to form an HSO3 radical 3. The HSO3 radical reacts with O2 to form SO3

1 ppm

1mg/L

1 ppb

1ug/L

A coal burning plant emits 4.2x10^5 tons of SO2 per year. What mass of sulfur is being burned in this plant in one year?

2.1x10^5 tons

Approximate percentage of fresh water that is ground water

30

What is the molarity of a solution that contains 5.0 ppm of tin?

4.2 x 10^-5 M

Most aquatic life in lakes cannot survive in water with a pH less than

5

The pH of a solution that contains 1x10^-5 M H+ ions is equal to

5

20.0 g of NaOH is weighed and dissolved in enough water to prepare a 0.10 M solution. What size volumetric flask would be required for this solution?

5.0 L

The pH of rain water falling through an unpolluted atmosphere is closest to

5.4

Approximate percentage of fresh water in glaciers, ice caps, and snow fields

67

Suppose 15 g of ethanol is dissolved in 185 g of water. What is the concentration of ethanol in ppm?

75,000 ppm

Approximate percentage of Earth's water that is salt water

97

Which statement correctly describes the procedure used to predict the ion formation by a main-group element?

A metal loses enough electrons to attain the same number as its nearest noble gas

Which of the following options correctly defines an electrolyte?

A substance that conducts an electric current in aqueous solution

Which of the following is a characteristic reaction of acids?

Acids react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxie

Which of the following is not carried out by bacteria in soil?

All are carried out by bacteria: - Nitrites are converted to nitrates - Atmospheric nitrogen is fixed in soils - Ammonium is converted into nitrites

Bases are substances that increase the hydroxide ion concentration in aqueous solution. Why does ammonia (NH3), which does not contain a hydroxide group, act as a base?

Ammonia molecules remove protons from water molecules, forming hydroxide ions

Cation

An ion with fewer electrons than its neutral atom

Anion

An ion with more electrons than its neutral atom

When an ionic compound is added to water, the ____ will be attracted to the partially positive H atom of water and the ____ will be attracted to the partially negative O atom of water. As the compound dissolves the ions will ____ from each other.

Anions, Cations, Separate

Cl2, Ca(ClO)2, NaClO

Antibacterial agents

A substance that releases OH- ions in water

Base

Ammonia (NH3)

Base but has no OH- group

Which reaction represents an acid-base neutralization reaction?

Be(OH)2 + H2SO4 --> BeSO4 +2H2O

Which of the following gases produces acidic solutions in water?

CO2 NO2 SO2

Which reaction accounts of the fact that the pH of rain is naturally slightly acidic?

CO2 + H2O --> H+ + HCO3-

Carbonate

CO3^2-

Which of the following species will be present in an aqueous solution of Na2CO3

CO3^2- Na+

The acid neutralizing capacity of a lake or stream mot often derives from the presence of ___ in the surrounding soil or rock.

CaCO3

Which reaction illustrates how acid rain causes the decomposition of marble monuments?

CaCO3 + 2 H+ --> Ca^2+ + CO2 + H2O

Which of the following ion combinations will result in an ionic compound that has a balanced number of positive and negative charges?

Ca^2+ and 2F Na+ and Br- 2Li+ and S^2-

Liquid ____ under high pressure has been offered as a green alternative to using organic solvents. However, by itself it does not effectively dissolve oils, waxes, and grease. Therefore, in order for it to be a viable green solvent a(n) ____ must be added.

Carbon dioxide, surfactant

An electric current requires movement of ____ particles, which could be electrons or ions. An electrolyte produces ____ in solution and the solution is therefore conductive

Charged, ions

An electric current requires movement of ____ particles, which could be electrons or ions. An electrolyte produces ____ in solution and the solution is therefore conductive.

Charged, ions

Which of the steps in the illustration is omitted in the sewage treatment process?

Chlorination

Both ozone and UV radiation have been used as alternative disinfectants to chlorine-containing compounds in the water treatment process. However, ____ must be added to the water after either of these treatment methods in order to protect the water after it leaves the treatment site.

Chlorine

Hypochlorite

ClO-

Sulfur oxides have been implicated as important contributors to the problem of acid rain. What is the principal anthropogenic source of these compounds?

Coal fired power plants

The ratio of amount of solute to amount of solution is called the ___ of the solution

Concentration

A consequence of water's high value for heat capacity is that it is very effective at ___ substances. As a result, water has many applications such as a means to remove heat in a car radiator, power plant, or in the human body. In addition, the temperatures in coastal areas are typically moderate due to water's ability to ___ heat.

Cooling, store

The ____ of a substance is its mass per unit volume.

Density

What is the term used to describe any process that removes ions from salt water?

Desalination

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is enforced by the ___, which sets legal limits for contaminants based on their ___.

EPA, toxicity

Which of the following statements correctly describe ions?

F- is an example of an anion Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons

Al2(SO4)3 and Ca(OH)2

Flocculating agents

Strong BASES

Group 1A & 2A hydroxides

Which of the following is correct condensed molecular formula for water?

H20

Hydronium ion

H3O+ when in aqueous solutions

Bicarbonate

HCO3-

Strong ACIDS

HNO3 H2SO4 HCL HBr

A droplet containing H2SO4 reacts with NH3 in the atmosphere. Which of the following species could be present in the resulting aerosol?

HSO4- ions (NH4)2 SO4 SO4^2- ions

Non-metals

High values for electronegativity

Which of the following is the strongest type of intermolecular force?

Hydrogen bonds

___ bonds are much weaker than ___ bonds

Hydrogen, covalent

A(n) ____ bond is the strongest type of intermolecular force. It occurs in molecules where hydrogen is covalently bonded to ____, oxygen, or fluorine. This results in an attraction between the hydrogen and a lone pair on the more electronegative atom, either in another molecule or elsewhere in the same molecule.

Hydrogen, nitrogen

Cu+

I

Nationally, the greatest amounts of NOx in the atmosphere are produced by which of these? I. transportation sources (motor vehicles, aircraft, trains) II. combustion of fuel in electrical utility plants and industry releases III. nitrification in farm fields

I and II only I. transportation sources II. combustion of fuel in electrical utility plants and industry releases

Which statement(s) concerning SOx and NOx emissions are true? I. Automobiles produce NOx but very little SOx II. Power plants produce only SOx III. Diesel powered vehicles produce only SOx IV. The high concentration of nitrogen compounds in gasoline accounts for the formation of NOx by automobiles and trucks

I only I. Automobiles produce NOx but very little SOx

Cr2+

II

Fe3+

III

CO3^2-

Insoluble except with Group 1A cations or NH4+

Mining waste

Insoluble mercury and lead containing compounds. Although these compounds are insoluble they may slowly leach out and contaminate the water supply

Metal ores

Insoluble sulfides and oxides. Since these deposits containing iron, copper, and zinc are insoluble they can be mined.

A(n) ____ bond is formed when oppositely charged ions attract

Ionic

In a(n) ____ compound electrons are transferred from one atom or group of atoms to another. Conversely, in a(n) ____ compound electrons are shared.

Ionic, covalent

Which of the following balanced equations correctly represents the dissolution of K2SO4 in water?

K2SO4 (s) ---> 2 K+ (aq) + SO4^2- (aq)

Predict the products of this reaction: KOH + HNO3 -->

KNO3 + H2O

Predict the products of the chemical equation: 3 LiOH + H3PO4 -->

Li3PO4 + 3 H2O

What is the correct systematic name for the ionic compound Li3N?

Lithium nitride

Which concentration is consistent with a basic solution?

MOH- = 3.4 x 10^3 M

Which nitrogen-containing substance is generally unreactive?

N2

Nitrogen fixation

N2 --> NH3 --> NH4+

Which of the following are naturally occurring reactive forms of nitrogen?

N2O NO NO3 HNO3

Which of the following molecules is polar?

NH3

Which reactive nitrogen compound is produced using the Haber-Bosch process?

NH3

Ammonium

NH4+

Which of the following forms of nitrogen can be absorbed and used by plants?

NH4+ NO3-

Nitrification

NH4+ --> NO2- --> NO3-

Acidic aerosols can form from droplets that contain HNO3. Which of the following species are products of the reaction that occurs between a droplet containing HNO3 and NH4OH?

NH4NO3 H2O

A sample of rain water has a pH of 4 and contains a higher than normal concentration of NO3- ions. Which of the following atmospheric gases is/are most likely to be responsible for the lowered pH?

NO2 NO

Which of the following gases are included in the designation "NOx and Sox" gases that can cause rain to be acidic?

NO2 SO2 SO3 NO

Denitrification

NO3- --> NO --> N2O --> N2

A compound is classified as an alcohol if it contains what type of bond?

O-H

Which of the following compounds are soluble in water?

Pb(NO3)2 NH4Cl

Water is a polar molecule because it contains ____ covalent bonds and adopts a(n) ____ shape.

Polar, bent

In general, covalent compounds that are ____ will be soluble in water. These compounds do not ____ into ions that are therefore non electrolytes.

Polar, dissociate

The general solubility rule "like dissolves like" explains why polar solutes are soluble in ____ solvents and non polar solutes in ____ solvents.

Polar, nonpolar

Water that is safe to drink and to cook with is called

Potable

F-

Prevents tooth decay

Which equation correctly shows how SO3 produces an acidic solution in water?

SO3 (g) +H2O (l) --> H2SO4 (aq)

Cl-

Soluble except with silver (Ag+), and mercury(i) (Hg2^2+)

SO4^2-

Soluble except with strontium (Sr2+), barium (Ba2+), and lead sulfate (Pb2+)

Na+

Soluble in all combinations

Agricultural fertilizers

Soluble nitrates. These substances can be toxic and contaminate surface and ground water

Salt deposits

Soluble sodium and potassium halides. Dissolve and wash into the sea.

A ____ is a homogeneous mixtures of a solvent and one or more solutes

Solution

The quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C is called its ___.

Specific heat

An acid that dissociates completely in aqueous solution

Strong

A(n) ____, also sometimes called a wetting agent, is a compound that helps polar and non polar compounds mix

Surfactant

What is the source of the nitrogen in the NOx emitted from fossil fuel combustion?

The atmosphere

Positive

The charge of an ion with fewer electrons than its neutral atom

Negative

The charge of an ion with more electrons than its neutral atom

How does the use of gasoline and other fossil fuels increase the levels of atmospheric NO and NO2?

The higher temperatures in automobile engines and exhausts allow N2 to react with O2 to form NO

MCL

The legal limit for the concentration of contaminant expressed in ppm or ppb

Solvent

The majority component of the solution

MCLG

The maximum level of contaminant in drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on human health would occur, expressed in ppm or ppb

Solute

The minority component of a solution

Which of the following options correctly describes the changes that occur when a polar covalent substances such as glucose (C6H12O6) dissolves in water?

The polar glucose molecules are attracted to the polar water molecules, resulting in a solution

Why does an aqueous solution of an ionic substance conduct an electric current?

The solution contains ions that are free to move

How do gases such as SO2 and NO2 cause rain water to be acidic?

These substances react with H2O to produce acids in solution

If acids are compounds that release protons (H+), how is it that SOx and NOx cause acid rain?

They react with water to form acids

Which of the following methods is being used by some sewage treatment plants to decrease the effect of releasing phosphates and nitrates into surface water?

Using wetland areas to capture nitrates and phosphates before the water is returned to the surface water

Kw = ion product constant for water

[H+][OH-] = 1.0x10^-14

For an aqueous solution with a H+ concentration of 1.0x10^-4 M, calculate the concentration of OH-

____x10^___M

N2O

a greenhouse gas

acid

a substance that produces hydrogen ions, H+, in aqueous solution

Weak ACIDS

all others

Weak Bases

all others

percent %

amount of solute / amount of solution x 100

The increase in concentration of certain persistent chemical in successively higher levels of the food chain is called ___.

biomagnification

What atmospheric component is responsible for the natural acidity of rain?

carbon dioxide

An ionic compound is composed of ___ and anions that are present in ___ proportions and arranged in a regular, geometric structure.

cations, fixed

The aim of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is to

ensure potable water to those depending on community water supplies

NO3-

fertilizer runoff

Water has many unique properties. These anomalies include a ____ boiling point and a tendency to ____ on freezing.

high, expand

Acids with H & NONmetal

hydro- -ic acid ex. hydrochloric acid

Water has some unique properties such as its anomalously high boiling point and its low density in the solid sate. The difference between water and H2S is that water can form ____ between its molecules, where as H2S cannont

hydrogen bonds

Bases with OH- ions

hydroxide of the metal in formula ex. sodium hydroxide

Transporting water in an open canal is an example of ___ of water.

inefficient use

A(n) ____ force is a force that occurs between molecues

intermolecular

parts per billion

mass(g) os solute / 1x10^9 g solution

NO3

may contaminate water supplies

molarity (M)

mol solute / L solution

acid rain

more acidic (3-5)

pH below 5.0

most aquatic life disappears

Which anthropogenic pollutants are implicated in the formation of most acidic precipitation?

nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides

If a solute dissolves in water to form a solution that does not conduct an electric current, the solute is

non-electrolyte

pH 6.5 or slightly higher

normal, healthy lake

Hydrogen bonding helps stabilize the structures of large biological molecules, such as proteins and ____ acids

nucleic

The chlorine-containing chemicals (HClO, ClO-, and Cl2) that remain in the water after the chlorination step in the water treatment process are called ___ chlorine

residual

The aim of the Clean Water Act (CWA) is to reduce ____ water pollution

surface

Neutralization equation

the relationship of moles acid to moles base

An ionic compound will produce an aqueous solution when the attraction between the ____ molecules and the ions is greater than the attraction between the ____ themeselves. Ion size and charge can also play a role in the solubility of ionic compounds.

water, ions