TEST 3 CHAPTER 35

Humoral immune response

Antibody response Antigen recongition Recognizing something foreign and attaching to it. B lymphocytes respond to antigens by triggering antibody formation

Secondary deficiency:

From environmental factors HIV, CA, AIDS, Burns, Malnutrition

Humoral: Antibodies

Immunogloblins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM defend against foreign invaders Agglutination, Opsonization

active acquired immunity

Immunologic defenses developed by person's own body Lasts many years; may last a lifetime

Effector

Neutralized that virus. T cells have destroyed them. 1. Humoral Immunity -antibodies 2. Cellular immunity -action by cytotic T cells

What is the function of the thymus gland?

Programs T lymphocytes to become regulator or effector T cells.

inflammatory response

Release of chemical mediators from immune system to minimize blood loss, Wall off invading organisms, activate phagocytes, promote formation for scar tissues and regeneration of injured tissues.

Response

Sending them out to battle. They are detecting and destroying finding that bacteria.

Function of immune system

To remove foreign antigens such as viruses and bacteria to maintain homeostasis.

Null cells

destroy antigen coated with antibody

passive aquired immunity

host receives antibodies rather than making them (mother, injection)

active aquired immunity

results from actual exposure to a pathogen vaccine

During a mumps outbreak at a local school, a patient, who is a school teacher, is exposed. She has previously been immunized for mumps. What type of immunity does she possess?

Acquired immunity

Role of antibodies

Aggluntation of antigens: antbodies and antigens have multiple binding sites making them visible to recongize and destory

Humoral: Antigen antibody binding

Antibody are MAKING the antigens. They will attach and mark them as foreign. THey dont destory they only coat it for destruction

Components of immune system

Bone marrow: T cells and B cells originate Lymphoid tissue: spleen and lymph nodes

Proliferation

CIrculating lymphcytes containing antigenic message return to nearest lymph node!! Stimualating T & B lymphocytes to ENLARGE, DIVIDE into CYTOTOXIC KILLER CELLS, Proliferate. B cells RAPIDLY produce and release antibodies what would you find on assessment? swollen lymph nodes, fever

Natural killer cells

Defend against microorganisms and some malignant cells

complement system

Defends body against bacteria infection, bridges our natural and acquired immunity, and deposes of immune complexes and waste products of inflammation. Circulating plasma proteins made in the liver and activated when antibody connects to antigen playing an important defense against microbes Activated by three pathways: classic, lectin, and alternative

PRIMARY

FROM BIRTH

What chemical is released by cytotoxic T cells?

Lymphokine

Phagocytosis

Monocytes responsible for engulfing and destroying foreign bodies and toxins.

Natural immunity

NONSPECIFIC kin is first line of defense and protects us from invaders getting in. After they get intruded then internal response is next so the WBCs. White blood cell action: release cell mediators such as histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins and engulf (phagocytize) foreign substances. They cause histamines and chemical mediators fluid to leak out into tissues.

A 20-year-old client cut a hand while replacing a window. While reviewing the complete blood count (CBC) with differential, the nurse would expect which cell type to be elevated first in an attempt to prevent infection in the client's hand?

Neutrophils Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs]) are the first cells to arrive at the site where inflammation occurs. Eosinophils and basophils just increase during allergic reaction or stress response

A laboring mother asks the nurse if the baby will have immunity to some illnesses when born. What type of immunity does the nurse understand that the newborn will have?

Passive immunity transferred by the mother

Oposinzation

Promotes release of vasoactive substance; activation of complmement system and phagocytosis

4 stages of immune response RPRE

Recognition Proliferation Response Effector

Recognition

Recognition of antigens as foreign Use of lymph nodes and lymphocytes for surveillance to look for something that is foreign. They have the ability to detect what is self and non self. Then they initiate the alarm if they see something foreign. Neutrophils and Macrophages start phagocytosis which is ingestion of viruses or bacteria. Both macrophages and neutrophils have receptors for antibodies and complement; as a result, they coat microorganisms with antibodies, complement, or both, thereby enhancing phagocytosis

A client is cutting vegetable for dinner and accidently cuts his finger. What response is desirable to destroy foreign agents such as microorganisms to prevent infection from developing in the finger?

Release of antibodies

acquired immunity

SPECIFIC against foreign antigens Transfer of immunity from either an infection or vaccine. result of prior exposure to antigen 1. active 2. passive

Cellular immune response

T lymphocytes: cellular immunity Differentate into different cells. attack invaders directily, secrete cytokines, stimulate immune system responses helper T cells: CD4 which is important in signaling alarm and assisting B cells. Cytotoxic T cells: KILLER. can kill CA and damage cells Memory cells: remmeber antigen from previous infection Suppressor T cells: suppress immune response

passive aquired immunity

Temporary Results from transfer of a source outside of the body that has developed immunity through previous disease or immunization For example, transfer of antibodies from mother to infant through breast feeding; receiving immune globulin through injections

Immunity

body's specific protective response to a foreign agent or organism.

Response to invasion

first line of defense: phagocytic immune response -involves the WBC which have the ability to ingest foreign particle, and destroy the invading agent second protective response defense: the humeral immune response (antibody response) Third mechanism of defense: cellular immune response involves T lymphocytes which can turn into special cytotoxic (killer) T cells that attack the pathogens.

What is the most prevant immunoglbin?

igG it assumes the major role in blood tissue infecction helping us to detemine what infection or bacteria is in the the body

A client has had a splenectomy after sustaining serious internal injuries in a motorcycle accident, including a ruptured spleen. Following removal of the spleen, the client will be susceptible to:

infection because the spleen removes bacteria from the blood.

B Lymphocytes:

mature in bone marrow and make antibodies

T Lymphocytes :

mature in thymus where they differiante into cells with various functions. CD4, CD8 Adapative immunity because they support B cells They also intiate response and signal alarm

Immunopathology

the study of diseases that results from dysfunction of the immune system