Test 3 HOA 400

Taos Society of Artists 1915-1927

Academically trained group of artists, starts in 1915 but most come to the area 10 or 20 years before this time. Decided to create a commercial group. To show them nationally. Really united by the fact their subject matter focuses on New Mexico. Very different in politics and style. Quote on Blackboard, "Where in the prime attraction is the cultural exoticism of the local population and its artifacts (clothing, architecture, theater, music, dance, plastic arts architecture, population (clothing, theatre, music, dance, plastic arts)." Creating ethnic tourism the city of "different" getting people to travel to this space. Prime attraction is the cultural exoticism... Founder E. Irving Couse

The Studio School (part of Santa Fe Indian School)

Dorothy Dunn creates the Studio School, part of the Santa Fe Indian School Encouraging native students to paint images of their home life 1932 and leaves in 37. But the school remains open until 1962 Geronima Cruz Montoya- Pueblo, creating this studio style to keep moving. Two artists from the Studio Style Pablita Velarde born in 1918 right as first generation creating their style of painting. Her subject seems to be social dancing-- Second Generation Harrison Begay Animals and home scenes Pastel colors, placid, sweet figures, known for his deer. Just two of a huge host of artists painting in the studio style. This was a boarding school. But there is a change in native policy, more room for artists to have self expression of their own art. Dunn Required they remain 2 dimensional- has an idea of what Indian painting was and she determined what was authentic and what wasn't. But her students very much say that she let them paint their home and they enjoyed her. But she still wanted this "authentic" notion of Indian Painting. And she had a very set idea on people's styles. She didn't want them to borrow techniques from people not in their community. Becomes a very static style. the studio school seeking a space to encourage them become professional painters.

ethnic tourism

continued marginalization and stereotyping of American Indians in self-representation, often for economic reasons for the purpose of observing the cultural expressions and lifestyles of truly exotic people and places tours designed to show remote areas of a country to tourists who can observe ethnic groups or local cultures and their unique lifestyles

Dorothy Dunn

creates the Studio School, part of the Santa Fe Indian School Encouraging native students to paint images of their home life 1932 and leaves in 37. But the school remains open until 1962 Geronima Cruz Montoya- Pueblo, creating this studio style to keep moving. This was a boarding school. But there is a change in native policy, more room for artists to have self expression of their own art. Required they remain 2 dimensional- has an idea of what Indian painting was and she determined what was authentic and what wasn't. But her students very much say that she let them paint their home and they enjoyed her. But she still wanted this "authentic" notion of Indian Painting. And she had a very set idea on people's styles. She didn't want them to borrow techniques from people not in their community. Becomes a very static style.

Pawnee Bill's "Death of Custer", 1905

"A living portrait", people would stand and this is a really cheesy one. This is the souvenir you would buy at this show. other branches of Western shows, very popular.

Spanish American War

1898 we owned Cuba: Puerto Rico- Philippines : from the Spanish American War. We want to "liberate" cuba from Spain. Puerto rico is still in this position, but Cuba is now a nation. Rough Riders: Teddy Roosevelt was one of them, liberate Cuba. and in the same year we annex the independent kingdom of Hawaii and islands in the South Pacific, and the Phillipines come with the defeat of Spain- one of Spain's last left over colonies.

Institute of American Indian Art (IAIA), Santa Fe

1962- studio school ended, and then he is asked to teach of the Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA). Becomes a very important ground for experimentation for all native students and teachers. IAIA on the campus of the Santa Fe Indian School, at first was a government Indian High School. 1980s four years college degree granting institution. 1992 it moved.

Modernism

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement. artistic and literary movement sparked by a break with past conventions use of color for emotion

environmental determinism

A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities. A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions. Theory of Environmental Determinism- book on Native Americans and how their Environment depicts how Native Americans are. Saying environment shaped why they never "civilized".

Joseph Henry Sharp

Another artist that worked for the railway, whole page in calendars, in railway offices. And Joseph Henry Sharp: was one of the earliest ones there convinced people to go: the war bonnet 1916, prayer to the buffalo, 1910-1920 Purchase more from these artists than any other, and becomes a trademark of the railway. Crouse and Sharp. They are holding art objects, which is what made people interested, civilized and pacified, still look like warriors with the feathers but the art objects passifies them. "Escape from Technology" - "Escape from Modernity" there is no technology here. All contemplative, creating with wrapped attention, "internal indians", in this space but psychologically closed off from you. Exoticized but objectified, utterly pacified. Why become popular in early 20th century. Their artists, you can buy stuff, and won't be a threat to you. Mediate a tourist experience. Really performed as plains indians.

Henry Farny

Came to the US at 8 to Pennsylvania near the Seneca reservation. He read and knew about fictitious novels of native people, and saw native people and assumed they weren't "authentic", disappointed with Seneca. Often makes trips west to "find the authentic Indian" and keeps being disappointed with what he finds. His stock and trade is the defeated Indian, that's what he depicts.

Charles Marion Russell, 1864-1926

Charlie Russell, not the easterner Remington is, Charlie Russell is a hick and he plays at it.

Renato Rosaldo

Cultural Citizenship, Inequality and Multiculturalism, interaction between culture and citizenship, problems on the border, misnomer of "illegal" for immigrants. Postmodernism and Its Critics. 'Grief and a Headhunter's Rage' The agency to control ones own Subjectivity. Distrust in objectivity. Objective social science? Will be claimed to be an impossibility. "The Imperialist Nostalgia" Culture and Truth: the Remaking of Social Analysis (Beacon Press: 1989 essay) He came up with this term. Anthropology had an uncomfortable tie with colonialism, the science of it is tangled with oppression and conquest. The text on pg. 69 gives a definition of it. "Therefore, my concern resides with a particular kind of nostalgia, often found under imperialism, where people mourn the passing of what they themselves have transformed..." "In any of its versions, imperialist nostalgia uses a pose of "innocent yearning" both to capture people's imaginations and to conceal its complicity with often brutal domination" (69).

Assimilationist Era (1887-1934)

Federal Policy of Assimilation, 1887-1934 - Used to be extermination. At the time assimilation was thought of as progressive, humane policy. It's forced assimilation. To deal with "The Indian Problem" the government uses that language, the Government is funding these reservations- which we confined them too and situated poverty here, it's land no one wants. So solution: assimilate them: to landowning, God fearing Christian Protestant, American citizens. "Kill the Indian, Save the Man". did have some support by influential Native American thinkers too. Historians today call this the vanishing policy. Didn't go through wars then vanish their culture. Policy: 1. The general Allotment Act (Dawes Act) 1857 Forced allotment of tribal lands, used to be communial land, so force allotment throughout the USA. give each person a plot of land in their own land- in their reservation. And everything not parcelled up they sell to "White People" and held by the government. Ends in 1934- And most nations had ended ¾ of their land through Allotment policy. 2. Indian Boarding Schools A policy. Send native children to government schools and they have a quota, they have to send the children to fill the quota of the government take them and make them go. Kidnapping. Punished speaking their language Conditions are very bad. Kids run away a lot, some die trying to get back home. Go back to school and punish them. Cut their hair Change their clothes. 3. Religious Crimes Code of 1883 This was not technically overturned until 1974. Not a law, a code, the code gave Indian agents and Superintendents (of Indian schools) authorization to use force or imprisonment to stop native people from practicing their religion. So lot of ceremonials go underground- and this happens today too. 4. The Indian Reorganization Act (or Indian New Deal) of 1934

The Dawes Act, 1887 (aka the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act)

Forced allotment of tribal lands, used to be communial land, so force allotment throughout the USA. give each person a plot of land in their own land- in their reservation. And everything not parcelled up they sell to "White People" and held by the government. Ends in 1934- And most nations had ended ¾ of their land through Allotment policy.

Pawnee Bill

Gordon William Lillie, known professionally as Pawnee Bill, was an American showman and performer who specialized in Wild West shows and was known for his short partnership with William "Buffalo" Bill Cody. branches of the show.

Yankee Imperialism

Is a term referring to the economic, military, and cultural influence of the United States on other countries, especially those in Central and South America. 1901-1934 Latin Americans persistently challenged U.S. interventionism, or "Yankee imperialism," finally persuading U.S. leaders to adopt the principle of non-intervention at the Seventh Inter-American Conference in December 1933, which became known in the U.S. as the Good Neighbor Policy. Most Latin Americans, however, regarded U.S. interventionism as "Yankee imperialism."

memento mori

Latin language a reminder of human mortality sometimes signified by a skull an object serving as a warning or reminder of death, such as a skull reminder of death

the commodified west

Moving to the Southwest. Very strong visual "type". Centered on New Mexico and Arizona today. Turn of the 20th century New Mexico was a territory, we annexed it in 1846 Spanish- American War. 1848 we annex it but doesn't become a state until a long time. It was understood as being entirely "too foreign" Spanish descent or matiso, indegenous thought would prevent the American system. 1912? Became state. And so they tried really hard to make it look like a state.. Colonial. Neo-colonial town to become a state, and then when it was took it down and created what they wanted. First depicted academically be academic artists coming to the area. They are doing illustrations for popular magazines. Leslie's or Harpers sent them down there and they would capture a story about the place. Or they were paid by railways. They come around the turn of the century and tell their friends about New Mexico, so strange and different. Two "colonies" spring up, 1st in Taos- existing trade towns which place of trade but also important sight for indigenous trade. 2nd colony take off too. But focus on Taos. - "Rugged" artists of the high desert, but really at the beginning were seasonal artists, commuting back to a cosmopolitan center. - Lot of variations in the landscape, and an incredible amount of open blue sky. But most are not landscape painters. They are also attracted to is indegenous populations. - Technically on reservations, but Taos has been Taos for hundreds or thousands of years. - New Mexico branded as ingegenout place with this landscape and big blue sky. And the artists really branded the west, and it was adopted by the railway. - So interested in the Pueblos, really taken with the fact that they can see where their villages are.. Taos, Acoma- has been like that since the 1200s, it's ancient history some of it is as old as Rome and it is still there and people are living in it. The power in it they haven't experienced with other native populations, gives America this ancient past that it wants so it gets a lot of attention. Coded as "authentic", but anthropologists to really understand archeology- described as "primitives" living in the present, a window into the past... fascinated learning human history with present people... ****ed. - Obsessed with Pueblo peoples, artists and anthropologists. They are 19 distinct communities, 3 languages with many different dialects in them, individual nations. - Indegenous southwest has a vast number of diverse people and nations, all but ignored by people in the 20th century. But not represented or expressed in positive ways. So people coming to southwest impose "white values" on the pueblo people. They live in settled villages that they can see, have great architecture, same with the arts pottery and weaving, artistic values held by dominant society and agriculture. Spanish took over these people and made them convert to Christianity, and ways of being comes in hand with religion. So they are both Indians but seem assimilated, become the "darling people" during this assimilation. Ancient churches here too. Brought in Edward Curtis And Thomas Moran -Pueblo people getting all this attention, but their land, water, and civil rights are still being eroded by the Government. So sympathy is not the same thing as equality, getting this praise but still thinking and supporting laws that they will vanish. -Has cases of death, mal-nutrition, forced to go to boarding schools, and their way of being is being suppressed and their religion.

Ernest Blumenschein

One of these six. Very cosmopolitan in growing up but fashioned himself cowboy artist. Began his career as a magazine illustrator, Leslie's he was sent to New Mexico, decided to return with a friend got money from Harper's where he made this magazine here, created "Mixture of Barbism and Christianity" and got Harper's to fund his trip. Go back in forth maybe for the next 10 years. Goes back doesn't want to be an illustrator wants to be a painter, trains in Paris, goes back to 1909, and then lives there.

Bursum Bill, 1922 (Indian Pueblo Land Act, introduce to Congress by Senator Holm O. Bursum)

Protest of Artists and Writers against the Bursam Indian Bill-- which is limiting pueblo right to water rights, if they cannot show the rights to the land the squatters could take it if there was no paper to certify that is their land. Alida Sims Malkus, "What is to Become of the Pueblo Indian" Protest of Artists and Writers against the Bursam Indian Bill-- which is limiting pueblo right to water rights, if they cannot show the rights to the land the squatters could take it if there was no paper to certify that is their land. Artists are the ones that took this aggressively- took it to national papers. Took paintings like this and wrote papers. So the visual representation against Assimilation. Rails against land theft and assimilation in this article, What is to Become of...." argument goes, native people, pueblo, have a culture that should not be suppressed, it should be celebrated. The policy should change to support it. So important this political movement. Showing up in popular magazines, the New York Times, McClure's Magazine. Pueblo people aligned with them because they don't want their children to keep being stolen, or their land to be taken. But they do not see that their culture will leave, it's really a civil rights movement for pueblo people but as a white movement, "Preservationist" movement. And this whole campaign has been really productive, artists, writers, actresses got involved in this debate, 1934 policy of assimilation ended. How art can fuel a political movement. How political movement can influence art.

Yellow Journalism

Remington - "Spaniards Search Women on American Steamers", from the New York Journal, 1898 journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration. Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers Spanish American war we hinted at. But again, "yellow journalism" it's shock pieces, female nudity in a newspaper in 1898, the story is the evil Spainards are boarding US Ships in Havana Harbor and strip searching White American woman- ultimate reason to go to war. And this is what the newspaper wanted him to run He didn't see this. Start of this was the Battleship Maine in Havana Harbor, blows up killing many and sinking, believed it is an act of Spanish sabotage. (almost all US historians doubt that story, Spain had nothing to gain from tempting the US in war unless they wanted to loose their colonies) Spain said didn't have to do with it, Newspapers kept ramping up this chat Remington being part of it. Remington is on the ship first ship over to the scene of War and works with Teddy Roosevelt Outfit.

Frederic Remington, 1861-1909

Remington had a huge impact, had a huge output. He has made so much, pulled into the American subconscious. His style changes over time though. He worked for a newspaper first, could draw quickly what he saw. Before camera, drawing what he sees. And he goes to various sites. He was one of the figures who "created" the American West, born in New York though. From the Northeast, went to Yale, and born in 1861 right at the beginning of the Civil War, he carries the burden of not serving in the Civil War, so he is a big promoter of the US Military, he never served. Works with them, travels with them, records them. He is kind of hyper-masculine, out racist, and he hates immigrants. He also writes a lot of short stories, adventure stories for little children (boys). But he was one of the most popular painters of iconic paintings of the west

'Western masculinism" oct. 31 maybe in readings

Russell - Waiting and Mad, 1899: Typical of humor, Russell likes humor, Remington was very serious about the west. This is kiche.

Fritz Scholder

Son of delegate to Indian Affairs Sent to a public school trained with Oscar Howe, moved to California and studied modernist artist Credited as a pivotal force revolutionizing Indian painting, reluctant hero. Figurative style of art, most challenged the studio style. Deconstructs the historical notions of the Indian "Post-Modernist"- generally 20th century movement started in the 1960s and 70s, not so much a style but an attitude, skeptical and hostile to long standing standards of art. Questioning who writes history, for whom, by whom. Who says what's pretty and what is real art. Wondering who gets included in art and history. Who's writing the rules. Who says? Rejecting authority and everything people have been telling you. Rejecting what is and what is not Indian. His ambivalence is his utter just identity shift and problems with being Indian, refused to be classified as anything but an artist, not an "Indian artist". Early in his career said he would never paint Indians, but lie. 1964 hired by IAIA and makes works to question white notions of Indians, critics have found them deeply unsettling.

Santa Fe Railway (Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway)

The Railway really made the image of the SouthWest: Tourism very much accelerated by the Santa Fe Railway. It has never actually gone to Santa Fe, chartered in 1859, 1896 goes to another small town and nobody will pay for the train tracks going to Santa Fe. but they see the marketing potential of art in about 1910.

The Studio School

The Studio School (part of the Santa Fe India School), 1932-1962

White Man's Burden

The White Man's Burden: The United States and the Philippine Islands, by Rudyard Kipling, is a poem about the Philippine-American War, which exhorts the United States to assume colonial control of the Filipino people and their country. the task that white colonizers believed they had to impose their civilization on the black inhabitants of their colonies. idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

Social critique

The term social criticism often refers to a mode of criticism that locates the reasons for malicious conditions in a society considered to be in a flawed social structure.

Edward S. Curtis

Took photos of over 1500 Native Americans. Photography: Thought really to be on the side of science at the turn of the century. Seen as a form of documentation. Turn of the century is when people are doing artistic things with photography and Curtis is somewhere in the middle, scientific but knows the aesthetics of what he is doing. Around 1900 really gets started as an ethnographer on a scientific expedition, and he learns scientific techniques on the time of scientific collection. Wants to document Native people living in the US - Starts with people in the South West, has this idea that he needs to do this because they're vanishing. - So he makes a portfolio of data collection-- 20 portfolios, so really scientific data collection. Yellow is from portfolio, black and white are the prints. 20 volumes 20 portfolios, 1907-1930 publishing these works. 22,000 photographs, 80 nations. And they are lavish.

Religious Crimes Code, 1883

This was not technically overturned until 1974. Not a law, a code, the code gave Indian agents and Superintendents (of Indian schools) authorization to use force or imprisonment to stop native people from practicing their religion. So lot of ceremonials go underground- and this happens today too.

E. Irving Couse

Was the railway darling. example: Wal-si-see, or Good Medicine, 1914 Reproduced to be shown in calendar. So this is what the railway most often bought Whole page, in many calendars, in Railway offices E. Irving Crouse work: the pottery maker, 1910s, his choicest treasures, earl 1920s. And Joseph Henry Sharp: was one of the earliest ones there convinced people to go: the war bonnet 1916, prayer to the buffalo, 1910-1920 Purchase more from these artists than any other, and becomes a trademark of the railway. Crouse and Sharp. They are holding art objects, which is what made people interested, civilized and pacified, still look like warriors with the feathers but the art objects passifies them. "Escape from Technology" - "Escape from Modernity" there is no technology here. All contemplative, creating with wrapped attention, "internal indians", in this space but psychologically closed off from you. Exoticized but objectified, utterly pacified. Why become popular in early 20th century. Their artists, you can buy stuff, and won't be a threat to you. Mediate a tourist experience. Really performed as plains indians.

Pastiche

a dramatic, musical, or literary work made up of bits and pieces from other sources; a hodgepodge piece of literature or music imitating other works

Rough Riders

William Dinwiddie - Colonel Roosevelt and his Rough Riders atop the hill which they captured, Battle of San Juan, 1898 Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War Remington - Charge of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill, 1898: Puts contemporary America in the center of history, but also a type of History painting- the highest thing to aim at in the past, and we haven't had this until really the Revolution to have triumphant history paintings, civil war was too sad. His thing is action Teddy (Colonel) Roosevelt: He formed this company, a term he is borrowing from Buffalo Bill Cody's Tour, Buffalo Bill Cody and the Rough Riders-- like fantasy coming to life. - he was a: Harvard graduate, extremely wealthy family from NY, very powerful, yet to claim Presidency yet.

imperialist nostalgia

a mood of nostalgia that makes racial domination appear innocent and pure; people mourning the passing or transformation of what they have caused to be transformed. A nostalgic mourning for what one has destroyed through colonization. Renato Rosaldo, "Imperialist Nostalgia," Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis (Beacon Press, 1989), 68-87 - "Therefore, my concern resides with a particular kind of nostalgia, often found under imperialism, where people mourn the passing of what they themselves have transformed.... -In any of its versions, imperialist nostalgia uses a pose of "innocent yearning" both to capture people's imaginations and to conceal its complicity with often brutal domination." (Renato Rosaldo, 69) "The Imperialist Nostalgia" Culture and Truth: the Remaking of Social Analysis (Beacon Press: 1989 essay) He came up with this term. Anthropology had an uncomfortable tie with colonialism, the science of it is tangled with oppression and conquest. The text on pg. 69 gives a definition of it. "Therefore, my concern resides with a particular kind of nostalgia, often found under imperialism, where people mourn the passing of what they themselves have transformed..." "In any of its versions, imperialist nostalgia uses a pose of "innocent yearning" both to capture people's imaginations and to conceal its complicity with often brutal domination" (69).

Edward Curtis, The North American Indian (1907-1930)

all about this in the previous slide.

The Indian Reorganization Art (popularly known as the "Indian New Deal), 1934

also called Wheeler-Howard Act, (June 18, 1934), measure enacted by the U.S. Congress, aimed at decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs and increasing Indian self-government and responsibility. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 (IRA), sometimes called the "Indian New Deal", was a turning point in the treatment of Native Americans by the federal government. In the 19th century, national policy was to seize a continent, by force as necessary, acquire land for American settlement and exploitation, and confine native peoples to reservations in limited areas of marginal value. The result was the devastation of native life, given the depredations of warfare, disease and displacement.

Ethnographic spectacle

ethnographic: relating to the scientific description of peoples and cultures with their customs, habits, and mutual differences. For better or for worse, people know Cowboys and Indians in America. Simplistic American mind. Americans embrace this, easy identity for themselves. Film is the main producer of this. Don't talk about it in this class but the Western is the most popular American films, it's a whole genre. And this is very much distributed around the world, roots in this period but still, like Germany dresses up as natives and pretends and lives in a teepee for a summer. But we are to talk about its beginnings. In the aftermath of the Indian wars.

Nostalgia

longing for the past a longing for something past; homesickness sentimental longing, wishful wanting of the past. Creates Imperialist Nostalgia: This mood of nostalgia makes racial domination appear, makes it seem innocent and pure and it's not, it's the result of brutal domination

Postmodernism art

no rules. Postmodernism can be seen as a reaction against the ideas and values of modernism, as well as a description of the period that followed modernism's dominance in cultural theory and practice in the early and middle decades of the twentieth century. The term is associated with scepticism, irony and philosophical critiques of the concepts of universal truths and objective reality.

Nocturne

painting of a night scene

typology

the study and interpretation of types and symbols, originally especially in the Bible. The study of types in Scripture The study of how the New Testament is foreshadowed in the Old Testament. typology- classifying things based on type, so one person can stand in for all people- a type for all people. Typological: trying to find a type that is characteristic of these people, supposed to stand in for an entire category- so how do they represent this type, from the plains, from alaska, from south... so they're different but the way they are dressed.

Irony

the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. A contrast between expectation and reality