Test 3

Teresa of Avila

Catholic Reformation: Carmelite nun and author who re-energized Catholic enthusiasm for mysticism with her book "The Interior Castle" and who helped to reform the Carmelite order to root out pre-Reformation spiritual malaise and laxity about cloister, poverty, and other vows. (1515-1582)

Synod of Dort

Condemns Arminianism and entrenches hard-line Calvinism in Holland in 1618 - 1619; excluded Arminians from attendance

October 31, 1517

Date that Luther nailed the 95 Thesis to the door of the Catholic church in Wittenberg, Germany.

Baptists

Dissenters of the Church of England; focused on the power of local churches; stresses following in example; each person interprets the Bible the way the Holy Spirit tells them how; emphasis on New Testament; no Church creeds. It was very simple and appealed to rural people; beliefs: Biblical authority, justification by faith alone, priesthood of the believer

church and state

Luther and Zwingli agreed on close association of church and state; later Williams called for separation of the two

Consubstantiation

Luther's belief that the bread and wine is not changed but that Christ is present along with the bread and the wine

predestination Luther, Zwingli

Luther: God's initiative; Zwingli: logical consequence of God's nature (God knows it all beforehand)

Lord's Supper, Luther

Martin Luther held that "It is not the doctrine of transubstantiation which is to be believed, but simply that Christ really is present at the Eucharist."

Leipzig Debate

Martin Luther vs. John Eck (representative for the Catholic Church). Debated papal authority; started out as Eck v Karlstadt; Luther forced to say he agreed with Huss ... that a Christian armed with scripture has more authority than the pope and the councils

Frederick the Wise

Martin Luther's prince who gave him a place to hide after he was declared an outlaw; Elector of Saxony who wanted Luther to get fair trial and wants to protect the University of Wittenburg

The (First) Great Awakening

Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God. The movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism of mid-eighteenth century America. Religious splits in the colonies became deeper.

Ulrich Zwingli

(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services (forbade what was not affirmed in scripture. Killed in a civil war. Spoke against pilgrimage as a way to earn salvation. Sought reformation through humanist study of scripture.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Menno Simmons

(1496-1561) The man most responsible for rejuvenating Dutch Anabaptism. A popular leader who began as a Catholic priest, this man dedicated his life to spread of a peaceful, evangelical Anabaptism that stressed separation from the world in order to truly emulate the life of Jesus. He imposed strict discipline on his followers and banned those who refused to conform to the rulers. is followers were called this, spread from the Netherlands into northwestern Germany and eventually into Poland and Lithuania as well as the new world. They maintain communities in the USA and Canada today. Mennonites; pacifists, no swearing of oaths or taking civil positions that require oaths; believers baptism, footwashing

Robert Browne

(1550s - 1633) was the founder of the Brownists, a common designation for early Separatists from the Church of England before 1620. In later life he was reconciled to the established church and became an Anglican priest.

Geneva

Swiss city-state which became a Calvinist theocracy in the 1500s; today a major city in Switzerland; Calvin opened Geneva Academy directed by Theodore Beza (a next leader after Calvin)

Roger Williams most famous writings were

The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution (1644), A Key into the Language of America (1643), and his Letter to the Town of Providence (1655)

Early Modern Catholicism

The Catholic Reformation (or Counter-Reformation) see outline for details

Factors leading to the Reformation

The corruption of the Roman Catholic Church, the leadership of Martin Luther, and the invention of the printing press were three major factors, nationalism, proto-reformers like Wycliffe and Huss

John of Leiden

The leader of the radical Anabaptists in Munster, who said he would be the king of the New Jerusalem ... see notes on Matthys above

The Lost Cause

The phrase many white southerners applied to their Civil War defeat. They viewed the war as a noble cause but only a temporary setback in the South's ultimate vindication; the belief that the cause of the Confederate States during the American Civil War was a just and heroic one; it minimizes or completely denies the central role of slavery and white supremacy in the build-up to, and outbreak of, the war. (1) not about slavery (2) lost due to overwhelming U S resources (3) regarded women as sanctified by wartime (4) emancipation a grave mistake because it was beneficial to both black and white

"Remonstrants"

name given to supporters of Arminianism; (1) predestination ... God determines in advance who will be saved (2) Jesus died for all, but only believers will benefit (3) refutes Pelagianism ... man can do nothing on his own (4) Grace is NOT irresistible (5) unclear whether a man can fall from grace

John Smyth

no original sin, "God has ordained all men to life" connection with Waterland Confession; baptised the first English Baptists; cofounded General Baptists with Helwys; separatism was illegal and he was imprisoned before he left Amsterdam

Anabaptist means

rebaptizer

third baptism

reference to "drowning" of persecuted ... a kind of forced baptism; King Ferdinand declared drowning (called the third baptism) "the best antidote to Anabaptism". The Tudor regime, even the Protestant monarchs (Edward VI of England and Elizabeth I of England), persecuted Anabaptists as they were deemed too radical and therefore a danger to religious stability.

English Reformation

result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom

Presbyterian polity

rule by elders elected from among the people, who in turn elect higher officials

Sacrament

sacred ritual of the Roman Catholic Church

John Tetzel

sold indulgences; Domincan who said "when a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs"; precursor to prosperity gospel

Tomas de Torquemada

the Spaniard who as Grand Inquisitor was responsible for the death of thousands of Jews and suspected witches during the Spanish Inquisition (1420-1498)

Book of Common Prayer

the text containing recitations, prayers and prescribed orders of worship in the Episcopal Church; created by Thomas Cranmer

Melchoir Hoffman

was Lutheran, then Zwinglian then Anabaptist; announced the end was near and predicted his own imprisonment

Jacob Arminius

(1560-1609) Dutch theologian (pastor and professor) trained under Beza (so received Calvinist training) preaching that salvation could be attained through the acceptance of God's grace and was open to all, not just the elect, ie, God would redeem humanity through Jesus Christ; did not reject predestination, but did reject the Calvinist version; God elected those who would choose him of their own free will. Conditional election is based on man's response to God's offer of salvation.

Caesar Baronius

(born Oct. 31, 1538, Sora, Kingdom of Naples [now in Italy]—died June 30, 1607, Rome), ecclesiastical historian and apologist for the Roman Catholic Church. Wrote Ecclesiastical Annals in answer to criticism of teh Catholic Church

Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion

-Treatise that was John Calvin's seminal work on the Protestant theology. -Outlined the principles of a new system of belief. -Spelled out every point of faith and practice in detail. -As did Luther, Calvin criticized the deficiencies of the papacy and the Catholic Church. -The work also embodies Luther's idea of justification by faith alone. -The book was written as an introductory textbook on the Protestant faith. Calvin particularly emphasized some of main doctrines of Calvinism, such as God's total sovereignty and predestination. - It vigorously attacked the teachings of those Calvin considered unorthodox, particularly Roman Catholicism to which Calvin says he had been "strongly devoted" before his conversion to Protestantism. -Became the basis of Calvinism.

Council of Trent

1. Reformed Catholic Church discipline and reaffirmed church doctrine 2. Preserved the papacy as the center of Christianity 3. Confirmed all seven existing sacraments 4. Reaffirmed Latin as the language of worship 5. Forbade clerical marriage (1545-1563) note it streatched over many years

Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation)

1. reform movement to abolish abuses of the church and bring back traditional values 2. Catholic Church's movement that stopped selling indulgences. It created the Jesuit order to spread Catholic ideas across the world.

Jimenez de Cisneros

1437-1517 Great Spanish spiritual reformer and educator who, in 1502, drove into exile any non-converting Moors from Granada. This plus Inquisition ended religious toleration and was reason Spain remained a loyal catholic country thro'out 16th C and would be base for Catholic Counter Reformation.

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings; wrote Institutes of Christian Faith; pursued law career; 1534 gave up ecclesiastical post

Colloquy at Marburg

1529 Zwingli officially split with Luther over the issue of Eucharist; Luther and Melanchthon attended from Wittenburg

Act of Supremacy

1534 Declared the king to be head of the English church rather than the Pope (created by Henry VIII); creates Anglican Church

Munster Rebellion

1534-1535. Attempted to establish New Jerusalem by force, expel the ungodly (these are the Catholics and their images), bishop puts city under siege, and Leiden endorses polygamy; ... another source says this: The Münster Rebellion was an attempt by radical Anabaptists to establish a communal sectarian government in the German city of Münster. The city was under Anabaptist rule from February 1534, when the city hall was seized and Bernhard Knipperdolling installed as mayor, until its fall in June 1535.

American slavery

1619, Greatest threat to American unity in 1800's.

Arminianism

16th century theology (named after its founder Jacobus Arminius) that opposes the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin and holds that human free will is compatible with God's sovereignity; Nature of grace - Arminians believe that, through grace, God restores free will concerning salvation to all humanity, and each individual, therefore, is able either to accept the Gospel call through faith or resist it through unbelief.

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Society of Jesus

A Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Methodism

A religion founded by John Wesley. Insisted strict self-discipline and a methodical approach to religious study and observance. Emphasized an intense personal salvation and a life of thrift, abstinence, and hard work.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

T.U.L.I.P

Acronym that reminds us what Calvinism claims Total Depravity (born this way) Unconditional Election (God chooses; first step in salvation is by grace of God) Limited Atonement (vestige of "natural light", only the chosen) Irresistible Grace (man does not choose; God chooses, man responds) Perseverance of the Saints (cannot fall from grace; once saved always saved)

Half-Way Covenant

Agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children. It signified a waning of religious zeal among second and third generation Puritans. (1662)

Priesthood of believers

All Christians have direct access to God and, therefore, each is priest to the other

39 Articles

Also known as the Elizabethan Articles, it laid out the rules for Anglicanism. (Laws of the mild Protestant Church she created.) 1563; contained in the Book of Common Prayer

The Separatistis

Also known as the Pilgrims, they were Protestants that separated from the corrupt Church of England and eventually settled in Massachusetts. Not all Puritans were separatists.

Jonathan Edwards

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758); Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

Episcopal polity

An authority such as a monarch appoints bishops. The bishops, in turn, appoint lower officials down to the individual churches.

Spanish Inquisition

An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism, Jews in particular

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused (challenging papacy and empire). Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

Anabaptists

Beginning of the radical reformation: A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state (return to pre-Constantinian, pure, primitive Christianity) , and democratic church organization; arose from Zwingli's followers; many pacifists; called themselves brethren; severely persecuted by Catholics and Protestants; it was as a time illegal to NOT baptize infants, so Anabaptists were separatists

Robert Bellarmine

Cardinal, Jesuit, Doctor of the Church, Defender of Church Teaching during a time of religious controversy; spoke out against Protestant church and Gallileo

Thomas Helwys

English Baptist pastor who wrote 1st plea for full religious freedom and cofound general Baptists

Puritans

English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. Wanted control of govt as well as church.

George Whitefield

English clergyman (Anglican) who was known for his ability to convince many people through his sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief in gaining salvation.

Mary

First born (half sister of Edward VI) and second to rule- was a devout Catholic. She forced the English to be fully Catholic again. Bloody Mary persecuted Protestants; (daughter of Catherine of Aragon) on throne 1553 - 1558

George Blaurock Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz

First to receive believer's baptism; Jörg vom Haus Jacob (Georg Cajacob, or George of the House of Jacob), commonly known as George Blaurock[1] (c. 1491 - September 6, 1529), was an Anabaptist leader and evangelist. Along with Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz, he was a co-founder of the Swiss Brethren in Zürich, and thereby one of the founders of Anabaptism.

General vs. Particular Baptists

General Baptists are Baptists who hold the general or unlimited atonement view, the belief that Jesus Christ died for the entire world and not just for the chosen elect. General Baptists are theologically Arminian, which distinguishes them from Reformed Baptists (also known as "Particular Baptists" for their belief in particular redemption); a particular Baptist is a member of a Baptist denomination holding the doctrine of the election and redemption of some but not all people.

"Two Kingdoms"

God has established two kingdoms (1) under law; without the state there is chaos (2) under gospel; civil magistrates have no authority ... but as sinners we are under authority of the state; posited by Luther

January 21, 1525

Grebel baptized Blaurock in the house of Manz; then Blaurock baptised others

Ignatius of Loyola

He founded the Jesuit organization that throughout Europe, created schools, colleges, and seminaries; wrote The Spiritual Exercises (a treatise)

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.

Christmas Conference

In 1784, the Christmas Conference established the Methodist Episcopal Church. It was with the blessing of John Wesley. This is where the first Discipline was produced. The Discipline was largely built on Wesley's Large Minutes. The threefold pattern of leadership (Bishops, Elders, Deacons) was established. Asbury was ordained a superintendent (bishop).

John Matthys

Jan Matthys (also known as Jan Matthias, Johann Mathyszoon, Jan Mattijs, Jan Matthijszoon; c. 1500, Haarlem - 5 April 1534, Münster) was a charismatic Anabaptist leader of the Münster Rebellion, regarded by his followers as a prophet. Matthys was a baker in Haarlem, in the Holy Roman Empire's County of Holland, and was converted to Anabaptism through the ministry of Melchior Hoffman in the 1520s. Matthys baptized thousands of converts, and after Hoffman's imprisonment, rose to prominent leadership among the Anabaptists. Matthys rejected the pacifism and non-violence theology of Hoffman, adopting a view that oppression must be met with resistance. In 1534, an Anabaptist insurrection took control of Münster, the capital city of the Holy Roman Empire's Prince-Bishopric of Münster. John of Leiden, a Dutch Anabaptist disciple of Matthys, and a group of local merchants summoned Matthys to come. Matthys identified Münster as the "New Jerusalem", and on January 5, 1534, a number of his disciples entered the city and introduced adult baptism. Reformer Bernhard Rothmann apparently accepted "rebaptism" that day, and well over 1000 adults were soon baptized.

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Circuit Riders

Methodist ministers who traveled from town to town to preach; were instrumental in recruiting converts ... from another source: Methodist ministerial role that was originated in England by John Wesley. The first of the American circuit riders was Robert Strawbridge, who arrived in the colonies in 1764. A few years later Wesley sent missionaries to the American colonies, but most of them departed when revolution threatened. One who remained was Francis Asbury, who, as Wesley's general assistant, was responsible for organizing the circuits.

Lord's Supper: Calvin

Middle ground between Luther and Zwingli; there is a real presence of Christ in the bread but it is a spiritual presence, not a physical one

Edward VI (1547-1553)

Nine-year old boy king of England. England became more Protestant during his reign. Died at the age of 15.

Biblical arguments over slavery

Pro: slavery exists in OT, the "curse of Ham", Jesus did not condemn slavery, Paul endorses slavery

Marian Exiles

Protestants who fled England during the reign of Mary I (aka Bloody Mary). They settled in Germany and Switzerland and worshiped in their own congregations, wrote contracts justifying armed resistance and waited for a time when a Protestant counteroffensive could be launched in their homelands.

Queen Isabella

Queen of Castile in Spain, she helped complete the Reconquista. She and her husband banned Islam and forced all Jews in Spain to become Christian or leave. She also helped pay for the voyages of Christopher Columbus.

Indulgences and purgatory

Those who were not baptized but did not deserve hell (dead babies) or simply didn't deserve heaven either went here (Limbo). By giving money to the Catholic Church, you could get time off for dead relatives. This was one of Martin Luther's complaints, since it was kind of a scam.

Denmark Vesey

United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822); he was caught before the uprising happened

Michael Servetus

a Spanish physician who was among the chief thinkers for the Anti-Trinitarians. He was executed in 1553 in Geneva for "blasphemies against the Holy Trinity." This thinker was among the strongest opponents of Calvinism, especially its belief in original sin and predestination and has a deserved reputation of defending religious tolerance; denied the Council of Nicaea; decried union of church and state; had escaped prison of Catholic inquisition in France; recognized in Geneva and executed there ... strengthening Calvin's authority there

Schleitheim Confession

a declaration of swiss anabaptist belief; consisted of seven articles: baptism, excommunication, communion, separation from evil, pastors in the church, the Sword and the Oath; no infant baptism, multiple slip-ups in discipline will result in ban, only those who have been baptized can take part in communion; violence not acceptable in any circumstance, no oaths shall be taken because Jesus prohibited them

John of the Cross

a follower of Teresa of Avila, the cofounder of the Discalced Carmelites, a reform branch of the Carmelite order, and a Spanish mystic. His writings include the Ascent of Mount Carmel and the Dark Night of the Soul.

via media

a middle way or compromise between extremes; describes the Elizabethan compromise; description of church of England which would allow participation of Catholics and Protestants

Discalced Carmelites

a reform group of the Carmelite order founded by John of the Cross and Teresa of Avila; discalced means without shoes ... was for men and women

Peasants' Revolt

a series of uprisings in 1525 by German peasants against their landowners. over 130,000 peasants were killed

Consistory

a special body for enforcing moral discipline; label given to the group of pastors and elders who oversaw church government in Geneva

Martin Luther's view of scriptural permission

accepted what was not forbidden in scripture

Charles I Spain elected emperor Charles V

at the time that Luther was sent away and during Diet of Worms; Pope has no reason not to condemn Luther -- papal bull and Luther burns it

Calvin on infant baptism

baptism does not "intimate that our ablution and salvation are perfected by water, or that [it] possesses in itself the virtue of purifying, regenerating, and renewing." Neither is it "the cause of salvation, but only that the knowledge and certainty of such gifts are perceived in this sacrament" (Institutes 4.15.2); in this way it compares to circumcision which, on its own the act carries no meaning (infant baptism equates with infant circumcision; the baby has no idea what's happening)

Annabaptist beliefs

believers baptism, only professing believers can be church members, church discipline includes the ban to keep the church pure, Lord's supper is memorial and symbolic, remain separated from the world (no state-sponsored worship), no oaths, separation of church and state, sharing of goods, use of physical sword not allowed (no carnal weapons, only those of a spiritual nature)

Conrad Grebel

creator of the Anabaptists; was once a disciple of Zwingli, but broke away

Elizabeth

daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; took throne 1558 after Bloody Mary; queen for 45 years; brought compromise between Catholics and Protestants

"the ban"

discipline of excommunication employed after two private admonitions ... third strike (anabaptist practice)

Calvinism vs. Arminianism summary

divine sovereignty vs. human free will. Calvinist emphasize God's sovereign choice of human beings for salvation, while Arminians emphasize the human being's free choice of Christ as Savior. Calvinists = monergists; Arminians = synergists

Congregational polity

each congregation elected its own officers and each church remained independent of other churches

Lord's Supper: Zwingli

elements are symbolic of the body and the blood

Southern Baptists

established 1845

Thomas Cranmer

first archbishop of the Church of England, wrote The Book of Common Prayer (in that book was the 39 Articles of the church of England)

Thomas Muntzer

helped lead a peasant revolt; debated connection with Anabaptists, was executed