Test 3 Multiple Choice

Only one of the following is an actual real thing; the rest are mental fictions. The real thing is a (an) A) exemplar B) prototype C) schema D) script

exemplar

Infantile amnesia causes us to have few memories before the age of about A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8

6

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below? A) A turtle is a fish. B) A turtle is an amphibian. C) Turtles are turtles. D) A turtle is an animal.

A turtle is an animal

The "sleep list" provides examples of: A) Reconstruction B) Cryptomnesia C) Mistaken Identity D) Weapon focus

A) Reconstruction

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories A) occur for details but not for entire events. B) occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances. C) do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people. D) arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

Arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories

I have strong memories of my years in graduate school and working on a Ph.D. I have more memories form those years than others in my life. The best explanation for this is A) Cognitive hypothesis B) Self-image hypothesis C) Cultural life script D) Narrative rehearsal

Cognitive hypothesis

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the approach to categorization. A) Exemplar theory B) Definitional/linguistic view C) Prototype view D) Associative network theory

Definitional/linguistic view

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements? A) It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time. B) It is vivid memory for emotional events. C) It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event. D) It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events.

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that: A) Memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities. B) Life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass. C) People tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones. D) Our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from.

Memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.

The misinformation effect can be explained by A) proactive interference B) schematic biases C) retroactive interference D) repeated familiarity effects

Retroactive interference

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually This experiment illustrates the effect of on memory. A) Unconscious inference B) Scripts C) Schemas D) Confabulation

Schemas

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of________ on memory. A) Repeated rehearsal of distinctive names B) Source misattributions C) Encoding specificity D) Schemas

Source misattributions

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside A) a rhinoceros B) an anteater C) a bumblebee D) a wolf

a bumblebee

Mental-scanning experiments found A) a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image. B) an absence of mental scanning when processing a mental geometric image C) a constant scanning time for all locations on an image. D) that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does.

a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

Imagery neurons respond to A) all visual images. B) only visual images in a specific category. C) concrete mental images but not abstract mental images. D) an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.

an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.

Which approach to categorization has the easiest time explaining atypical cases, such as flying mammals or birds that are bigger than we are but cannot fly. A) definitional/linguistic view B) prototype C) exemplar D) associative networks

associative networks

According to Rosch, the__________ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday A) basic B) prototypical C) superordinate D) subordinate

basic

Goldstein (your textbook author) argues that compared to imagery, perception requires more A) top-down processing B) bottom-up processing C) serial processing D) parallel processing

bottom-up perception

Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up. This describes a(n) A) convergent behavior B) epiphenomenon. C) inner scribe D) propositional behavior

epiphenomenon

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT A) failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear. B) source-monitoring errors due to familiarity. C) inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events. D) increased confidence due to postevent questioning.

failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember? A) baseball B) freedom C) apple pie D) mom

freedom

Shepard and Meltzer's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated A) how easy mental rotation is for humans. B) that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. C) imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as A) pegword technique B) method of loci C) keyword method D) first letter technique

method of loci

Gallese and colleagues (1996) noted that certain types of neurons, now called neurons, activated when a monkey grasped food on a tray, but also activated when they watched the experimenter grasping food on a A) mirror B) redundant C) imitative D) anticipatory

mirror

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows A) neglect involved both the left and right sides of the visual field, with an apparently "random" agnosia of different components of the fields. B) neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned. C) neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported. D) neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery.

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a A) input unit B) output unit C) node D) link

node

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and A) confabulation B) source misattribution C) retroactive interference D) consequentiality

source misattribution

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer _________ and Itzaj participants would answer __________ A) oak;tree B) tree; tree C) tree; oak D) oak;oak

tree; oak

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated A) in a manner that bypassed normal neurological "blocks." B) less efficiently than normal C) in a manner that bypassed normal neurological "blocks. D) using more visual encoding than normal.

Less efficiently than normal

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery A) is based on spatial or language mechanisms. B) actually exists. C) can be used to inform non-visual sensory systems D) is identical for all people

is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that A) perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms. B) imagery is more stable than perceptions C) imagery occurs more automatically than perceptions D) it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.

it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images

Prototypes can be studied because items high in prototypicality are A) remembered best in a paired-associate task B) listed first in a recall task C) consolidated faster in episodic memory D) more subject to interference in simple learning tasks

listed first in a recall task

My prototype car is different from your prototype car because A) vehicles have developed into a uniform style over time B) a mini-cooper is not a car, no matter what you think C) the federal government changed the definition of car to include minivans and small SUVs D) people drove huge sedans and station wagons when I was growing up

people drove huge sedans and station wagons when I was growing up

Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of Their results showed that A) perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does. B) perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does. C) perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception. D) there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery.

perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

In semantic network models, retrieval from stored memories is explained by A) back propagation B) spreading activation C) cognitive economy D) proactive interference

spreading activation

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that A) neither kiwi nor banana are likely to be the fruit "closest" to the prototype of the fruit category. B) when people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on their list before banana. C) the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi. D) people will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana.

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.