Test 3- Psychology

When a conditioned stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus, _____ will soon take place.

Extinction

Which of the following factors would be important in the acquisition of aggressive behaviors through observational learning?

models who commit violent acts but go unpunished

The steps in memory information processing are

encoding, storage, retrieval

With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________.

every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs

Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the most likely to produce this response?

repeated pairing of lemonade with the immune enhancing drug

Lewis cannot remember the details of the torture he experienced as a prisoner of war. According to Freud, Lewis' failure to remember these painful memories is an example of

repression

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called

retrieval

When information that is stored in memory temporarily cannot be found, _____ failure has occurred

retrieval

The three-stage processing model of memory was proposed by

Atkinson and Shriffrin.

For the most rapid conditioning, a CS should be presented

Before the US.

After exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat ran the maze with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. This performance illustrate

Latent learning

The misinformation effect provides evidence that memory

May be reconstructed during recall according to how questions are framed.

If you have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates:

classical conditioning

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a _____________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio

The type of learning associated with Skinner is

operant conditioning

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when you select either the "A" or "B" choices. You continue to frequent this machine regularly. This best illustrates:

operant conditioning.

You have been working nights and weekends to get a project completed at work. You are successful, and a couple of weeks later you come into work and your boss presents you with a bonus check. This best illustrates the value of:

positive reinforcement.

The spacing effect means that

study spread over time results in better retention than cramming.

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into your eye is a(n):

unconditioned response (UR).

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____________ schedule.

variable-ratio

Our short-term memory span is approximately ______ items

7

Which of the following statements concerning reinforcement is correct? A .Learning is most rapid with intermittent reinforcement, but continuous reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction. B .Learning is most rapid with continuous reinforcement, but intermittent reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction. C. Learning is fastest and resistance to extinction is greatest after continuous reinforcement

B .Learning is most rapid with continuous reinforcement, but intermittent reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction

Which of the following is an example of shaping? A. A dog learns to salivate at the sight of a box of dog biscuits. B. A new driver learns to stop at an intersection when the light changes red. C. A parrot is rewarded first for making any sound, then for making a sound similar to "Laura," and then for speaking its owner's name.

C. A parrot is rewarded first for making any sound, then for making a sound similar to "Laura," and then for speaking its owner's name.

Which of the following is an example of reinforcement?A.Presenting a positive stimulus after a behavior B.Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior C.Being told that you have done a good job D.All of these are examples

D.All of these are examples

Punishment is a controversial way of controlling behavior, because A.Behavior is not forgotten and may return. B.Punishing stimuli often create fear. C.Punishment may increase aggressiveness. D.Of all of these reasons.

D.of all of these reasons.

In order to obtain a reward, a monkey learns to press a lever when a 1000-Hz tone is on but not when a 1200-Hz tone is on. What kind of training is this?

Discrimination

____________ is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS). Whereas, ____________ is the ability to differentiate between the CS and other stimuli that have NOT been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US).

Generalization; discrimination

Henry, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what you know about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the most likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette?

He realizes his nausea is due to the drug, not simply the cigarette.

Memory for skills is called

Implicit memory

In distinguishing between negative reinforcers and punishment,

In contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response by ending a negative stimulus

According to the serial position effect, when recalling a list of words you should have the greatest difficulty with those

In the middle of the list

After suffering damage to the hippocampus,a person would probably

Lose the ability to store new facts.

Being in a bad mood after a hard day of work, Susan could think of nothing positive in her life. This is best explained as an example

Mood congruent Memory

Repression is an example of

Motivated forgetting.

A behavior followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is being

Negatively reinforced.

Learning by imitating others' behaviors is called _____ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is _____

Observational; Bandura

According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?

Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.

Studies by Loftus and Palmer, in which people were quizzed about a film of an accident, indicate that

People's recall may easily be affected by misleading information.

Which of the following is the best example of a flashbulb memory?

Remembering what you were doing on September 11, 2001 when terrorists crashed planes into the World Trade Center towers

Brenda has trouble remembering her new five-digit ZIP code plus four-digit address code. What is the most likely explanation for her difficulty?

Short-term memory capacity is typically seven (7), so this nine-digit code may exceed her capacity

Which of the following is NOT recommended as a strategy for improving memory?

Speed reading

Long-term potentiation refers to

The increased efficiency of a synapse's firing potential following learning.

During extinction, the _____ is omitted. As a result, the _____ seems to disappear.

US; CR

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the loud noise was the _____ and the white rat was the _____

US; CS

In classical conditioning, spontaneous recovery occurs:

When the CS is reintroduced following extinction of the CR and a rest period.

Mirror neurons are found in the brain's ______________ and are believed to be the neural basis for ______________.

frontal lobe; observational learning

Shaping is a method used by Skinner to:

guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.

In the United States and Canada, ____________ rates doubled between 1957 and 1974, coinciding with the introduction and spread of TV.

homicide

Elderly Mr. Flanagan, a retired electrician, can easily remember how to wire a light switch, but he cannot remember the name of the president of the United States. Evidently, Mr. Flanagan_______ memory is better than his________memory.

implicit ; explicit

One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to ____________ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to ____________ a behavior.

increase; decrease

When Carlos was promoted, he moved into a new office with a new phone extension. Every time he is asked for his phone number, Carlos first thinks of his old extension, illustrating the effects of

interference

An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of:

mirror neurons.

In Bandura's experiment, compared to children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were ________________ to lash out at the doll.

much more likely

Jane had Leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is:

the conditioned response.

Jane had Leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The chemotherapy is:

the unconditioned stimulus.