TEST #3

Sutherland's 9 propositions- differential association theory

1. Criminal behavior is learned 2. learned via communication with others 3. learning occurs with-in intimate personal groups 4. learning includes techniques for committing crimes, specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, attitudes 5. learned through definitions of illegal codes as either favorable or unfavorable 6. a person becomes delinquent when: they have excess of definitions favorable to violation of the law 7.differential association may very in frequency, intensity, priority and duration 8) Criminal learning involves the same mechanisms as learning of any other learning 9) Crime is an expression of general needs—but these needs do not explain crime (what does that even mean?)

Two paths of young offenders according to Terrie Moffit

1. adolescent limited offenders 2. life-course persistent offenders

Merton's social adaptations

1. conformity 2. innovation (most linked to crime) 3. ritualism 4. retreat ism (vagrants, psychotics, etc) 5. rebellion (reject all-American values and seek other goals/values)

American Dream

A commitment to the goal of material success, to be pursued by everyone in society under conditions of open, individual competition. According to institutional anomie theorists this is both a goal and a process to accumulate goods and wealth.

Negative Effective States

Agnews said criminality is a direct result of negative effective states. The frustrated and adverse emotions are associated with destructive social relationships

According to institutional anomie theorists, the _________ is both a goal and process to accumulate goods and wealth. Answers: American Dream American Hope American Ideal American Myth

American Dream

public policy programs based on developmental theory feature treatments designed for _________

At risk youth

4 elements of Hirschi's social bonds

Attachment Commitment Involvement Belief

Cultural Deviance theory

Combines elements of strain and social disorganization theories

What is the result of ineffective community social control efforts? Answers: Mutual trust increases. Neighborhood cohesiveness strengthens. Crime rates increase. Siege mentality decreases.

Crime rates increase.

Social process theories share what basic concept?

Criminality is function of people's interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society

Techniques of neutralization

Denial of Responsibility Denial of Injury Denial of Victim Condemnation of the Condemner Appeal to higher loyalties

Differential association theory

Designed to explain delinquent behavior. Proposes that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes , techniques and motives for criminal behavior.

Social Structure Theory

Emphasizes poverty, level of education, absence of transferable skills and sub cultural values as fundamental causes of crime. The central theme is that the origins of crime are external to the individual (located in society not the person)

According to the author, the most important wielder of informal social control is religion. Answers: True False

False

Cultural deviance theory combines elements of relative deprivation and differential opportunity theories. Answers: True False

False

Minority and white group members are equally likely to be poor. Answers: True False

False

is gay gay

GAy

__________ reflects the view that multiple sources of strain interact with an individual's emotional traits and responses to criminality. Answers: General strain theory Relative deprivation theory Focal concern theory Anomie theory

General strain theory

Denial of the Victim

If the individual says the victim had it coming, they use this sub component technique of neutralization.

Gottfredson and Hirschi believe poor self control is traced to _____________________________________________

Inadequate child rearing practices

General theory of Crime

Lack of individual self control. Pertains to self-control theory.

Turning points

Life changing events after the development of a criminal career

Collective Efficacy

Neighborhood level informal social control. Is developed in cohesive communities with high levels of self control and social integration Residents will proactively enforce social controls when they see wayward behavior. .

what three aspects of criminal careers are encompassed by development theories?

Onset, continuation and termination

________ are segments of the population whose members have a relatively similar portion of desirable belongings, and who share attitudes, values and norms. Answers: Social groups Social classes Social subcultures Social cultures

Social classes

Labeling theory

Socially constructed phenomenon where people become criminals when society labels them as such. They then accept their labels as a personal identity. Blame the establishment of criminal careers on crime control agencies.

Social control theory

The theory that suggests that crime occurs when the forces that bind people to a society are weakened or broken Social control: bonds to society control people so they don't commit crime

Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay

These two popularized social disorganization theory

Children who grow up in low-income homes are less likely to achieve in school and less likely to complete school than children who do not grow up in low-income households. Answers: True False

True

Collective efficacy refers to the social control exerted by cohesive communities that is based on mutual trust. Answers: True False

True

General strain theory is not purely a structural theory because it focuses on how life events influence behavior. Answers: True False

True

Merton's view of anomie has been one of the most enduring and influential theories of criminality. Answers: True False

True

People who live in neighborhoods that experience high levels of crime and civil disorder become suspicious and mistrusting. Answers: True False

True

Social structure theories suggest that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower-class areas push many area residents into criminal behavior patterns. Answers: True False

True

Strain is limited in affluent areas because educational and vocational opportunities are available. Answers: True False

True

Cohesive communities with high levels of social control and social integration and where people develop interpersonal ties are also likely to develop Answers: high levels of incivility. collective efficacy. mistrust of public social control. siege mentality.

collective efficacy.

As working and middle-class families flee inner-city poverty areas, the most disadvantaged population is consolidated in urban ghettos. This phenomenon results in a poverty Answers: solidity effect concentration effect cohort effect. instability effect.

concentration effect

Strain theory holds that crime is a function of Answers: unequal distribution of wealth. loss of informal institutions of social control. conflict between people's goals and means. available methods of achievement.

conflict between people's goals and means.

According to the author, the most important of Shaw and McKay's findings was that Answers: crime rates increase as police services increase. over time crime rates shift outward from Zones I & II to the suburban zones. crime rates correspond to neighborhood structure. the number of abandoned buildings decreases as emigration increases.

crime rates correspond to neighborhood structure.

What two elements of culture interact to produce anomie and/or anomic conditions? Answers: informal social control and public social control middle-class measuring rods and educational underachievement culturally defined goals and socially approved means for obtaining them community cohesiveness and collective efficacy

culturally defined goals and socially approved means for obtaining them

Social disorganization theory

directly links crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics

Life course theory

establishes a connection between a pattern of life events and the actions humans perform

Cloward and Ohlin's classic work Delinquency and Opportunity combined strain and social disorganization principles to explain Answers: violent crime gang formation vandalism drug dealing

gang formation

Cloward and Ohlin's classic work Delinquency and Opportunity combined strain and social disorganization principles to explain ___________________.

gang formation

Which of Merton's social adaptations is most closely associated with criminal behavior? Answers: conformity innovation ritualism retreatism

innovation

General strain theory is not purely a structural theory because it focuses on how _____ influence behavior. Answers: biological conditions rational choices life events psychological conditions

life events

According to the general theory of crime, _____ can create a change in the frequency of criminal activity.

opportunity

Failure to complete high school greatly impacts one's social and economic opportunities. What percent of inner-city, black males do not complete high school? Answers: 10% 30% 40% over 50%

over 50%

Judith and Peter Blau developed the concept of __________, the idea that anger and mistrust result from perceptions of inequality that lead lower-class people to feel deprived and embittered in comparison with those more affluent. Answers: inequality concentration collective deprivation cultural inequality relative deprivation

relative deprivation

General strain theory

resort to crime to achieve socially desirable goals

Restitution

returning to the owner property or the monetary value of loss

Which theory focuses on the urban conditions, such as high unemployment and school dropout rates, to explain crime? Answers: strain theory social disorganization theory cultural deviance theory general strain theory

social disorganization theory

Cohen's theory of delinquent subcultures focuses on social conditions that prevent lower-class youths from achieving success legitimately. Cohen labels this form of culture conflict Answers: success frustration status frustration social frustration lower-class delinquent frustration

status frustration

Cultural deviance theory combines elements of _____ and social disorganization theories. Answers: strain poverty socialization transmission

strain

When members of the lower-class are unable to achieve symbols of success via conventional means they feel anger, frustration, and resentment. These feelings are collectively referred to as Answers: focal concerns. aggression. siege mentality. strain.

strain.

shaw and mckay used __________ context to explain crime and deliquency

the changing of urban ecological environments

Shaw and McKay explained crime and delinquency within the context of Answers: the changing urban environment and ecological development of the city. subcultures with blocked means of achieving majority status. redistribution of goals and means. biological changes resulting from transient neighborhoods.

the changing urban environment and ecological development of the city.

Latent Trait Theory

the idea that certain people have a personal characteristic that is responsible for their need to commit crime.

According to latent trait theory, a latent trait appears at birth or soon after

true