test 4

The cocktail party effect is

The ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli.

Using an experimental research design, researchers manipulate the ________ variable and measure the ________ variable.

A. Independent: dependent

What is the electrical process that communicates messages down the axon, within the neuron?

Action Potential

You can access PsycINFO, on and off campus, via the B.D. Owen's Library page on the NWMSU website.

True

--- emphasizes human behavior whereas --- emphasizes mental processes

Behaviorism; cognitive psychology

This combination of several small subcortical structures plays a significant role in motivation, emotion and learning.

limbic system

Neurotransmitters are _ messengers which facilitate communication within the brain.

chemical

When you tell your roommate about what happened on the way to class, that information is retrieved from _____ memory.

episodic

Amygdala

area in the limbic system influencing emotional response such as aggression, fear, and self-protective behaviors (EMF affects this area causing apprehension and fear)

Hippocampus

area in the limbic system plays important role in processing explicit memories for storage

Somato Sensory cortex

area in the parietal lobe that processes sensory input such as touch, temp pain, pressure on skin

Soma

the cell body of the neuron

A college president was a fish biologist. Every time she learned the name of the student she forgot one of a fish.

retroactive interference

William James

- American philosopher and psychologist who founded psychology in the United States - Established functionalism

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A method for measuring brain activity in which the electrical activity of the brain is recorded from electrodes places on a person's scalp.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain and spinal cord

Sympathetic Nervous System

Branch of the autonomic nervous system that activates bodily systems in times of emergency

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Branch of the autonomic nervous system that usually relaxes or returns the body to a less active, restful state.

Structuralism

Breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior. *Believes that a detailed analysis of experience as it happened provides the most accurate glimpse into the workings of the human mind. *Structuralists divided each experience into its smallest elements.

What subdiscipline of psychology examines how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors change over the life span?

Developmental psychology

A neurotransmitter which stimulates a post-synaptic neuron is known as a _ neurotransmitter:

Excitatory

Research involving less than minimal risk and non-vulnerable participants would most likely have to go through which review category?

Exempt

What term is used to describe the degree to which a finding generalizes to a broader population or setting

External Validity

Father of psychophysics

Fechner

Extinction

Gradual weakening and disapproval of a conditioned response

true experiments

In order to determine causal effects between variables researchers use:

"Scholarly article" is another name for what type of article?

Peer Reviewed

The modal model of memory consist of the ____, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Sensory Memory

Parts of a Neuron

Soma (cell body), Dendrites, and Axon

Samples

Subset of the population studied in a research project

Neurogenesis

The formation of new neurons after birth.

Where would you expect to find the focus identified for the first time in an APA style article/manuscript?

The last paragraph or section of the introduction

Retroactive interference

The phenomenon whereby events that occur after some particular event of interest will usually cause forgetting of the original event.

A researcher would like to determine the effect of caffeine on memory. Participants are randomly assigned to receive a caffeine pill or a sugar pill. Both groups complete a recall task that assesses their memory. However, even those who received the sugar pill had a small increase in memory. This is likely due to:

The placebo effect

Nature through nurture

The position that the environment constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are and what we do.

Cue overload principle

The principle stating that the more memories that are associated to a particular retrieval cue, the less effective the cue will be in prompting retrieval of any one memory.

nformed consent to serve as a subject in research requires signing a document that states:

The purpose of the study that the subject may end participation at any time The probable risks involved

How do the brains of various mammal differ?

The relative size of brain structures differs among mammals.

Every time you eat cotton candy, you are reminded of the time you went to a carnival with your best friend and ate cotton candy until you were sick. In this scenario, the cotton candy represents:

The retrieval cue

Which doctoral degree in psychology was first introduced in 1973, and places a greater emphasis on clinical training and practice as opposed to the development of scientific research skills?

The scholar-practitioner model

Psychology

The scientific study of behavior

Epignetics

The study of changes in the way genes are expressed--that is, are activated or deactivated--without changing the sequence of DNA. Research has shown that particular diets can actually affect gene expressions by turning on switches that attach to DNA and turn the gene on or off. This finding is a compelling example of research in EPIGENETICS.

Gestalt

The whole is more than the sum of its parts

Which cliche most fully encompass the beliefs of early Gestalt psychologists?

The whole is more than the sum of its parts

Corpus Callosum

Thick band of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain, provides a channel for extensive communication between hemispheres in both logical and creative tasks.

Habits

Those learned patterns of behavior that James and others believed were vital for the functioning of society.

1. Practice testing 2. Distributed practice (breaking up study sessions)

What are the most effective studying behaviors?

Psychophysics

What were Weber + Fechner known for?

Clinical psychologists

What were produced after WWII and psychiatric casualties of war were staggering?

Structure of the neuron

When an electrical impulse is received at the dendrites, it moves through the axon to the terminal buttons. There it triggers the release of neurotransmitters, which carry the impulse across the synapse to the dendrites of the receiving neuron.

theory; hypothesis

While a _______ is a group of closely related phenomena or observations, _______ is a logical idea that can be tested.

Levi met a cute girl on the street. The girl gave Levi her number and Levi is trying to remember the digits until he can write it down when he finds a paper and pencil. Levi is using what type of memory to remember the girl's phone number?

Working memory

Students who have problems with anxiety so that it affects their learning, can be helped if they

Write about their anxiety

Publicly Private

You disclose a lot of details of your private life and may or may not limit access to your site.

Who was the German physiologist whose early work involved measuring the speed of neural impulses and exploring the physiology of hearing? a. Hermann von Helmholtz b. Ernst Weber c. Gustav Fechner d. Thomas Reid

a. Herman von Helmholtz

The easiest way to identify the question/variable in Excel is to include what two pieces of information when naming it?

abbreviation for name of measure and question number

Functionalism

activities of the mind

The end of the _ period is seen as occurring when an individual is able to begin to contribute to society

adolescent

Which of the following has a significant effect on the accuracy of eyewitness memory?

age of the eyewitness, the presence of weapons, and the wording of questions that are asked about the crime

Estelle has fond memories for the night her husband proposed to her. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus but also her

amygdala

Gestalt Psychology

an attempt to study the unity of experience

informed consent

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

Self-reports are one type of objective test that:

ask participants to describe themselves

Observation

careful examination of the real world

anterograde amnesia

loss of memory for events after an injury

__________ variables can be used to create groups to compare in experiments or to create context for measurement.

manipulated

What is the advantage of using an MRI scan over a CT scan?

more detail

Aphasia

partial or complete inability to articulate ideas or understand spoken or written language because of brain injury or damage.

Adaptations evolved to solve problems in___generations, not____ones.

past; current

According to psychodynamic theories, the true causes and meanings of behavior are disguised in order to:

protect the conscious mind from knowledge that would threaten self-esteem and lead to anxiety.

Wundt's approach, ___, focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness and thinking.

structuralism

Francis Sumner

the first African-American to receive a PhD in psychology

What is indicated by the p value in a research study

the probability of observing a particular outcome, or one more extreme, in the study, assuming the null hypothesis is true

experimental psychology

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

While a _______ is a group of closely related phenomena or observations, _______ is a logical idea that can be tested.

theory; Hypothesis

The ____ gland sits in the neck region and releases hormones that control the rate of metabolism.

thyroid

An APA Style results section typically includes a statement of question or hypothesis being addressed, statistical notation, and _________?

words reporting the statistical findings

Male sexual arousal is closely associated with____, while female sexual arousal is associated with_____.

Aggression, Nurturance

What does Quasi mean? A. Fake B. Almost like C. The opposite of D. Fact

Almost Like

Internal Validity

An attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish causal relationships

The _____ perspective rejected psychology's early emphasis on the internal workings of the mind, focusing instead on objective measures.

Behavioral

Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. LaSalle making?

Association claim

In a healthy person, their functional abilities all develop _ during the developmental process.

At variable rates which are relatively consistent between individuals

Applied Psychology

- Psychology that is useful in solving practical problems. - Structuralists opposed such practicality, but Münsterberg and the functionalists emphasized it

Claudia researched the average IQ score for her psychology paper. The average IQ score on any modern intelligence test is:

100.

Clinical Psychologists

A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

Autonomic

This nervous system provides involuntary control over smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Which psychologist was a student of James, taught at Wellesley College and conducted research in the area of dreaming, attention, and self-image?

Calkins

Which of the following neurotransmitters is exclusively inhibitory?

GABA

This early theorist viewed behavioral difficulties as being the result of an excess in the 4 bodily fluids (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm).

Galen

What class is this?

General Psychology

_____ is the separation of mind and body.

Dualism

The fact that certain areas of our brain play primary roles in certain behaviors is referred to as:

Lateralization of function

A primary way in which social neuroscience attempts to understand social functioning is by using ____ to analyze brain activity during various psychological activities.

Neural Imaging

The process in which neurons travel from the ventricular zone to various cortical areas is referred to as:

Neuronal migration

___ are cells that convey information within the nervous system.

Neurons

Interneurons

Neurons that communicate only with other neurons

Postsynaptic

Neurotransmitters bind with receptors in the receiving, or __, neuron.

While there are many types of effective psychotherapies many people decide to add psychiatric medications to their treatment. Why is this the case?

Psychiatric medications can enhance the effects of psychotherapies.

____ is the theoretical position that assumes that people use psychological defenses to protect themselves against threatening impulses, thoughts, and feelings.

Psychoanalysis

Pancreas

Releases hormones, including insulin, that play a vital role in regulating blood sugar levels.

When she is feeling very angry at her boss, Lucia comes home and spends an hour punching the punching bag she has hung in the basement. Catharsis theory predicts that this will reduce her anger and aggressive feelings. Does research support this notion?

No. The research suggests that Lucia will become even angrier.

Facts focus on ________. A)information about the world B)beliefs about the world C)proof D)hypotheses

information about the world

The Response Selection Model is an example of a _______ selection model.

late

Edward Thorndike's experiments with caged cats showed that

satisfying responses are more likely to be repeated in subsequent situations

Arborization

the growth and formation of new dendrites.

Ivan Pavlov

dog drooling experiment

Parkinson's disorder

dopamine

References are _________ with a _________ ?

double spaced; hanging indent

At resting state, the electrical charge difference between the inside and outside of the axon is ___ mV

-70

Applied Science

Application of scientific knowledge to practical problems or situations

Which school of psychology studies the unity of experience?

C. Gestalt psychology

_________ are used to describe populations and ________ are used to describe samples.

C. Parameters: statistics

Imagine that you are part of a study that measures your heart rate and breathing throughout the day. For the most part, your heart rate and breathing only changes when you exercise or are very excited. However, it seems like every time you visit the researcher to get your equipment updated, your heart rate and breathing spike for seemingly no reason. This phenomenon is referred to as: A.)the placebo effect B.)extraneous variables C.) white coat hypertension D.)participant demand effects

C.)white coat hypertension

Empiricism delivers...

John Locke & Thomas Reid

Coefficient of this line

Low

The word "prediction" may take place of what other word in an introduction?

NOT goal

Was the first Psychology Lab established in the U.S.? A. YES B. NO

NO

Sensitization

Occurs when the response to a stimulus increases with exposure

The cerebral cortex is derived from which cerebral division:

Telencephalon

The process in which our brain automatically and continuously evaluates the pros and cons of any situation is referred to as:

The Motivation-Decision Model

excitatory

___ neurotransmitters increase the likelihood of action potential.

The fact that cones are most sensitive to either the color red, green or blue supports:

The trichromatic theory of color vision

Recoding

The ubiquitous process during learning of taking information in one form and converting it to another form, usually one more easily remembered.

Recoding

The ubiquitous process during learning of taking information in one form and converting it to another form, usually one more easily remembered

Which cliche' most fully encompasses the beliefs of early Gestalt psychologists?

The whole is more than the sum of its parts

Which cliché most fully encompasses the beliefs of early Gestalt psychologists?

The whole is more than the sum of its parts

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between theories and hypotheses

Theories are broad statements about how the world works, and hypotheses are specific, testable predictions based on theories

Biological Theory

Theory that focuses on biological contributions to certain traits; medical physiological, and neurological abnormalities

While a ______ is a group of closely related phenomena or observations, ____________ is a logical idea that can be tested.

Theory; hypothesis

Researchers find a correlation of +1.20 between coffee consumption and mental alertness. This indicates that:

There is a flaw in the computation of the correlation coefficient

Researchers find correlation of +1.20 between coffee consumption and mental alertness. This indicates that:

There is a flaw in the computation of the correlation coefficient

Which of the following hypotheses would be appropriate for an association claim?

There will be an inverse relationship between happiness and stress

Which of the following best describes the concept of voltage-dependent channels?

These channels or passages will only open with certain conditions are met.

The sense of smell is sometimes referred to as a "chemical sense" because __________.

chemical stimuli are transformed into electrical signals

Catecholamines

chemicals released from the adrenal glands that function as hormones and as neurotransmitters to control ANS activation.

The study on master chess players showed that master chess players are better than average players in recalling the location of pieces on a chess board because:

They can chunk the pieces better into familiar groups

Why do some salespeople try to start a new interaction by asking for something small from a potential customer (e.g., "Just answer one quick question")?

They know getting small acts of cooperation may lead to larger actions in the same direction.

Recent attempts to uncover the mechanisms of "auditory scene analysis" have used computational and neurally based approaches. What practical value do these approaches have in trying to understand the parsing and perception of complex auditory scenes?

They may help provide new approaches in creating hearing aids and cochlear implants

elaborative rehearsal

Thinking about the meaning of the information to be reviewed and trying to form associations with information already in memory is called

An article headline claimed that "Drugs Cause Homelessness" due to a positive relationship found between homeless populations and drug use. Educated psychologists thought this might be flawed, because they thought unemployment was influencing both drug use and homelessness. This is an example of:

Third Variable

Experimental Research

This is the manipulation of one variable to examine the effect on the second variable.

The case of Genie, the girl who was abused and virtually deprived of language until age 13, provides evidence that:

childhood is a critical period for the development of grammar.

Behavioral Perspective

This perspective looks strictly at observable behaviors and what reactions organisms get in response to specific behaviors.

_______ was an 18 th century philosopher who, in the early years of psychology, argued that human observers acquired knowledge through their senses?

Thomas Reid

_______ was an 18th century philosopher who, in the early years of psychology, argued that human observers acquired knowledge through their senses?

Thomas Reid

Law of Disuse

Thorndike's contention that infrequently used associations become weak. Thorndike discarded this law in 1929.

Law of Effect

Thorndike's contention that reward strengthens associations, whereas punishment weakens them. Later, Thorndike revised the law to state that re- ward strengthens associations, but punishment has no effect on them.

Law of Use

Thorndike's contention that the more often an association is made, the stronger it becomes. Thorndike discarded this law in 1929

Somatosensory receptors are located:

Throughout the body

If you walked through the dormitory and heard someone playing a guitar you would recognize the sound as distinct from that made by a violin or piano. This is because of differences in:

Timbre

Synaptic Vesicles

Tiny sacs in the terminal buttons that contain neurotransmitters

Though many believe that Wilhelm Wundt was the one who chose the term structuralism to refer to his approach to psychology, it was actually his student ____. This noted psychologist brought Wundt's teachings to America and emphasized the study of the general adult mind.

Titchener

Though many believe that Wilhelm Wundt was the one who chose the term structuralism to refer to his approach to psychology, it was actually his student _____. This noted psychologist brought Wundt's teachings to America and emphasized the study of the general adult mind.

Titchener

Which of the following examples best captures the idea of cue overload?

To be effective, a retreival code has to be unique. "We met at wvu vs. we met at wvu in bio 215" must be limited to only a few memories

What is one reason why scientific psychologists follow a specific set of guidelines to help them make decisions when doing research?

To ensure that the topics of study are objective and in no way relate to researcher's own values.

What is one reason why scientific psychologists follow a specific set of guidelines to help them make decisions when doing research?

To ensure they protect participants from potential harm

What is one reason why Scientific psychologist follow a specific set of guidelines to help them make decisions when doing research?

To ensure they protect research participants from potential harm.

What is one reason why scientific psychologists follow a specific set of guidelines to help them make decisions when doing research?

To ensure they protect research participants from potential harm.

Dr. Tanaka is wants to know if the teams in her volleyball league are relatively even so that no one team has a significant advantage over another. What would be the best way for her to accomplish this goal?

To take a random sample of players from each team and test them on various volleyball drills

The process of converting sensory information into electrical nerve impulses is referred to as:

Transduction

Imagine that you are training to be a boxer. In order to do this you should actually box with other boxers to train for what a boxing match is really like. This is an example of what? A. Transfer-appropriate processing B. Uncluttering C. Metacognition D. Encoding

Transfer-Appropriate Processing

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called:

Transfer-Appropriate Processing

Somatic Nervous System

Transmits sensory information to the brain and spinal cord and from the brain and spinal cord to the skeletal muscles.

What's your ID number? 7,6,4 ..... 16,38. To ease the burden on the associate's short term memory, you are giving the number in ___ individual signs

chunks

An empirical article contains new knowledge or insight.

True

Citations are how we give credit to the original source of ideas

True

Each major word is capitalized in the title of an APA style manuscript (proposal/report).

True

In a Google form, each question/variable is in the first row of a column and the data is in the following rows

True

In research methods, random means equal likelihood

True

Inferential statistics use chance and probability to help researchers make decisions about what their data mean and what inferences they can make from them.

True

Informed consent forms should be delivered without jargon or legalese.

True

It is acceptable to report on only the key findings in your results section and direct readers to a table for the rest of the results.

True

It is always a good idea to download the PDF Full Text of an article, so you don't have to spend time trying to find it every time you need to refer back to it.

True

It is possible an empirical source may include secondary information.

True

Knowing what content belongs in each section of an APA paper makes it easier to quickly locate specific details related to a study.

True

Paraphrasing means summarizing ideas in your own words.

True

The brain compensates for deficits in one sensory modality be reorganizing and rewiring unused regions to take on new functions.

True

The conceptual definition is a researcher's definition of a variable at an abstract level.

True

The issue number is only included in a journal article reference when each issue of that specific journal begins on page 1.

True

The results section should explain how scale scores were computed.

True

True or False- In an early selection model of attention, incoming information is filtered in our out prior to analyzing it for meaning

True

True or False- The speed at which social categorization occurs in our brain has been theorized as occurring before we are even aware that there is a stimuli in front of us.

True

True or False- We are able to experience a sense of pain even if a painful stimuli is not directly experienced by us (ie. we witness someone else experiencing a painful stimulus).

True

True or False: Aging is seen as a disease which causes the neurons in our brains to degenerate.

True

True or False: Many of the characteristics people exhibit are similar within families and are believed to be related to underlying genotype, including political affiliation.

True

True or False: The way that we linguistically label certain events can have a direct physiological impact on how we experience those events.

True

When citing a secondary source, you must cite both the primary and secondary sources.

True

You can use any of the descriptive statistics for interval and ratio data

True

You have to be on a computer to access PsycINFO.

True

In order to determine casual effects between variables, researchers use:

True Experiments

Interview and Survey

Two related and widely used techniques for gaining information about people's thoughts and behaviors are interviews and surveys.

What structure is located in the ear (also known as the ear drum) that separates the outer ear from the middle ear?

Tympanic membrane

When a researcher does not find a relationship between two variables in their data but there is actually a relationship between these variables, the researcher has made a/an...

Type II Error

What is classical conditioning?

Type of learning when a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about a response

Confounding Variables

Uncontrolled variables known or suspected to exert an influence one dependent variable

Functionalism

Under the influence of Darwin, the school of functionalism stressed the role of consciousness and behavior in adapting to the environment.

Quantitative genetics looks at similarities among individuals, analyzing how biologically related they are. These studies are often done on all of the following except which?

Unrelated strangers

Forebrain

Upper most and largest region of the brain; includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex; responsible for emotional regulation, complex thought, memory aspect of personality

What is the process by which the presence of one low-frequency sound makes another high-frequency sound more difficult to hear, particularly at high sound intensities?

Upward spread of masking

What is the best way to study for an exam?

Use flashcards and take practice quizzes

independent, dependent

Using an experimental research design, researchers manipulate the ________ variable and measure the ________ variable.

How do neurons communicate with other neurons

Using chemicals called neurotransmitters

__________ is the idea that an assessment measures what it is supposed to measure and can predict future performance or behaviors.

Validity

A ________ is an attribute that varies, having at least two levels, or values.

Variable

SPSS calls each of the questions in the data set a ____________ and the responses to each question ___________.

Variable; data

Damage to this part of the brain impacts satiety, and can result in an animal eating continuously until the point in which they may harm themselves.

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Research suggests that media violence may increase viewer's aggressive behaviors through a variety of ways. Which of the following is correct?

Viewers learn new aggressive behaviors through modeling, become desensitized to violence, and believe that aggression is usually rewarded

When Marissa went skiing for the first time she felt confident she could handle the slow of the medium difficulty runs. When she rode the chair to the top, however, the slope appeared much steeper and she became worried. This is an example of:

Visual descent illusion

Flashbulb memory

Vivid personal memories of receiving the news of some momentous (and usually emotional) event.

flashbulb memory

Vivid personal memories of receiving the news of some momentous (and usually emotional) event

When she was 6, Anita went to camp and had a wonderful time. When she drove by the camp 2 years later an unaccountable positive feelings sweep over her. Her positive feelings can be explained through the process of..

classical conditioning

James William

Was instrumental in the founding of functionalistic psychology. James emphasized the function of both consciousness and behavior. For him the only valid criterion for evaluating a theory, thought, or act is whether it works. In keeping with his pragmatism, he claimed that psychology needs to employ both scientific and nonscientific procedures. Similarly, on the individual level, sometimes one must believe in free will and at other times in determinism.

Which one of the following IS NOT one of the results that have been obtained when studying social categorization through social neuroscience.

We have no control of racist behaviors

The area of social psychological that focuses on how people think about others and about the social world is called social __________.

cognition

Gestalt psychology, with its emphasis on topics such as learning and perception, was an important early precursor to the rise of ________ psychology in America.

cognitive

Gestalt psychology, with its emphasis on topics such as learning and perception, was an important early precursor to the rise of ________ psychology in America. A)cognitive B)behavioral C)humanistic D)psychodynamic

cognitive

Psychologists who adopt the _____ perspective might compare how humans process information to the way computers operate: information is inputted, saved, and later retrieved.

cognitive

Mirabelle loves to go tanning. However, she learns that overexposure to ultraviolet rays is the leading cause of cancer. The feeling of discrepancy between her preexisting favorable attitude toward tanning and the new knowledge she has obtained is known as:

cognitive dissonance.

John B. Watson, an advocate of the behavioral perspective, believed that a person's achievements depend most on:

cognitive psychology

Andrew grew up in New Orleans and was present when Hurricane Katrina occurred. His family, his community, and Andrew share a _ memory of this event.

collective

A person's willingness to stay in a relationship no matter what - to "stick it out" even in hard times" - is related to which component of love, according to Robert Sternberg?

commitment

Nicholas has been diagnosed with depression, borderline personality disorder, and a phobia of social interactions. Since Nicholas has multiple mental disorders at once, we would say that a high _______________ exists in his case.

comorbidity

Wendell is writing a biography of James McKeen Cattell. He wants to include a criticism of Cattell's thought and work. Which objection be the most valid?

Wendell does not believe in eugenics, or the idea that society would be aided by selective breeding of the most intelligent citizens.

While fluidity of speech may be intact, damage to this structure can result in significant difficulty with comprehending incoming language, or producing comprehensible responses.

Wernicke's aphasia

A study should only be conducted if the study's benefits outweigh the risks

What is one example of why researchers must take into consideration the benefits of their research?

To ensure they protect research participants from potential harm.

What is one reason why scientific psychologists follow a specific set of guidelines to help them make decisions when doing research?

Applied Science

What kind of science is psychology?

Functionalism

What the mind does

Misinformation effect

When erroneous information occurring after an event is remembered as having been part of the original event.

Misinformation effect

When erroneous information occurring after an event is remembered as having been part of the original event

According to eyewitness testimony research, which of the following increases the likelihood of identification errors?

When eye-witnesses are asked to identify a perpetrator from a race other than their own.

Which of the following accurately reflects the influence of group discussion on recall accuracy?

When groups discuss an event, it reduces individual recall accuracy.

Imagine the U.S. lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?

When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate

gestalt psychology

When you look at a photograph, you see a whole image, not just a collection of pixels. Thus, the mind processes information simultaneously rather than sequentially. These are concepts from which of the following:

EEG is superior to other brain imaging techniques in showing ___ brain activity occurs but not ___ it occurred.

When/Where

Primary Visual Cortex

Where information is process in the visual cortex; it is here we "see" and "imagine." Neuroscientists have discovered that different neurons in the visual cortex are activated when we see horizontal lines, diagonal lines, and vertical lines.

functionalism

Whereas structuralism refers to a school of American psychology that sought to describe the elements of conscious experience, __________ refers to a school of American psychology that focused on the utility of consciousness or "what the mind does."

Privacy

Which ethical guideline would a scientist be breaking if they videotaped children without guardian consent?

privacy

Which ethical guideline would a scientist be breaking if they videotaped children, without asking their guardians, while the children were taking a test in class?

Which of the following is an example of how people in a conversation tend to exhibit similar accents and rates of speech, often associated with people's social identity?

While Adam is a native English speaker he uses an Australian accent when he speaks to his dad who is from Australia.

Imagine that you are part of a study that measures your heart rate and breathing only changes when you exercise or are very excited. However, it seems like every time you visit the researcher to get your equipment updates, your heart rate and breathing spike for seemingly no reason. This phenomenon is referred to as:

White coat hypertension.

It unclutters our memories

Why is forgetting good?

Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world.

Why is it beneficial for scientists to use systematic observation in order to acquire knowledge?

Who is regarded as the Father of Psychology A. Hermann von Helmholtz B. Edward Titchener C. Wilhelm Wundt D. Ernst Weber

Wilhelm Wundt

Who is widely considered to be the founder of psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt

Psychology was established formally in 1879 when

Wilhelm Wundt founded his psychology laboratory in Germany

Characteristics of Experimental Studies

With experiments, researchers may find cause and effect based on the independent and dependent variables.

A repetitive action, usually performed in response to a disturbing thought that repeatedly intrudes on a person's consciousness is called a(n):

compulsion

Stress would be considered a _______ variable, while a score on the Perceived Stress Scale would be its ___________.

conceptual; operational definition

Theory

conclusions drawn from closely related phenomenon or multiple observations

Forgetting is one type of error, where you cannot recall information. Misremembering is another type of error. Which of the following would be an example of misremembering?

You falsely recognize a definition term on an exam, remembering the word but not the concept

If you are off campus and trying to access PsycINFO, your username is which of the following?

Your email address without "@mail.nwmissouri.edu"

Measures

____ are the tools and techniques used to assess thoughts or behaviors.

Informed consent

____________ is important to obtain before starting a research study to ensure people know they are involved in the study, what will happen in the study, and understand they can choose to stop participating at any time.

psychophysics

______________ is the study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the perception of those stimuli.

What concept explains the phenomenon of cues reducing the strength of the unconditioned response (enjoyment of the cupcake)?

conditioned compensatory responses

Jennifer is desperately afraid of snakes. Her psychologist believes that her fear of snakes may have been classically conditioned. If her psychologist is correct, Jennifer's fear is the

conditioned response

People salivate when they see a photograph

conditioned stimuli

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, the neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response is known as the

conditioned stimulus

Karen's social psychology professor asked her to interview a group of high-school students in order to discover if they were extraverts or introverts. If she suspected they were extraverts, she asked such questions as, "Do you like to meet new people?" If she suspected they were introverts, she tended to ask if they were shy about meeting new people. This bias is best identified as the _____ bias.

confirmation

Shania notices that all of her high school friends have started wearing glitter eye shadow to school. She doesn't really like the look but she wants to fit in with the crowd, so she starts wearing it too. Shania has engaged in __________.

conformity

In order for researchers to be able to say that Variable A causes Variable B, they must eliminate the possible influence of ________.

confounding variables

According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of psychology was on the scientific study of:

conscious experience

Minh's mother gives her and her sister each an equal-sized bologna sandwich for lunch. She then cuts Minh's sandwich into two pieces and her sister's sandwich into four pieces. Minh begins crying because she thinks her sister has a bigger sandwich than she does. Minh does not understand Piaget's principle of:

conservation

_ is a process that occurs after encoding that is believed to stabilize memory traces.

consolidation

A researcher reads the following list of words to a group of participants: night, dream, bed, quiet, pillow, snore, nightmare, blanket, alarm. The researcher then asks the participants to write down as many words as they can recall from the list. Several write down the word "sleep," which was not on the list. This example BEST illustrates:

constructive memory

When asked to describe an examination room at his doctor's office, john described the room accurately but he included a medical degree on the wall that was not there.

constructive memory

In the study that Harry Harlow conducted examining the attachment patterns of macaque monkeys, which factor predicted the highest amount of attachment between a monkey and a surrogate "mother?"

contact comfort

A person does not "have" or "not have" a personality trait but instead can possess varying amounts of it. This is because personality traits reflect ____________________ rather than distinct personality types.

continuous distributions

Acetylcholine (ACh)

controls muscle movement and plays a role in mental processes such as learning, memory, attention, sleeping, and dreaming, and slows ANS activity.

If Dr. Lovejoy wanted to examine whether certain personality traits make aggression more likely, she would most likely use what kind of research design?

correlation

Children's behavior on a playground is observed and later parents complete a questionnaire regarding home behavior of these same children. This method would best be described as a:

correlational design

What would be the best method for examining the relationship between age and driving behavior?

correlational method

Which hormone plays a significant role in mediating stress response, and is significantly impacted by the experience of a traumatic event?

cortisol

A(n) _____ psychologist would most likely be interested in talking to a college student that is having issues adjusting to life changes such as going to college.

counseling

Parasympathetic

counteracts the actions of the sympathetic system by slowing heart rate, decreasing respiration, lowering blood pressure, and increasing activity in the digestive tract

Alfred Binet

created the first intelligence test

When assessing high school seniors, the guidance counselor used two tests. The first was composed of questions regarding knowledge gained in high school and the second test involved matching novel stimuli. The first test assessed _____ and the second test assessed _____.

crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence

You lost your keys so you retrace your steps.

cue-dependent

A Psychologist has conducted a series of studies on what part of the brain is most active during a memory task. She is probably---

a Behavioral neuroscientist

Dru is reading about the different types of research. If he reads, "This type of research has the primary advantage of allowing a scientist to determine cause and effect relationships," what kind of research method is he studying?

a Laboratory experiment

Pons

a band of nerve fibers connecting the cerebellum to the brain stem. Is involved with somatic and visceral motor control; involuntary control of respiration, sleep and waking

counseling psychology

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

community psychology

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

Sodium Potassium Pump

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

Psychoanalysis

a clinically based approach to understanding and treating psychological disorders assumes that the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought and behavior.

Jin sees a snake sunning itself on a rock while hiking at the Konza Prairie. Even though the snake is far enough away that it cannot hurt him, he still screams and jumps when he sees it. In this situation, the snake could best be described as:

a cue

Operational definition

a description of an experimental variable in such a way that the variable can be manipulated, measured and the procedure can be replicated

flashbulb memory

a detailed and vivid memory that is stored on one occasion and retained for a lifetime. Usually, such memories are associated with important historical or autobiographical events

Myelin

a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses

Dru is reading about the different types of research. If he reads, "This type of research has the primary advantage of allowing a scientist to determine cause and effect relationships," what kind of research method is he studying?

a laboratory experiment

Which of the following is characteristic of people in a trance?

a lack of voluntary control

Genie, the girl rescued at the age of 13 from an abusive and severely language-deprived environment, had by age 20 acquired:

a large vocabulary but little understanding of grammar.

Hippocampus

a limbic structure that wraps itself around the thalamus; plays a vital role in learning and memory. **taxi drivers have to know more about the spatial layout of the cities they drive in than do bus drivers who follow the same route everyday.

Hypothalamus

a limbic structure; the master regulator of almost all major drives and motives we have, such as hunger, thirst, temperature, and sexual behavior; also controls the pituitary gland.

Cattell's sixteen-factor trait theory was based on factor analysis preceded by:

a logical analysis of English adjectives that describe personality.

Hypothesis

a logical idea that can be tested

A heritability coefficient is

a measure of the strength of the relationship between individual differences in a given trait and individual genetic differences

What is a heuristic?

a mental shortcut that enables a person to make decisions and solve problems quickly and efficiently

Neuron

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

Reticular Formation

a network of cells in the brain stem that filters sensory information and is involved in arousal and alertness

Interneuron

a neuron that carries nerve impulses from one neuron to another

Acetylcholine

a neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction

conditioned stimulus

a once neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formally caused only by the conditioned stimulus

Which of the following research question would psychology James McKeen Cattell be most likely to have studied?

"Does environment or genes that we inherit affect intelligence the most?"

Which of the following is an association claim?

"Owning a dog related to higher life satisfaction"

Cerebellum

"little brain" contains more neurons than any other single part of the brain. It is responsible for body movement, balance, coordination, and fine motor skills like typing and piano playing. The cerebellum is also important in cognitive activities such as learning and language. Located in the hindbrain.

Function of the Mind

- Wanted to understand the function of the mind rather than provide a static description of its contents. - They believed that mental processes had a function—to aid the organism in adapting to the environment

Two different sensory changes that can occur in later age:

- sensitivity to light - vision can become blurry

Which of the following is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors?

a person's personality, a person's height, and a person's political opinions

Informed consent to serve as a subject in research requires signing a document that states:

-all of the above -that the subject may end participation at any time -the probable risks involved -the purpose of the study

Eugenics

a policy of selective breeding founded on the belief that society can be improved by promoting reproduction among the most highly intelligent of its citizens

the strongest correlation coefficient is:

.8

In Microsoft Word, what should the spacing should be used before and after paragraphs when writing an APA style manuscript?

0

What is typically used as the "magical value" when discussing significance?

0.05

Humans like prototypical faces because:

a prototypical face reflects cultural and evolutionary preferences.

Positive Reinforcement

a reinforcer causes a response to increase

Conditioned response

a response that after conditioning follows a previously neutral response

The encoding specificity principle is a hypothesis that states

a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the engram/memory trace

Functionalism

a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

When Ashton attends a birthday party, he expects people will give presents, sing "Happy Birthday," and put candles on a cake. Ashton's idea of what he expects to happen at this event is known as:

a script.

Scientific Method

a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions

Scientific theories are ____

a set of assumptions that guide and explain observations and allow testable predictions to be made.

why researchers must take into consideration the benefits of their research?

A study should only be conducted if the study's benefits outweigh the risks.

The famous Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe observed and charted the movement of the stars across the night sky. His approach to astronomy was different than many earlier astronomers whose theories were informed by religion, philosophy and politics. Brahe was clearly a proponent of __________, which emphasizes observation and personal experience. A.) empiricism B.) gestaltism C.) structuralism D.) the mind-body connection

A.) empiricism

Halaina is a participant in research being conducted by Whelm Wundt. In the study, she is asked to push a button as quickly as she can after she hears audible tone. This study examines reaction time, or what Wundt might have called __________. A.) mental chronometer B.) reaction range C.) díathesis stress D.) temporal sequencing

A.) mental chronometry

Lange, Carl George

Along with James, proposed the theory that a person's emotional experience follows his or her behavior.

Neutral Stimulas

Always will become conditioned stimulus Ex. Bell ringing

It is theorized that if people live long enough everyone will acquire

Alzheimer's

Statistical Significance

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

Jason believes that all Asian people are good at math. What is this belief an example of?

a stereotype

A belief that characterizes people based merely on group membership is __________.

a stereotype.

What is one example of why researchers must take into consideration the benefits of their research

a study should only be conducted if the studys benefits outweighs the risk

Researchers manipulate or control variables in order to conduct:

a true experiment

Researchers manipulate or control variables in order to conduct:

a true experiment.

Dr. Parikh has conducted a study that involves gathering data about her students' performance on an exam. She observes that some students did very poorly, while other students made no errors at all. This pattern of variation within her data set is referred to as the ________.

B. Distribution

A study was published that suggested a new medication was an effective treatment for a disease. Follow-up research with much larger samples failed to confirm this original result. This follow-up research suggested that the small sample size in the first study may have unfairly biased the results to show an effect of the medication when, in reality none existed. If this is true, then the results of the first study demonstrate _______

a type I error

A ________ Model emphasizes clinical practice whereas a _______ Model emphasizes both research and clinical skills.

B. Practitioner-Scholar; Scientist-Practitioner

Gestalt psychology, with its emphasis on topics such as learning and perception, was an important early precursor to the rise of ________ psychology in America.

C. Cognitive

Gary hears the words candy, sweet, and sugar. The next thing Gary thinks is cookie. Gary has experienced: A.)situation modeling B.)lexicon C.)priming D.)intergroup bias

C.)priming

Debriefing

a verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study

Enzymatic degradation

a way of removing excess neurotransmitter from the synapse in which enzymes specific for that neurotransmitter bind with the neurotransmitter and destroy it.

The primary function of this structure is to allow for the cerebral hemispheres to communicate and process information.

Corpus Callosum

Reuptake

a way of removing excess neurotransmitter from the synapsem in which excess neurotransmitter is returned to the sending, or presynaptic, neuron for storage in vesicles and future use.

What does DRM stand for

Day Reconstruction Method

What helps us understand if a study's finding is really meaningful?

Effect size

John B. Watson

Founder of behaviorism; Little Albert experiment

This person was among those who pioneered psychological measurement. Among other contributions, he was possibly the first to popularize the notion that the heritability of psychological traits could be assessed by looking at identical and fraternal twins.

Francis Galton

If the conclusions you can draw are related to rate, level, or amount of one variable, which of the following claims are you dealing with?

Frequency

Which historical event led directly to Milgram's research on obedience?

German citizens' willingness to go along with Nazi leaders during the Holocaust

A research hypothesis is different from a research question because:

It makes a prediction

Which was NOT among the early psychologists who were functionalists and who were influenced by Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory?

Joseph Horne

Which is a better motivator? A. Money B. anxiety C. Meaningfulness

Meaningfulness

Perceptual learning

Occurs when aspects of our perception changes as a function of experience

Implicit learning

Occurs when we acquire information without intent that we cannot easily express.

Longitudinal Designs

One group of participants are studied over a long period of time.

In a journal article reference, which of the following determines the order the authors are listed in?

Order they are listed on the publication

are organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored and recalled.

Schemas

Generally speaking, we typically code long term memories with _____ coding, while we code short-term memories with ____coding.

Semantic/Auditory

Marsha was talking to Conrad being very friendly. Marsha was smiling and touching Conrad on the arm when she laughed. Due to the _ bias, Conrad interpreted these unclear cues as sexual interest from Marsha.

Sexual overperception

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are:

Short and across several days

_____ psychology is the study of how living among others influences thought, feeling, and behavior.

Social

___ psychology is the study of psychological factors in sports and exercise.

Sport

_____ psychology studies psychological factors in sports and exercise.

Sport

Psychologist Edward Titchener was displeased with the general mission of the American Psychological Association, which led him to form a new professional association. What was it called? a. The Society of Experimental Psychologists b. The American Psychological Society c. The International Association for Psychological Research d. The National Consortium of Early Psychologists

a. The Society of Experimental Psychologists

What is the term for an electrochemical signal that enables a neuron to communicate with other cells? a. a neural impulse b. a resting potential c. a cyclical innervation d. a somatic pulse

a. a neural impulse

Cerebral Cortex

The ____ is the thin outer layer of the cerebrum, in which much of human thought, planning, perception, and consciousness takes place.

________ refers to a policy of selective breeding founded on the belief that society can be improved by promoting reproduction among the most highly intelligent of its citizens. a. Eugenics b. Empiricism c. Idiographics d. Nomothetics

a. eugenics

Of the following, which was NOT among the early psychologists who were functionalists and who were influenced by Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory? Correct! Joseph Horne G. Stanley Hall William James James McKeen Cattell

a. joseph Horne

Researchers have found that men generally are more likely than women to be willing to consent to sex with strangers and to require less emotional investment for sex to occur. From an evolutionary perspective this is likely because:

The investment cost of pregnancy is much higher for women than men

A primary functional skill that develops in the teenage years is:

ability to regulate emotional processing

Confidentiality requires that

access to collected data be limited to research staff

Confidentiality requires that:

access to collected data be limited to research staff

Electrical impulses called ___ ____ cause neurons to fire

action potentials

Some evolutionary psychologists suggest that humans inherit a preference for fatty foods because this trait was useful when humans lived as hunter-gatherers. This is an example of a(n) ____.

adaptation

In Milgram's original study on obedience (in the standard condition), the majority of research participants stopped administering shocks:

after all shocks up to the maximum had been delivered.

Which of the following has a significant effect on the accuracy of eye witness memory?

age of eye witness, presence of weapons, and the wording of questions that are asked about the crime.

Retrieval

The process of accessing stored information

Ruby is angry at her little sister for wearing Ruby's favorite shirt without permission and then spilling paint on it. Ruby walks over to her sister and yells at her. Ruby's actions are an example of ________.

aggression

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

The theory that people first respond and then have an emotional experience. For example, we run first, and then we are frightened. An implication of the theory is that we should act according to the way we want to feel.

While a _______ is a group of closely related phenomena or observations, _______ is a logical idea that can be tested.

Theory; Hypothesis

A person who avoids public places or situations because they are viewed as not "safe" would most likely be diagnosed with:

agoraphobia

Empiricism

all knowledge comes from experience

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

all the other never cells in the body. Includes the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

epinephrine

also known as adrenaline, a neurotransmitter that arouses bodily systems (Such as increasing heart rate) Helps prepare the body for fight-or-flight Increases ANS activity

How have twins and adoptees been helpful in discovering information about mental disorders?

They provide insight to whether or not some disorders are influenced by genes.

This portion of your brain plays a significant role in processing emotions and emotional content.

amygdala

What part of the brain becomes more involved when processing language that has emotional content?

amygdala

Identical Elements Theory of Transfer

Thorndike's contention that the extent to which learning transfers from one situation to another is determined by the similarity between the two situations.

Law of Exercise

Thorndike's contention that the strength of an association varied with the frequency of the association's use. Thorndike discarded this law in 1929.

The function of the myelin sheath is to:

To speed up the transmission of action potentials along the axon Title Biological Basis- Neuroanatomy- frontal Lobes (application)

Risks are operationalized in terms of the degree to which they may be encountered in day-to-day life, according to the NW IRB.

True

Someone saying "I know the material, I just have a hard time with multiple choice tests" is an example of questioning the validity of a measure.

True

Sometimes searching for all of the title in PsycINFO will not find the article, but using just the first few words of the title will find it.

True

The abstract itself is all flush left, with no indentation.

True

Systematic Observation

Watching people and carefully recording what they do or say

Structuralism

What the mind is

Kelly is at a college party and notices everyone is drinking. She concludes that the majority of students on campus must also drink alcohol frequently. What would we call Kelly's perception of what most people are doing?

a descriptive norm

As a field, psychology is

a social science, the practice of diagnosing and treating mental illness, and all biological science

Broad explanations and predictions are characteristics of ___

a theory

Estelle has fond memories for the night her husband proposed to her. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus but also her ....

amygdala

Visual cortex

area of the occipital lobes that processes visual input

Normal Distribuiton

bell cure; a plot of how frequent data are that is perfectly symmetrical, with most score clustering in the middle and only a few scores at the extremes.

One day, Betty felt lethargic, hopelessly sad, fatigued, and had no interest in anything. A few days later she was feeling extremely euphoric and powerful, engaged in risky sexual exploits, and spent money irresponsibly. Betty could be diagnosed with:

bipolar disorder

Structures or features that perform a function that did not arise through natural selection are often called _____

by-products

Structuralism

context of the mind

Therory

an explanation that ties togther may hypothesise and observations

Factor analysis allowed personality theorists to:

analyze the correlations among traits and identify the most important ones

When a neuron becomes ____, an action potential is fired.

depolarized

If you are working on two tasks at once, you are using:

divided attention

Glutamate is an ___ neurotransmitter.

excitatory

Hamet's parents divorced when he was twelve. Since that time, his father has been remarried and appears happy but his mother is still single and is unhappy. Based on this, Hamet suspects that divorce leads to unhappiness, unless a person gets remarried. Hamet is using ______ to arrive to this conclusion.

anecdotal evidence

An actress plays the role of a conniving, manipulative businesswoman on television but is quite different in real life. Nevertheless, people who watch her show and later meet her initially find themselves feeling wary and defensive with her. They have apparently fallen prey to the:

fundamental attribution error.

One morning while eating breakfast at a restaurant, Ted notices that the waitress is irritable and short-tempered. Unaware that she is being forced to cover another employee after working a double shift, he comes to the conclusion that she behaves in such a way due to her personality. This is known as the:

fundamental attribution error.

National Mental Health Act

funded training for clinical psychologists

______ are the basic information that is passed along in DNA that tells cells and molecules how to "build" an organism and how that organism should behave.

genes

Recessive Genes

genes that show their effects only when both alleles are the same

benefit

goals of the researcher needed to be worth potential harm

Why is Wilhelm Wundt often credited as being responsible for the initial development of modern psychology

he promoted the idea that psychology could be studied scientifically and provided classes, textbooks, and laboratory for training students

____ structures regulate breathing, heart rte, arousal, and other functions necessary for survival.

hindbrain

The function of glial cells is to ---

hold neurons in place and provide them with nourishment.

The main difference between the brains of humans and animals is that:

humans have a more developed frontal cortex

What is the advantage of a field study over a laboratory study? A)increased internal validity B)increased external validity C)increased reliability D)increased cause and effect

increased external validity

Reasoning from specific facts or observations to a more general proposition involves _________. Reasoning from a set of premises to a conclusion that logically follows involves _____________.

inductive reasoning; deductive reasoning

Exposing participants to weak arguments before presenting them with strong persuasive messages helps participants resist persuasion. What is this effect called?

inoculation

Some might say that women have a preference for taller men. their preference for tall males puts pressure on male selection. As a consequence, the evolution of mate qualities changes because of women's preference and the average height of males has increased with time. While this is not scientifically proven, what concept would this be an example of if it were true?

intersexual selection

retrograde amnesia

loss of memory for events that happened before a certain trauma

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain that tells postsynaptic neurons NOT to fire; it slows CNS activity and is necessary to regulate and control neural activity. Mimics the affects of alcohol

Operational definitions are encouraged in research in order to

make terms used in a study as explicit as possible

Researchers have consistently found that married men live longer then single men. From this finding, we can conclude that ____

marriage correlates with longer life

A male peacock has bright feathers even though this could potentially make him a target for predators. Which of the following best explains his bright feathers?

mating advantage

Cortex

means cork; gray matter; outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input

Effect Size

measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables or the magnitude of an experimental effect.

Gender is measure on a __________ scale.

nominal

Which best describes the distribution of a personality trait in a population?

normal distribution, with differences in degrees for individuals

Persuasion is most effective when individuals are:

not feeling that their freedom to make a choice is threatened

stages; the type of scheme that is most prominent

numerical magnitudes

Rashid's parents love him very much, are highly tolerant of his disruptive actions, and rarely exert any type of control over him. Baumrind would classify Rashid's parents as:

permissive.

Science vs personal experience

personal experience= trial & error Scientific Method=systematic

Autobiographical memory forms the core of an individuals:

personal identity

research designes

plans for how to conduct a study

Gary hears the words candy, sweet, and sugar. The next thing that Gary thinks is cookie. Gary has experienced:

priming

A direct consequence of social comparison is that the self-concept varies depending on the:

reference group.

The type of review required depends on what two criteria?

risk level and the vulnerability of participants

Psychology is the -- of human behavior and ---

scientific study; mental processes

Researchers have found that children who are classified as ________ in the strange situation task are more likely to have functioning relationships with peers and to be assessed favorably by teachers.

secure

Major depressive disorder

serotonin

Which nervous system assists with processing sensory information and with voluntary control of muscle movement:

somatic nervous system

Unconditioned Stimulus

stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned

Edward Titchener

student of Wundt, joined Cornell, introduced structuralism, research method introspection

amygdala

another part of the limbic system, also plays an improtant role in memory

The _ cerebral artery provides the main supply of nutrients to the interior portions of the frontal lobes.

anterior

An inability to transfer and store new information from short term memory to long term memory is called

anterograde amnesia

All-or-none principle

the idea that once the threshold has been crossed, either an action potential fires or it does not.

action potential

the impulse of positive charge that runs down an axon. The electrical charge within the axon changes briefly from: negatively to positively charged.

In the famous Harry Potter books, one of the main characters is Voldemort. This individual kills at will, thinks only of his own needs, and manipulates people into doing his bidding. He even uses magic to destroy anyone who gets in his way! If Voldemort were seeing a psychologist, which diagnosis would be the most appropriate?

antisocial personality disorder

Harwinder is constantly worried that his romantic partner is being unfaithful. What kind of attachment style is this?

anxious

Variables

any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study and can be verified

At which stage does memory failure typically occur?

any stage

variable

anything that changes or "varies" within or between individuals. People differ from one another on age, gender, weight, intelligence, and level of anxiety and extra-version, to name a few psychological variables.

The English morpheme beast bears no particular similarity to what it represents and cannot be changed gradually to express gradations in meaning. This illustrates that morphemes are:

arbitrary and discrete.

One advantage of behavioral measures compared to self-reported measures is that they ___

are less prone to social desirability bias

According to Robert Triver's theory of parental investment, the fact that men pay a lesser cost than women in terms of bearing and rearing children explains why men:

are more aggressive in seeking copulation with multiple partners.

Our intellectual skills

are relatively consistent throughout our life after childhood

Primary motor cortex

area in the frontal lobe that controls voluntary contractions of skeletal muscles; sends motor impulses to opposite side of the body

Hypothalamus

area in the limbic below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

Thalamus

area in the limbic motor sensory relay center for four of the five senses; relays sensory input to cerebral cortex and replies to cerebellum and medulla

Auditory cortex

area in the temporal lobe of the brain that is responsible for hearing.

A child calls the only adult male he's ever seen "Dada." When he meets his uncle for the first time, he calls the uncle "Dada." According to Piaget, this is an example of:

assimilation

In Piagetian theory, the process by which new experiences are incorporated into existing schemes is called:

assimilation

Industral and Organizational (I/O) Psychology

works with psychological issues that are related to a business or workplace

A juror named Marrakesh does not believe that the defendant on trial has been shown to be "guilty beyond a reasonable doubt" although most of Marrakesh's fellow jurors are firmly convinced of the man's guilt. The foreperson is now orally polling the jury for the first time and Marrakesh happens to be going last. Asch's studies on conformity suggest that Marrakesh is MOST likely to resist the majority view if:

at least one other juror disagrees with the majority view.

Four parts of observational learning

attention, retention, initiation, motivation

Which is the correct order of the four parts of learning theorized by Bandura?

attention, retention, initiation, motivation

Any belief or opinion that has an evaluative component is called a(n):

attitude.

Cedric tells a new acquaintance that is "from Chicago" but when he learns that this man is also a Chicago native he corrects by listing he specific neighborhood in which he lives. This is called:

audience design

When in a conversation people quickly discover common ground and will adjust the descriptions in the conversations appropriately based on how familiar the listener is to the topic. This is called:

audience design

Sarah has just decided to join sorority A rather than sorority B after several weeks of uncertainty. According to the cognitive dissonance theory, if one asks about Sarah's choice in a day or so, she is MOST likely to say:

"I'm more and more confident that I made the right choice; this sorority is much better for me than the other one would have been."

According to Baumrind, the __________ parenting style is marked by high expectations and control combined with low warmth and responsiveness.

authoritarian

Hector is a strict father who demands and expects obedience from his children. What is his style of parenting known as?

authoritarian

In general, Ann's mother expects her to be home by 9pm. However, she permitted an exception to this rule when Ann requested permission to come home late in order to see her friend off to the airport. What style of parenting does Ann's mother probably possess?

authoritative

Your ___ memory helps you recall what happened to you during your first day of college.

autobiographical

Episodic memory is the memory system that holds what kind of information

autobiographical knowledge

Episodic memory is the memory system that holds what kind of inofrmation?

autobiographical knowledge

The two major branches of the nervous system are the central and peripheral. The peripheral nervous system is further divided into two divisions, the autonomic and the somatic. The sympathetic nervous system is one part of the _____ division of the nervous systems.

autonomic

This nervous system is responsible for regulating bodily actions which occur naturally, such as breathing, heart-rate, and digestion

autonomic nervous system

Rosario has read two sensational stories in the campus newspaper this term about cheating. He then estimates the incidence of cheating on campus as being higher than it actually is. His thinking reflects:

availability bias.

Brandon does not believe he is prejudiced. However, he got very nervous when told he was randomly assigned to room with a man from Costa Rica for his first year in college. He plans to spend as little time as possible in his room because of this reason. Brandon is probably experiencing which of the following?

aversive racism

Endorphins

"morphine within"- natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pleasure and to pain control

What two things does citation formatting depend on?

# of authors and if citation is in text or in parentheses at end of text

Which of the following is true of the research technique of surveys and questionnaires?

**They are reliant on self-report **This technique is most useful when a researcher is unable to manipulate variables.

Ethical Research With Humans

*Informed Consent *Respect for Persons *Beneficence *Privacy and Confidentiality *Justice

Which of the following bet describes the function of a scientific theory----

*It generates expectations that can be tested systematically *It must be tied to real evidence. *It organizes observations

Principles of behavioral genetics

*The relationship between specific genes and behavior is complex. *Specific behaviors arise from dozens or hundreds of genes. *The environment influences how and when genes affect behavior.

Once released into the synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters may

*be reabsorbed by the terminal button *be inactivated by enzymes *activate a receptor site

Which are parts of the peripheral nervous system

*somatic *parasympatheic nervous system *Sympathetic nervous system *autonomic

Self-Esteem

- According to James, how a person feels about himself or herself based on the ratio of successes to attempts. - One can increase self-esteem either by accomplishing more or attempting less.

Empirical Self

- According to James, the self that consists of everything a person can call his or her own - The empirical self consists of the material self (all of one's material possessions), the social self (one's self as know by others), and the spiritual self (all of which a person is conscious).

James's Position on Wundt

- Almost everything in "Principles" can be seen as a criticism of what he perceived Wundt's approach to psychology to be

Clark, Kenneth Bancroft

- Along with his colleagues, conducted research that demonstrated the negative effects of segregation of children. - A portion of this research was cited in the 1954 Supreme Court decision that ended the legal basis for segregated education in the United States. - He went on to become the first African American president of the APA in 1970.

James's Position on Fechner

- Although he appreciated Fechner's excursions into the supernatural, he did not think much of Fechner's scientific endeavours

Pragmatism

- Belief that usefulness is the best criterion for determining the validity of an idea - American philosophy that emerged in the late nineteenth century around the theory that the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems. - Pragmatists embraced the provisional, uncertain nature of experimental knowledge

The Changing Nature of Consciousness

- Consciousness is constantly changing - Even though consciousness is continuous and can be characterized as a steady stream from birth to death, it is also constantly changing

Washburn, Margaret Floy

- First woman to attain a doctorate in psychology and second female president of the APA (1921). - She made significant contributions to comparative psychology by studying animal behavior under controlled conditions before inferring the mental attributes necessary to explain the observed behavior.

Romanes, George John

- Followed Darwin's lead and studied animal behavior - Romanes's research was very subjective and relied heavily on anecdotal evidence.

Thorndike, Edward Lee

- He marked the transition between the schools of functionalism and behaviorism. - Thorndike concluded from his objective animal research that learning occurs gradually, occurs independent of consciousness, and is the same for all mammals - His final theory of learning was that practice alone has no effect on an association (neural bond) and that positive consequences strengthen an association but negative consequences do not weaken it.

Dewey, John

- He was key in the development of functionalism. - Some mark the formal beginning of functionalism with the 1896 publication of his article "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology."

Paired-Associate Technique

- Method of investigating verbal learning invented by Calkins - Pairs of stimulus material are first presented to subjects and then, after several exposures, only one member of the pair is presented and the subject is asked to recall the second.

James's Position on his own Free Will

- My first act of free will shall be to believe in free will.... - Hitherto, when I have felt like taking a free initiative, like daring to act originally, without carefully waiting for contemplation of the external world to determine all for me - Believe in my individual reality and creative power.

Calkins, Mary Whiton

- She satisfied the requirements for a PhD at Harvard, but was denied the degree because she was a woman - Contributed to the study of verbal learning, memory and self-psychology - Honors included being elected the first female president of the American Psychological Association in 1905.

Stream of Consciousness

- Term for the way James thought the mind worked. - James described the mind as consisting of ever-changing, interrelated, purposive thoughts rather than static elements that could be isolated from one another

Connectionism

- Term used to describe Thorndike's theory of learning because of its concern with the neural bonds or connections that associate sense impressions and impulses to action.

Among the examples below, the strongest correlation coefficient is

-0.90

Which of the following is the strongest correlation coefficient?

-0.92 (the highest number absolute value)

How do empirical studies lead to ideas for research?

-All of the above -By overlooking alternative explanations -By presenting contradictory information -By creating gaps in knowledge

While a _______ is a group of closely related phenomena or observations, _______ is a logical idea that can be tested. a. hypothesis; theory b.method; belief c. theory; hypothesis d. belief; method

c. theory; hypothesis

John B. Watson, an advocate of the behavioral perspective, believed that a person's achievements depend most on:

c. training or experiences in the environment.

The results of a ___ study may be based on studying one individual and cannot be easily generalization to the general population.

case

Which term, when applied to aggression, refers to the idea that acting aggressively or viewing such behaviors can purge angry feelings and impulses into harmless channels?

catharsis

G. Stanley Hall is, perhaps. one of the most prolific of the early American Psychologists. What were some of his accomplishments?

-Founded the first laboratory of psychology in America at Johns Hopkins University in 1883. -In 1887, he created the first journal of psychology in America. -He wrote extensively on child development and education

Whether or not a given study has the possibility of causing harm to participants: a. can be determined by examining the pertinent legal documents b. must be determined by a review board established by the sponsoring institution c. depends on whether or not any experimentation is involved d. depends on the researcher's definition of harm

b. must be determined by a review board established by the sponsoring institution

Structuralism

based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and to investigate how these elements are related.

Aaron is going to see a psychologist to take an objective personality test. If the psychologist uses the type of test that is the most widely used in personality research, Aaron is likely to:

be asked questions that describe himself

Informed consent to serve as a subject in research requires signing a document that states

-That the subject may participate at all time. -The probable risk involved -The purpose of the study

The rules of the American Psychological Association allow participants to -----

be deceived

Why is GPA a good example of the statistic mean?

because it is calculated by adding scores and dividing by the number of scores.

Behavioral neuroscience is the study of how the brain and nervous system influence _____

behavior

A researcher is interested in studying aggression. He bring participants into a laboratory and places them in a situation that elicits aggressive behavior. He video tapes their responses and trained coders view the take and code the behaviors they see. This scenario best illustrates ____ measures.

behavioral

If you meet a professor who says she studies how the size of the amygdala (a brain structure) affects a child's tendency to become a bully, in what field of psychology is she likely working?

behavioral neuroscience

A psychologist who studies how the mind works by recording brain activity while a student studies for a test is a ______

behavioral neuroscientist

What are two potential situations that societies or individuals have adapted to help produce reproductive success:

-looking good- good hygiene is attractive! -having resources- being able to take care of your partner

Which skills are most likely to not have developed by 15 months of age:

being able to build a simple tower with blocks

Humanist Theory

beliefs about oneself; self concept (the mirror)

Cognative theory

beliefs about the world/others (the window)

Cingulate Gyrus

beltlike structure in the middle of the brain. Portions of the cingulate gyrus, in particular the front part, play an important role in attention and cognitive control.

Brain structures that are found on both sides of the brain are ____

bilateral

Which of the following p-vales would be considered statistically significant?

.023

On the basis of combined results of many twin studies, researchers now believe that the heritability of IQ is roughly in the range:

.50 to .85

p Value

0.05

Studies of identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have led to an average heritability estimate of about _____ for most personality traits, including all of the Big Five.

0.50

One element that shapes personality is temperament, which is related to self-regulation and is:

biologically based

Ardena has drastic swings in her mood. Sometimes she feels extremely depressed and other times she feels very energetic and believes she has almost supernatural strength and abilities, which has led her into some serious misadventures. Which of the following would Ardena MOST likely be diagnosed with?

bipolar disorder

True Experiment characteristics

1. Experimental manipulation of a predicted cause--the independent variable--and measurement of the response, or dependent variable. 2. Random assignment of participants to control and experimental groups or conditions--meaning that each participant has an equal chance of being placed in each group.

Steps of the research process?

1. Idea for study 2. Designing the study 3. Application to IRB 4. Collecting data 5. Analyzing data 6. Peer pressure publication process

Over the last 125 years, three major principles of neuroscience have emerged concerning the neuron and how it communicates with other neurons.

1. Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system. All the major structures of the brain are composed of neurons. 2. Information travels within a neuron in the form of an electrical signal by action potentials. 3. Information is transmitted between neurons by means of chemicals called neurotransmitters.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to produce detailed three dimensional images of activity (and oxygen) in areas of the brain and other soft tissue. Drawback-It does not tell where activation occurs in response to a particular task.

Summarize the electrical changes in the neuron from resting to action potential to refractory period and back to resting state

1. Resting potential is -70mV 2. Id an incoming impulse causes sufficient depolarization, voltage-dependent sodium channels open and sodium ions flood into the neurons. 3. The influx of positively charges sodium ions quickly raises the membrane potential to +40 mV. This surge in positive charge inside the cell is action potential. 4. When the membrane potential reaches +40mV, the sodium channels close and potassium channels open. The outward flow of positively charged potassium ions restores the negative charge inside the cell.

Wilhelm Wundt

1879, Wundt set up a psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, now considered the birthplace of experimental psychology.

Thomas Reid

18th century philosopher that argued human observers acquire knowledge through their senses

Behaviorism

1913-John Watson, directly challenged the use of introspection. *Founded behaviorism *Behaviorism-asserts that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives.

The peripheral nervous system affects __________ while the central nervous system is associated with _______________.

breathing; memory

Moral Treatment

19th-Century approach to treating the mentally ill with dignity in a caring environment. The first major proponent of humane therapies was the Frenchman Philip Pinel in 1783. Dorothea Dix pioneered moral treatment in the US.

Margaret Floy Washburn

1st woman to official receive a Harvard PhD in psychology. Wrote "The Animal Mind." Second female president of the APA .

You are recoding reverse scored questions on a survey with scores ranging from 1 to 5. This means that on a reverse scored question, a score of 4 is actually a score of:

2

Although the brain is about ______ of a human's body weight it consumes about ______ of all calories we consume

2%, 20%

Which do you think would hinder your learning the MOST??? A. A fast approaching deadline B. A party that you're having fun at C. A Nap D. Class

A Fast Approaching Headline

Which of the analyses below would be appropriate for a study with two variables measured on the interval or ratio scale?

A bivariate correlation

Psychological Science

A branch of science dealing with the mental processes and behavior of individuals and groups

The cerebral changes that occur in later life in a non-diseased person are best described by:

A change and loss of synapse strength

NOT an example of nurture (versus nature) influence

A child of divorced parents shows the same tendency toward extroversion as her twin sister living across the country with her father.

The overall development of language is best characterized by which following statement:

A initially slow process which then develops very quickly within the first few years

Dru is reading about the different types of research. If he reads, "This type of research has the primary advantage of allowing a scientist to determine cause and effect relationships," what kind of research method is he studying?

A laboratory experiment

A heritability coefficient is:

A measure of the strength of the relationship between individual differences in a given trait and individual genetic differences

In a study, the authors recorded how many math questions (out of 10 questions) participants tried to solve. This is an example of which of the following?

A measured variable

Misinformation effect

A memory error caused by exposure to incorrect information between the original event (e. g., a crime) and later memory test (e.g., an interview, lineup, or day in court).

Schema (plural: schemata)

A memory template, created through repeated exposure to a particular class of objects or events.

Introspection

A method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings

Which of the following best describes a flashbulb memory?

A person will believe that they have a greater memory of some momentous and emotional event

Transfer-appropriate processing

A principle that states that memory performance is superior when a test taps the same cognitive processes as the original encoding activity.

Biological Perspective

A psychological approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts.

What is the difference between a ratio scale of measurement and an interval scale of measurement?

A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not.

Naturalistic Observation

A research method in which subjects are observed in their natural environment.

Mock witnesses

A research subject who plays the part of a witness in a study.

The placebo effect

A researcher would like to determine the effect of caffeine on memory. Participants are randomly assigned to receive a caffeine pill or a sugar pill. Both groups complete a recall task that assesses their memory. However, even those who received the sugar pill had a small increase in memory. This is likely due to:

Unconditioned response

A response that is natural and needs no training

Functionalism

A school of American Psychology that focused on the utility of consciousness

Functionalism

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish. (what the mind does)

Photo spreads

A selection of normally small photographs of faces given to a witness for the purpose of identifying a perpetrator.

The path that cells take during development is best described as a:

A set process which results in cells going to very specific locations

Event-related potential (ERP)

A special technique that extracts electrical activity from raw EEG data to measure cognitive processes.

Hyphothesis

A specific, informed, and testable prediction of what kind of outcome should occur under a particular condition.

Mnemonic devices

A strategy for remembering large amounts of information, usually involving imaging events occurring on a journey or with some other set of memorized cues.

Mnemonic devices

A strategy for remembering large amounts of information, usually involving imaging events occurring on a journey or with some other set of memorized cues

Example of survey research

A study in which people complete a questionnaire about how they feel about people of different ethnic groups.

What is one example of why researchers must take into consideration the benefits of the research?

A study should only be conducted if the studies benefits outweigh the risks.

What is one example of why researchers must take into consideration the benefits of their research?

A study should only be conducted if the study benefits outweigh the risks.

What is one example of why researchers must take into consideration the benefits of their research?

A study should only be conducted if the study's benefits outweigh the risks.

What is one example of why researchers must take into consideration the benefits of their research? A)People will not want to participate if they don't benefit from the study. B)A study without applicable benefits will not make a contribution to society. C)A study should only be conducted if the study's benefits outweigh the risks. D)A study with benefits will ensure that participants are compensated for their participation.

A study should only be conducted if the study's benefits outweigh the risks.

What is one example of why researchers must take into consideration the benefits of their research?

A study without applicable benefits will not make a contribution to society.

In the Load Theory of Attention, which type of task is most likely to result in using an early-selection approach.

A task which is new and unlearned

Memory traces

A term indicating the change in the nervous system representing an event.

Engrams

A term indicating the change in the nervous system representing an event; also, memory trace.

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Fear conditioning

A type of classical or Pavlovian conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is associated with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US), such as a foot shock. As a consequence of learning, the CS comes to evoke fear. The phenomenon is thought to be involved in the development of anxiety disorders in humans

Dr. Waehner is studying the relationship between sensation seeking behaviors and personality traits in college females. He finds that there is a relationship between these two variables, and that the relationship is significant. If he is using a typical cutoff to make that determination, then his study would have a p-value around ________ or less.

A. 0.05

An article headline claimed that "Drugs Cause Homelessness" due to a positive relationship found between homeless populations and drug use. Educated psychologists thought this might be flawed, because they thought unemployment was influencing both drug use and homelessness. This is an example of:

A. A third variable

Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation? A. Do native English-speaking Canadians take longer to learn Chinese or to learn Spanish? B. Are humans inherently good or bad? C. Is Japanese a prettier language than German? D. What is the meaning of life? E. None of the options are an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation.

A. Do native English-speaking Canadians take longer to learn Chinese or to learn Spanish?

The famous Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe observed and charted the movement of the stars across the night sky. His approach to astronomy was different than many earlier astronomers whose theories were informed by religion, philosophy, and politics. Brahe was clearly a proponent of ________, which emphasizes observation and personal experience. A. Empiricism B. Gestaltism C. Structuralism D. Functionalism E. The mind-body connection

A. Empiricism

Which of the following best describes the difference between structuralism and functionalism?

A. Structuralists are interested in what the mind is and functionalists are interested in what the mind does.

What is considered to be the core of science? A. Systematic observation B. Hypotheses C. Theories D. Empirical methods E. Scientific method

A. Systematic observation

Dr. Tanaka wants to know if the teams in his son's baseball league are relatively even so that no one team has a significant advantage over another. What would be the best way for him to accomplish this goal?

A. To take a random sample of players from each team and test them on various baseball drills.

With which research question would psychologist James McKeen Cattell be most likely to write an article or conduct a study? A.)"Is society better when the unintelligent among us are prohibited from having children?" B.)"In what manner is one's awareness of their environment constructed?" C.)"Is the whole more, less, or the same as the sum of its parts?" D.)"Can we understand things that cannot be seen, verified, and quantified?"

A.) "Is society better when the unintelligent among us are prohibited from having children?"

With which early perspective in psychology was Max Wertheimer most closely associated? A.) Gestalt psychology B.) cognitive psychology C.) structuralism D.) individual differences psychology

A.) Gestalt psychology

Hermann Von Helmholtz studied the physiology of vision and hearing. Given the physical nature of his work, why is he considered important to the development is psychology as a discipline? A.) he noted that the mind could be measured using scientific methods. B.) he demonstrates that there is actually no connection between physical stimuli and our perceptions of them. C.) Helmholtz was able to show that even though we appear to have different sensory systems, they are all processed in the same part of the brain. D.) Helmholtz uses objectives introspection to determine the structure of people's consciousness based on their physical perceptions.

A.) He notes that the mind could be measured using scientific methods.

In what way did the behavioral perspective in psychology differ with almost every other perspective to come before it? A.) It rejected any reference to "the mind" and focused on observable behavior as the only legitimate topic of the field. B.) it emphasized how attention, emotion and memory influenced individual behaviors. C.) it focused entirely on unseen parts of the psyche, including emotions, motivations, and unconscious processes D.) it championed the idea that psychological disorders were best treated by changing individual behaviors.

A.) It rejected any reference to "the mind" and focused on observable behavior as the only legitimate topic of the field.

This noted woman was an accomplished student of William James. She studied at Harvard University but was denied her doctoral degree simply because she was a woman. She later went on to be the first woman elected to be president of the American Psychological Association. A.) Mary Whiton Calkins B.)Margaret Floy Washburn C.)Francis Sumner D.)Althenia Davidson

A.) Mary Whiton Calkins

Which doctoral degree in psychology was first introduced in 1973, and places a greater emphasis on clinical training and practice as opposed to the development of scientific research skills? A.) the scholar-practitioner model B.) the continuity-discontinuity model C.) the diathesis-stress model D.) the scientist-practitioner model

A.) The scholar-practitioner model

Psychologists Edward Titchener was displeased with the general mission of the American Psychological Association, which led him to form a new professional association. what was it called? A.) The society of Experimental Psychologists B.) the American psychological society C.) the international association for psychological research D.)The national consortium of Early Psychologists

A.) The society of Experimental Psychologists

______ was an 18th century who, in the early years of psychology, argued that human observers acquired knowledge through their senses? A.) Thomas Reid B.) Sigmund Freud C.) Immanuel Kant D.) William James

A.) Thomas Reid

Wendell is writing a biography of James McKeen Cattell. He wants to include a criticism of Cattell's thought and work. Which objection be the most valid? A.) Wendell does not believe in eugenics or the idea that society would be aided by selective breeding of the most intelligent citizens. B.)Wendell does not feel that psychology can legitimately study the structural components of one's individual awareness. C.)Wendell feels that the goal of Cattell's psychology are too positive, are overly optimistic, and ignore the darker sides of human nature. D.)Wendell feel that the Cattell's emphasis on the study of one's unconscious and childhood experiences are too limited.

A.) Wendell does not believe in eugenics or the idea that society would be aided by selective breeding of the most intelligent citizens.

The belief that knowledge is best required as a direct result of experience is called ___________. A.) empiricism B.) dualism C.) interactionism D.) funtionalism

A.) empiricism

Why is Whelm Wundt often credited as being responsible for the initial development of modern psychology? A.) he promoted the idea that psychology could be studied scientifically and provided classes, textbooks, and a laboratory for training students. B.) he was the first to travel outside of his own country to "rally" other psychologists to the cause of working together to establish a new scientific discipline. C.) he founded and was elected the first president of the American psychological Association D.) he was the first to suggest that there might be physical causes to psychological disorders, shifting the field way from its previous roots in demonology

A.) he promoted the idea that psychology could be studied scientifically and provided classes, textbooks, and a laboratory for training students

What is the term for an electro-chemical signal that enables a neuron to communicate with other cells? A.) neural impulse B.) resting potential C.) cyclical innervation D.) somatic pulse

A.) neural impulse

which noted psychologist developed the first modern intelligence test? A.) Alfred Binet B.) Lewis Terman C.) Charles Spearman D.)David Wechsler

A.)Alfred Binet

"________ ground" refers to the information that is shared by people who engage in conversation. It allows for communication between speaker and listener to make coherent sense to both parties A.)Common B.)Borrowed C.)Associative D.)Blended

A.)Common

Ebony is trying to decide what she is going to do for her philosophy class project. According to the rational decision making model of Bazerman and Moore, her first step would be to: A.)Define the problem that she is trying to solve. B.)Consider a list of possible solutions. C.)Consider a list of possible problems she might face as she proceeds. D.)Assess the progress she has already made toward solving her problem.

A.)Define the problem that she is trying to solve.

________ refers to a policy of selective breeding founded on the belief that society can be improved by promoting reproduction among the most highly intelligent of its citizens. A.)Eugenics B.)Empiricism C.)Idiographics D.)Nomothetics

A.)Eugenics

Judge Martinez is presiding over a murder trial, and is getting ready to explain to the jury what their role will be as they hear the case. If he wants to reduce the problems associated with memory and the legal system, which of the following should he do based on recommendations offer in the text? A.)Give the jury proper education about eyewitness memory and testimony. B.)Remind the jury that eyewitness testimony is inadmissible in court and should not be considered. C.)Give each lawyer a chance to speak privately with the jury members. D.)Make sure that all jurors come to a quick decision since intuitive decisions are often more accurate than careful deliberation.

A.)Give the jury proper education about eyewitness memory and testimony.

Of the following, which was NOT among the early psychologists who were functionalists and who were influenced by Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory? A.) Joseph Horne B.)G. Stanley Hall C.) William James D.)James Mckeen Cattell

A.)Joseph Horne

Darla is a student studying the relationship between physical stimuli and people's perception of those stimuli. In which academic area is Darla earning her degree? A.) psychophysics B.) biological psychology C.) neurocognition D.) behavioral genetics

A.)Psychophysics

Which linguist(s) proposed that the thoughts that an individual has are determined by the language that he or she uses? A.)Sapir and Whorf B.)Chomsky C.)Boroditsky D.)Lau and Johnston

A.)Sapir and Whorf

Which model of training in psychology, first established in boulder, Colorado in 1949, emphasizes the development of both clinical and research skills during one's education? A.)the scientific-practitioner model B.) the scientist-scholar model C.) the nature-nurture model D.) the scholar-practitioner model

A.)The scientist-practioner model

Amir's friend Joe cheated on a test and got caught. When retelling the events Amir said that Joe only did it because the test was unannounced, making it unfair and that normally Joe wouldn't even think about cheating. By framing Joe's cheating as an exception to normal behavior, Amir is exhibiting A.)linguistic intergroup bias B.)friendship C.)a situation model D.)social brain hypothesis

A.)linguistic intergroup bias

While traveling to the Canada from his home in Europe, Gunther often asks people, "Excuse me, can you please the time tell me?" Even though people understand what he is asking and politely tell him the time, Gunther's incorrect use of __________ threatens his attempts at communicating with others in a language that is foreign to him. A.)syntax B.)semantics C.)lexicon D.)pragmatics

A.)syntax

Decreased levels of which neurotransmitter have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease?

ACh

James fidgets in his seat at school, talks excessively, and blurts out answers before his teacher can complete a question. He also sometimes fails to concentrate on school tasks, and is carelessness in completing assignments. If James has a disorder, it would most likely be Correct Answer ADHD

ADHD

Which of the following is a technique we argue for integrating the many perspectives in psychology?

ALL-using not believing everything you think, using the scientific method, and making connections within and between chapters.

Confidentially requires that:

Access to collect data be limited to research staff

Ideo-Motor Theory of Behaviour

According to James, ideas cause behavior, and thus we can control our behavior by controlling our ideas.

Self as Knower

According to James, the pure ego that accounts for a person's awareness of his or her empirical self.

Bethany conducts research and finds that students who attend class get better grades than those who skip. She develops a theory that says that students who attend benefits from class lectures and discussion that will generally get superior grades. Which of the following elements of the scientific theory is represented here?

Accuracy: Bethany can accurately predict future performance based on her theory

According to Kuhn, there are several features of a goos scientific theory. Which of the following is one of these features?

Accuracy: good theories rely on actual data and make predictions that correspond to reality

According to Kuhn, there are several features of a good scientific theory. Which of the following is on of these features?

Accuracy; good theories rely on actual data and make predictions that correspond to reality

Alzheimer's disease

Acetylcholine

This neurotransmitter plays an important role in the process of memory and learning.

Acetylcholine

Offspring share 50% of their genes with each biological parent and none with adoptive parents. Yet they share most of their environment with their adolptive parents and almost none with their biological parents. This fact alone is the logic behind ___ studies.

Adoption

Which of the following should you click on to begin a search on PsycINFO?

Advanced Search

Drive states are ______ experiences which motivate organisms to fulfill goals typically beneficial to survival.

Affective

Which of the following sources IS NOT something which can typically modulate our experience of pain:

Age

Which noted psychologist developed the first modern intelligence test?

Alfred Binet

Behaviourism

All behaviour is a result of conditioning and the environment shapes behaviour by reinforcing specific habits. Focused on observable behaviours that could be objectively measured and verified.

Informed consent to serve as a subject in a research requires signing a document that states:

All of the above (the purpose of the study, that the subject may end participation at any time, the probable risks involved)

Genome

All of the genetic information contained in our DNA Small segments of DNA that contain information for producing proteins.

Inferential Statistics

Allow use to test hypotheses and make an inference as to how likely a sample score is to occur in a population.

AAAP

American Association for Applied Psychologists

Mary Whiton Calkins

American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; first woman president of the American Psychological Association

The memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease is caused by:

Amyloid plaques

What we call fear evolved because it helps us deal quickly and efficiently with danger. This is an example of what?

An adaptation

What is science?

An approach to inquiry that tied to actual measurement + observation

Wernicke's Area

An area deep in the left temporal lobe responsible for the ability to speak in meaningful sentences and to comprehend the meaning of speech.

a third variable

An article headline claimed that "Drugs Cause Homelessness" due to a positive relationship found between homeless populations and drug use. Educated psychologists thought this might be flawed, because they thought unemployment was influencing both drug use and homelessness. This is an example of:

Morgan, Conway Lloyd

An early comparative psychologist who believed that there is a gradation of consciousness among animal species. To infer the cognitive processes used by various animals, he observed their naturally occurring behavior.

What is a hypothesis? A. a set of ideas related to science B. An idea that can be tested C. A fact D. An opinion

An idea that can be tested

The general decrease in cerebral growth that occurs during the teenage years is related to:

An increase in the efficiency in the remaining cerebral networks

Hugh is studying for his geography exam. He is in a hurry, so he focuses on the main points of the text by highlighting. He skips all the examples that the authors provide to illustrate each main point. Hugh is using which type of strategy?

An ineffective study strategy and will probably not retain many of the main ideas that he reads.

Naomi is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To do this, she has elementary school students rate how popular each member of his or her class is. She then uses this information to rank the students (e.g., John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular). Which of the following best describes this variable?

An ordinal scale of measurement

Which fact calls into question the theory that depression results from a deficit in the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin?

Antidepressant drugs boost neurotransmitter activity immediately after being taken but must be administered for 2 or more weeks in order to affect mood.

Foils

Any member of a lineup (whether live or photograph) other than the suspect.

Intentional learning

Any type of learning that happens when motivated by intention

Intentional learning

Any type of learning that happens when motivated by intention.

Incidental learning

Any type of learning that happens without the intention to learn

Incidental learning

Any type of learning that happens without the intention to learn.

Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology

Applied science, meaning it involves understanding real-world rather than laboratory behavior. The industrial and organizational sides focus on two distinct sets of problems. *Industrial Side-Involves matching employees to their job and uses psychological principles and methods to select employees and evaluate job performance. *Organizational Side=Aims to make workers more productive and satisfied by considering how the work environmental and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity.

Empirical Methods

Approaches to inquiry that are tied to actual measurement and observation

Broca's Area

Area in the left frontal lobe responsible for the ability to produce speech.

Mean

Arithmetic average of a series of numbers.

Which of the following questions might be the most effective for examining the phenomenon of false memory?

Asking a participant where on the Pepsi machine they saw the button to select a can of Sprite (which is actually a Coke product, not a Pepsi product).

When you are at a coffee shop and hear the clink of dishes, the patter of conversation, and the rush of traffic outside this is an example of:

Auditory scene analysis

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis

What is one example of why researchers must take into consideration the benefits of their research? A. People will not want to participate if they don't benefit from the study B. A study should only be conducted if the study's benefits outweigh the risks C. A study without applicable benefits will not make a contribution to society D. A study with benefits will ensure that participants are compensated for their participation E. A study should only be conducted if there are guaranteed benefits to participants and the broader society

B. B.A study should only be conducted if the study's benefits outweigh the risks

Darla is a student studying the relationship between physical stimuli and peoples' perceptions of those stimuli. In which academic area is Darla earning her degree? A. He was the first to travel outside of his own country to "rally" other psychologists to the cause of working together to establish a new scientific discipline. B. He founded and was elected the first president of the American Psychological Association. C. He was the first to suggest that there might be physical causes to psychological disorders, shifting the field away from its previous roots in demonology. D. Introspection is still an influential area of psychology. E. He promoted the idea that psychology could be studied scientifically and provided classes, textbooks, and a laboratory for training students.

B. Psychophysics

Betty decided to conduct an experiment on the effectiveness of a new anti-anxiety pill. She decided that participants who had been diagnosed with anxiety would be in the treatment group and participants who had never been treated for anxiety would be the control group. Which aspect of proper research design did Betty ignore?

B. Random assignment

Which of the following procedures in research is the most important in allowing for cause-and-effect conclusions to be drawn?

B. Random assignment

An example of an operational definition for anxiety is a:

B. Score on an anxiety questionnaire

Evidence reveals a correlation between the number of hours toddlers spend watching television and their level of hyperactivity in later childhood. What does this definitively indicate?

B. That there is a relationship between television viewing and hyperactivity.

The individual plays an important role in memory acquisition. Which of the following is LEAST likely to have an effect on memory? a. the situation in which you learn the material b. the amount of money that you are reimbursed for learning the materials. c. prior knowledge d. the learning strategy that was used

B. The amount of money you are reimbursed

While a _________ is a group of closely related phenomana or observations, a _________ is a logical idea that can be tested. A. hypothesis; theory B. theory; hypothesis C. theory; belief D. theory; method E. hypothesis; method

B. theory; hypothesis

Faulty eyewitness testimony has been implicated in at least ______ of DNA exoneration cases. A.)100% B.)75% C.)50% D.)25%

B.)75%

Which of the following is an example of how people in conversation tend to exhibit similar accents and rates of speech, often associated with people's social identity? A.)Emily took a Spanish class and when she visited Mexico she could understand what others were saying. However, due to her novice experience of speaking, she could not articulate words as quickly as the natives in conversation. B.)While Adam is a native English American speaker he uses an Australian accent when he speaks to his dad who is from Australia. C.)William is training to be an actor and for an audition uses a very thick Texan accent that the directors greatly enjoy. D.)Kate was born in London but has since moved to Jamaica. While she still identifies with her British heritage she makes an effort to learn local phrases and slang.

B.)While Adam is a native English American speaker he uses an Australian accent when he speaks to his dad who is from Australia.

When Gerard flipped through photographs trying to find the perpetrator of a crime he witnessed, he did not see the suspect. Instead, all the members of the lineup were _________. A.)misinformed B.)foils C.)witnesses D.)observers

B.)foils

When it comes to making rational decisions humans tend to rely heavily on _________. A.)systematic thinking B.)intuition C.)what others think D.)all of these

B.)intuition

When Chloe was trying to learn about the stages of memory, she used a personal example to help her transform the information as it was given into something that made sense to her. This process is known as what? A.)retrieval B.)recoding C.)distinctiveness D.)mnemonics

B.)recoding

Which of the following researchers stated that memory is not an objective and accurate representation of events but rather a highly personal reconstruction based on one's beliefs, ideas, and point of view?

Bartlett

After cells travel to their destination in the cerebral cortex they:

Become part of the underlying network that you will use for the rest of your life.

----- argues that thoughts, feelings, and motives are unimportant in understanding human behavior.

Behaviorists

Which is not an advantage of having a knowledge of localization of brain function?

Being able to diagnose the specific etiology of a patient's injury

Wilhelm Wundt

Believed in introspection (focusing on internal processes) and consciousness

Edward Titchner

Believed in structuralism

Justice

Benefits and costs must be distributed equally among participants.

deception; debriefed

Betty took part in a study where she was told the purpose was to further examine perceptual cognitive processes. Once the study was over, however, the researcher explained to her that the study's real purpose was to assess automaticity of stereotypes. This study is an example of research that used _________ in their methods to hide the true nature of the study. And we see that as a result, the researchers fully _________ participants afterwards.

__________ are systematic and predictable mistakes that influence judgment and decision making.

Biases

To reduce the intense pain of her migraine headaches, Lisette's doctor taught her a procedure that involved learning to control the blood flow and muscle tension in her head and neck. What is the technique called?

Biofeedback

Psychological perspectives

Biological, Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Evolutionary, Humanistic, Biopsychological, Cognitive, Cross-cultural, Ethnocentric, Individualism, Collectivism

Forensic Psychology

Blend of psychology, law, and criminal justice. Make legal evaluations of a person's mental competency to stand trial, the state of mind of a defendant at the time of a crime, the fitness of a parent to have custody of children, or allegations of child abuse. Occasionally they develop criminal profiles of the type of person who might have committed a particular crime.

In what ways is the mind-body dualism similar to the nature-nurture debate?

Both represent false dichotomies-it is not a matter of either or, but the concepts are intertwined.

What is one difference between how boys and girls view sex?

Boys often say they are eager to have sex for the sheer pleasure of it, while girls more often equate sex with love or say they would have intercourse only with someone they would marry.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to produce detailed images of the structure of the brain and other soft tissues.

The statistical notation for reporting a correlation is (r(_*_) = __, p = __). In the SPSS output, how do we find the information to included in the parentheses after the r, in place of the asterisk?

By taking the number in the row labeled N and subtracting 2

Which of the following best describes the difference between structuralism and functionalism? A.)They are two words for the same concept; North Americans use the word "functionalism" while Europeans use the word "structuralism." B.)They are two words for the same concept; North Americans use the word "structuralism" while Europeans use the word "functionalism." C.) Structuralists are interested in what the mind is and functionalists are interested in what the mind does. D.)Structuralists are interested in what the mind does and functionalists are interested in what the mind is.

C .)Structuralists are interested in what the mind is and functionalists are interested in what the mind does.

Children's behavior on a playground is observed and later parents complete a questionnaire regarding home behavior of these same children. This method would best be described as:

C. Correlation design

Betty took part in a study where she was told the purpose was to further examine perceptual cognitive processes. Once the study was over, however, the researcher explained to her that the study's real purpose was to assess automaticity of stereotypes. The study is an example of research that used _____ in their methods. And we see that as a result, the researchers fully _______ participants afterwards. A. debriefing; deceived B. informed consent; debriefed C. deception; debriefed D. deception; informed E. debriefings; compensation

C. Deception: debriefed

Jasmeet is interested in conducting an experiment in which she manipulates the amount of food she gives her Siamese fighting fish. She ensures that the size of the fish tank is identical for each fish, and that fish are assigned into groups randomly. What aspect of this experiment has Jasmeet not worked out?

C. Dependent variable

When the findings in a research study are believed to be due to an actual phenomenon under investigation and not due to chance or random occurrence, this is called __________.

C. Statistical significance

Confidentiality requires that: A. all data be collected anonymously B. it be impossible to connect data to individuals C. access to collected data be limited to research staff D. participants not be asked for personal information E. participants can withdraw from the study at any time

C. access to collected data be limited to research staff

Andre grew up in New Orleans and was present when Hurricane Katrina occurred. His family, his community, and Andre share a ________ memory of this event. A.)working B.)short-term C.)collective D.)semantic

C.)collective

With regards to language Dunbar argues that animals with larger brains, particularly humans, are more likely to _________. A.)have specific words or sounds for tools and fire B.)communicate with other members of their species C.)live together in social group D.)have shorter lifespans

C.)live together in social group

When a person positively values the outcomes of others, giving them more than necessary from a desire to be fair the person is operating under the bounds of: A.)awareness B.)ethicality C.)self-interest D.)willpowers

C.)self-interest

According to eyewitness testimony research, which of the following increases the likelihood of identification errors? A.)when perpetrators wear dark and loose clothing B.)when perpetrators are of average height and weight C.)when eye-witnesses are asked to identify a perpetrator from a race other than their own. D.)when eye-witnesses are asked to give their statement verbally instead of in writing.

C.)when eye-witnesses are asked to identify a perpetrator from a race other than their own.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of anxiety disorders (such as phobias)?

CBT is often effective, and in some cases even more effective than the use of medication.

Which psychologist is most closely tied to humanism?

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Adaptive Act

Carr's term for a unit of behavior with 3 characteristics: 1) a need 2) an environmental setting 3) a response that satisfies the need.

Descriptive Methods

Case studies, naturalistic observations, and interviews/surveys

An experiment must be done in order to make a(n) _________ claim?

Causal

Which type of claim would allow us to draw the following conclusion: "Journaling before bed decreases the amount of time it takes to fall asleep."

Causal

Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses." Which type of claim is Dr. Ramon making?

Causal claim

Chromosome

Cellular structure that holds our genetic information in threadlike strands of DNA. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell of the body, except red blood cells, which do not have nuclei.

Which part of our nervous system is made up of our brain and spinal cord?

Central

Glial Cells

Central Nervous System cells that provide structural support, promote efficient communication between neurons, and serve as scavengers, removing cellular debris.

The ___ is each of the larger halves of the brain that are covered with convolutions, or folds.

Cerebrum

Taste aversion conditioning

Certain types of flavors associated with unpleasant symptoms

Ions

Chemically charged particles that predominate in bodily fluids; found both inside and outside cells.

Which of the following ions are involved in neural transmission?

Chlorine Potassium Sodium

What may signal credibility for measures or manipulation techniques?

Citations

__________ are found in the body of the paper, whereas ___________ are located in a separate section of the paper.

Citations; references

What does it mean that scientific claims be falsified? A)Claims can be reviewed and attacked by opponents B)Claims can be demonstrated to be untrue C)Claims are considered false until proven true by research D)Researchers always test two claims against one another so that they can determine which is better

Claims can be demonstrated to be untrue

A ___ psychologist might study how best to treat schizophrenia.

Clinical

Which type of psychologist would be MOST interested in electronic social interactions (i.e. email, chatrooms, instant messenger) leading to addictive behavior?

Clinical Psychologist

Half of all psychologists specialize in what field of psychology?

Clinical psychology

Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing?

Close attention

Imagine your population for a study is pediatricians. To gather your sample, you get a list of all pediatric practices and randomly select a certain number of practices, then gather data from all of the doctors in those practices. Which probability sampling technique would this be?

Cluster sampling

Where are sound vibrations turned into neural signals for processing in the brain?

Cochlea

The term that refers to the mental processes involved in acquring knowledge is:

Cognition

Dr. Porsche is a psychologist who conducts research on whether hands-free phone use distracts drivers and leads to more accidents. Dr. Porsche is probably what kinds of psychologist?

Cognitive

Gestalt psychology, with its emphasis on topics such as learning and perception, was an important early precursor to the rise of ... psychology in America.

Cognitive

Psychologists who adopt the _____ perspective might compare how humans process information to the way computers operate: information is inputted, saved, and later retrieved.

Cognitive

A psychologist who studies logical reasoning is likely a _____ psychologist.

Cognitive psychologist

What area of psychology has reported findings that driving while using a hands-free cell phone is much like driving while being drunk?

Cognitive psychology

This type of therapy focuses on changing a person's maladaptive thought and behavior patterns by discussion and rewarding more appropriate ways of thinking and behaving. What is it?

Cognitive-behavioral

Basal Genglia

Collection of structures surrounding the thalamus involved in voluntary motor control. Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases affect the function of the basal genglia

Andrew grew up in New Orleans and was present when Hurricane Katrina occurred. His family, his community, and Andrew share a _______ memory of this event.

Collective

"________ ground" refers to the information that is shared by people who engage in conversation. It allows for communication between speaker and listener to make coherent sense to both parties.

Common

Anna is telling Joy all about Maya's recent engagement. Because they share _, Anna assumes that Joy already knows a little about Maya and George and doesn't need to tell about who they are. If Anna were speaking to someone else, she may need to include more details.

Common ground

One of the ethical guidelines researchers abide by is ensuring __________, or agreeing that an individual's data should not be made public without consent from the individual.

Confidentiality

One of the ethical guidelines researchers abide by is ensuring __________, or agreeing that an individuals data should not be made public without consent from the individual.

Confidentiality

Scenario: I am a participant and after the research, the researchers sent out a list of all the participants names. This violates what? a. Informed consent b. Confidentiality c. Deception

Confidentiality

access to collected data be limited to research staff

Confidentiality requires that

One of the ethical guidelines researchers abide by is ensuring __________, or agreeing that an individual's data should not be made public without consent from the individual. A)Informed consent B)Privacy C)Anonymity D)Confidentially

Confidentially

A(n) ___ variable is an additional variable whose influence cannot be separated from the independent variable being examined.

Confounding

Privately Public

Connecting with many people, while being relatively nonpublic about revealing who you are.

What does consciousness reflect?

Consciousness is personal. It reflects the experiences of an individual, and therefore it is foolhardy to search for elements common to all minds. Second, consciousness is continuous and cannot be divided up for analysis

Personality Psychology

Considered what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations. Personality research addresses questions such as whether our persona; traits and dispositions change or stay the same from infancy to childhood to adulthood. EXAMPLE: Whether the tendency to be friendly, anxious, or hostile affects one's health, career choice, or interpersonal relationships, and whether a friendly or anxious child will necessarily have those same characteristics as an adult.

Social Psychology

Considers how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior.

What would a cognitive psychologist most likely be interested in when studying romantic relationships?

Consistency of shared memories between partners.

Experimental Group

Consists of those participants who receive the treatment or whatever is thought to change behavior.

Control Group

Consists or participants who are treated in exactly the same manner as the experimental group, but with one crucial difference: They don't receive the independent variable or treatment.

Many people believe that vision is largely a matter of the eyes and brain receiving amounts of light. In fact, _____ is far more important to vision.

Contrast

You walk outside at night with a friend and sit on the patio. At first, you cannot see her face well but after several minutes her face slowly becomes more visible. This is because:

Contrast gain: your eyes become more sensitive to the available contrast

What do the structures of the forebrain do?

Control cognitive, sensory, and motor function and regulate temperature, eating, sleeping, reproductive functions, and the display of emotions.

Baillargeon and her colleagues conducted a selective-looking study and found that 4-month-olds expected a box to fall to the ground when it was released in midair but did not expect it to fall when it was set on a shelf with most of its weight hanging off over the edge. When the same experiment was repeated with 6- to 7-month-olds, these infants did expect the box to fall when it was set on a shelf with most of its weight hanging over the edge. Which conclusions can best be made from these results?

Core principles are present early on though one cannot say whether they are innate or learned; nuances related to them are acquired with age and experience.

The degree of relationship between two traits, behaviors, or events, represented by r.

Correlation

Children's behavior on a playground is observed and later parents complete a questionnaire regarding home behavior of these same children. This method would best be described as a:

Correlation Design

What would be the best method for examining the relationship between age and driving behavior?

Correlational method

When presented with a socially stressful situation, what hormone is released which can trigger our "flight or fight" response

Cortisol

___ is a hormone which is responsible for maintaining the activation of bodily systems during prolonged stress.

Cortisol

Hall, Granville Stanley

Created the first U.S. experimental psychology laboratory, founded and became the first president of the American Psychological Association, and invited Freud to Clark University to give a series of lectures. Hall thus helped psychoanalysis receive international recognition. Many of the beliefs contained in his two-volume book on adolescence are now considered incorrect. Nonetheless, that work is currently seen as an important pioneering effort in educational, child, and adolescent psychology and in parent education and child welfare programs.

Which of the analyses below would be appropriate for a study with two qualitative variables?

Cross-tabs analysis with the chi-square statistic

Sensation of the skin

Cutaneous

Students who study for 7 hours over the course of a week will perform better than students who cram for 7 hours the night before the exam. The independent variable in this hypothesis is:

D. IV: Method of studying (spaced or cramming); DV: Exam performance

In what way did the behavioral perspective in psychology differ with almost every other perspective to come before it?

D. It rejected any reference to "the mind" and focused on observable behavior as the only legitimate topic of the field.

Empirical methods are approaches that consist of which two components? A. Theories and hypotheses B. Hypotheses and observation C. Hypotheses and systematic observation D. Measurement and observation E. Ethics and systematic observation

D. Measurement and observation

Why is it beneficial for scientists to use systematic observation in order to acquire knowledge? A. A systematic approach allows people to logically discuss philosophical questions in debate. B. Observations provide everyone the chance to engage in science and form impressions. C. A systematic approach allows theories to converge to produce singular, coherent hypotheses. D. Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world. E. Theories must be derived from systematic observation.

D. Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world.

A larger group of individuals to whom we would like to generalize our research findings is called a(n) ________.

D. Population

In research, we draw _______ of individuals from a __________ to conduct our research.

D. Samples; population

Participants in a study on the effects of Viagra are assigned to groups. One group receives a sugar pill while the other group receives Viagra. The number of erections over 30 days is recorded by participants in a journal. In this example, what is the independent variable?

D. The Viagra

What is indicated by the p-value in a research study?

D. The probability of observing a particular outcome, or one more extreme, in the study.

Feathers are an example of a(n) ___ because feathers probably evolved for insulation in flightless dinosaurs, but feathers turned out to be useful for flight in birds, descendants of dinosaurs.

by-product

Marcela can clearly remember the moment she learned about the events of Sept. 11, 2001. She vividly recalls when her teacher walked in and turned on the news - the face of the firefighter she saw is permanently etched in her brain. She remembers who was sitting next to her and what she was wearing. This scenario describes what phenomenon? A.)proactive interference B.)retroactive interference C.)misinformation effect D.)Flashbulb memory

D.) Flashbulb memory

At which stage does memory failure typically occur? A.)encoding B.)storage C.)retrieval D.)any stage

D.)any stage

"Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally" (PEMDAS) is a popular way for math teachers to help their students remember the order of operations (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction). This is an example of: A.)Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) effect B.)misinformation effect C.)testing Effect D.)mnemonic devices

D.)mnemonic devices

When you feel that you know the name of a famous actor-you can even imagine her face and think of movies she has starred in-but you cannot quite remember her name this is an example of the _____________ effect. A.)celebrity B.)forgetting C.)slippage D.)tip-of-the-tongue

D.)tip-of-the-tongue

Hermann von Helmholtz studied the physiology of vision and hearing. Given the physical nature of his work, why is he considered important to the development of psychology as a discipline? A. He demonstrated that there is actually no connection between physical stimuli and our perceptions of them. B. Helmholtz was able to show that even though we appear to have different sensory systems, they are all processed in the same part of the brain. C. Helmholtz used objective introspection to determine the structure of people's consciousness based on their physical perceptions. D. He noted that the mind could be measured using scientific methods. E. All options are incorrect.

D.He noted that the mind could be measured using scientific methods.

Karen is tired and ready for sleep. She flips off her lights and starts walking to her bed. Unfortunately, she steps unexpectedly on a bone her dog left in the middle of the floor. Karen likely stepped on the bone because she did not wait long enough for the process of ____ to kick in which would have allowed her to see better in her dark environment.

Dark adaptation

The __________ method is a research approach in which participants describe their experiences and behavior of a given day through systematic recollection on the following day

Day Reconstruction

Mathilda is being asked by a researcher to think about things that happened to her yesterday. "Start with getting up in the morning," she is told, "and try to recount what happened step by step until I ask you to stop." Mathilda is taking part in a study that utilizes the __________ method.

Day reconstruction

The ... method is a research approach in which participants describe their experiences and behavior of a given day thought systematic recollection on the following day.

Day reconstruction

Scenario: After I participated in research, the researchers took the time to explain to me what the study was all about and how my participation helped them. Example of: a. Informed consent b. Deception c. Debriefing

Debriefing

Betty rook part in a study where she was told the purpose was to further examine perceptual cognitive processes. ice the study was over, however, the researcher explained to her that the study's real purpose was to assess automaticity of serotypes. This is an example of research that used ... in their methods to hide the true nature of the study. And we see that as a result, the researchers fully ... participants afterwards.

Deception; Debriefed

We perceive distance depending on the ratio of direct-to-reverberant energy. As a noise moves farther away, this ratio of energy _____.

Decreases

_____ is the attempt to logically derive the consequences that must be true if certain premises are true.

Deductive reasoning

Participants were given a word list with the following words: table, restaurant, food, silverware, plate, service, and waiter. Later, when asked to recall the words, many participants accidentally included the word dinner, even though it was not on the list. This phenomena is referred to as:

Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) effect

Aphasia

Deficit in the ability to speak or comprehend language

External Validity

Degree to which results of an experiment can be applied to real-life situations. AKA Generalizability

Mind-Body Dualism

Descartes stated that the mind and the body are separate entities. This idea is often referred to as min-body dualism. From this perspective, the mind controls the body. The body can occasionally control the mind too, but mainly when we abandon good judgment, such as in the throes of passion. Mostly, in Descartes' view, mind and body are separate.

Good scientific theories...

Describe, explain, and predict the world in empirically-testable ways.

Descriptive Statistics

Describe, summarize, and organize data.

Operant conditioning

Describes stimulus-response associative learning.

Classical conditioning

Describes stimulus-stimulus associative learning.

Metacognition

Describes the knowledge and skills people have in monitoring and controlling their own learning and memory.

Measures of central tendency and variation are considered __________ statistics?

Descriptive

_____________ statistics are used to organize and summarize the properties of a set of data.

Descriptive

The role of the environment within Probabilistic Epigenesis is to:

Determine where within our genetic range our skills will develop to.

What is NOT a function of using neuroimaging when assessing a patient?

Determining the functional skills levels of an individual patient.

Identical Twins

Develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two independent cells. As a result, identical twins develop from two embryos with identical genetic information.

Fraternal Twins

Develop from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm, as are any two siblings born at separate times. Genetically speaking, fraternal twins are no more alike or different than are nontwin brothers and sisters.

Artrelle is taking part in a research study that examines her thoughts on the political election taking place in her country. Each night, before bed, she is to complete a questionnaire that gathers information on these topics. She submits her completed questionnaires to the researchers at the end of each week. What type of research method is being used?

Diary Method

The experimental design in which 2 separate auditory messages are presented to each ear simultaneously, and then participant is asked to focus on only one message is referred to as:

Dichotic listening

proactive interference

Difficulty in learning new information because of already existing information

Of the following neuroimaging technique, which one is the best used to track underlying neuronal networks?

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

Which information may be helpful if you cannot find an article elsewhere?

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

Empiricism means that knowledge should be acquired through:

Direct observation and experience

Given what you've learned about APA style, where would you expect to find a summary of the results without the specific statistical information?

Discussion

Where would you expect to read about suggestions for future research?

Discussion

Which section of an APA article/paper describes the extent to which the results support the hypothesis or how the results answer the research question?

Discussion

Which priciple describes when an unusual event, typically in the context of similar events will be recalled and recognized better than uniform events?

Distinctiveness

Your drive to school each day is pretty standard- you start your car, take the same route, and park in the same spot (or close to the same spot). One day, you are sitting at a red light when you witness a high speed chase- complete with cops, a helicopter, and a news van. Even years later, you can recall lots of details from that drive. Which memory concept is associated with why you will remember that particular drive to school?

Distinctiveness

The distribution of attention among two or more tasks is known as?

Divided attention

Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that can be tested using systematic observation?

Do native English speaking Canadians take longer to learn Chinese or to learn Spanish?

Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation?

Do native English speaking Canadians take longer to learn Chinese or to learn Spanish?

Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation?

Do native English-speaking Canadians take longer to learn Chinese or to learn Spanish?

Over-activity of this neurotransmitter has been associated with the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions and paranoia

Dopamine

What procedure is used to minimize the effects of confounding variables by making sure participants and researchers dont know condition assignments

Double Blind procedures

Educational Psychology

Draws on several other areas of psychology to study how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the dynamics of school populations, and the psychology of teaching. This field also attempts to understand special populations, and the psychology of teaching. This field also attempts to understand special population of students such as the academically gifted and those with special needs.

Asylums

During the witch hunts of the 16th and 17th centuries, the first facilities for the mentally ill were built throughout Europe. The most famous, or infamous, of these was located in St. Mary of Bethlehem in London, England. Although it had served as a hospital for the mentally ill and others since the 1300's, Henry VIII designated it as a hospital for the insane in 1547.

What is the most fundamental principle of statistics?

E. Data collected in a study will vary

Why is Wilhelm Wundt often credited as being responsible for the initial development of modern psychology? A. Structuralists are interested in what the mind is and functionalists are interested in what the mind does. B. They are two words for the same concept; North Americans use the word "functionalism" while Europeans use the word "structuralism." They are two words for the same concept; North Americans use the word "structuralism" while Europeans use the word "functionalism." Structuralists are interested in what the mind does and functionalists are interested in what the mind is. All options are incorrect.

E. He promoted the idea that psychology could be studied scientifically and provided classes, textbooks, and a laboratory for training students.

Which ethical guideline would a scientist be breaking if they videotaped children, without asking their guardians, while the children were taking a test in class? A. This situation is ethical B. Confidentiality C. Deception D. Observation E. Privacy

E. Privacy

Which viewpoint emphasizes the senses in providing knowledge of the world?

E. Realism

What method do scientists use to better understand the world by tracking, tallying, or otherwise organizing information about the natural world? A. Empirical methods B. Scientific observation C. Testable hypotheses D. Testable theories E. Systematic observation

E. Systematic observation

In order to determine causal effects between variables researchers use:

E. True experiments

Which of the following IS NOT an automatic response designed to reestablish homeostasis

Eating

Keeping an exercise journal of someone daily exercise is an example of what type of validity?

Ecological

____ psychology is the study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the social psychology of schools, and the psychology of teaching.

Educational

______ psychologists study more effectiveness ways for teachers to teach and students to learn.

Educational

This type of imaging mechanism measures the electrical activity generated by neurons within the brain, and is commonly used in social neuroscience:

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

To image electrical activity of neurons firing in the brain researchers use _________ which attaches electrodes to the outside of a person's head.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

In what stage does the prenatal child begin to develop their major organs

Embryonic stage

Collectivist Perspective

Emphasizes the needs and goals of the group over those of individuals

Individualistic Perspective

Emphasizes the needs and goals of the individual over those of the group

Which type of article reports the results of a research study?

Empirical

The belief that knowledge is best acquired as a direct result of experience is called:

Empiricism

The famous Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe observed and charted the movement of the stars across the night sky. His approach to astronomy was different than many earlier astronomers whose theories were informed by religion, philosophy and politics. Brahe was clearly a proponent of ________, which emphasizes observation and personal experience.

Empiricism

The belief that knowledge is best acquired as a direct result of experience is called...

Empiricism.

Psychology Clinical Practice

Encompasses the services provided in therapists' offices, schools, hospitals, and business.

The experience of pain can potentially be reduced if the person experiencing the event is expecting a reward. This is believed to be related to the release of ____ into the system.

Endorphins

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

Ensure adherence to ethical guidelines. *Evaluate proposed research before it is conducted to make sure research involving humans does not cause undue harm or distress.

Which of the following is a process in which the DNA itself is modified by environmental events and those genetic changes are transmitted to children?

Epigenetics

Which two neurotransmitters have energizing or arousing properties and are produced by the adrenal glands and the brain?

Epinephrine Norepinephrine

Declarative memory is divided into which two subtypes?

Episodic and semantic memory

Lonnie needs to make a long business trip back to Minnesota but is uncertain of when to leave. According to the weather report, there is a big storm starting that he may encounter. The cost of deciding to leave later will make him late for his meeting but the cost of leaving too early might put him in a car accident on the slippery roads. Which theory would predict that because of evolution, Lonnie would choose the less costly or dangerous option and leave later in the day to avoid the storm?

Error management theory

Why is Wilhelm Wundt often credited as being responsible for the initial development of modern psychology?

Established the first ever psychology cabin the world, located in Germany

Using the timeframe for when a child attains early developmental milestones can be helpful to:

Estimate a child's development to determine if intervention may be necessary

________ refers to a policy of selective breeding founded on the belief that society can be improved by promoting reproduction among the most highly intelligent of its citizens.

Eugenics

Research on sexual orientation

Evelyn Hooker

that there is a relationship between television viewing and hyperactivity

Evidence reveals a correlation between the number of hours toddlers spend watching television and their level of hyperactivity in later childhood. What does this definitively indicate?

____ is the change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species.

Evolution

Evolution

Evolution means "change". With respect to biological species, evolution is the change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species.

The experience of jealously leads heterosexual men to be more likely to protect their mates and guard against rivals, which increases their reproductive success. This statement is best reflected by which of the following psychological perspectives?

Evolutionary Psychology

The experience of jealousy leads to heterosexual men to be more likely to protect their mates and guard against rivals, which increases their reproductive success. This statement is best reflected by which of the following psychological perspectives:

Evolutionary psychology

Sports Psycholoy

Examines the psychological factors that affect performance and participation in sports and exercise. Sports psychologists might focus on improving athletic performance through techniques such as relaxation and visualization.

Health Psychology

Examines the role of psychological factors in physical health and illness. Topics in health psychology rane from studies of how stress is linked to illness and immune function to studies on the role of social factors in how people interact with health care professionals. Some health psychologists work in disease prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation; thus, this area involves clinical practice as well as research.

What are some examples of Ecological Momentary Assessment

Experience Sampling and Daily Diary

Which type of psychologist conducts laboratory experiments to address their research questions?

Experimental psychologist

Developmental Psychology

Explores how thoughts and behavior change and show stability across the life span. This developmental perspective allows us to appreciate that organism-human or otherwise-change and grow. Developmental Psychologists ask questions like: How do our reasoning skills change as we age? How does parent-infant bonding affect adult relationships? Does old age bring wisdom?

A man is walking down the street in Portland shortly after his lunch break. He walks past a food truck, and although he has already eaten, the smells emanating from the food truck make him hungry so he stops for dessert. This is an example of how ____ cues can influence our drive states.

Extrinsic

The process that occurs within the first year of life in which there are a significant number of synapses formed in the brain is referred to as:

Exuberant synaptogenesis

Which of these statements is correct about eyewitness identification of criminal suspects?

Eyewitnesses are prone to memory errors concerning the accident or crime they witnessed.

A theory and a hypothesis are the same thing. A. True B. False

FALSE

Systematic observation refers to the careless observation of phenomena on interest. A. True B. False

FALSE

A textbook chapter is considered a primary source

False

A textbook chapter is considered a primary source.

False

APA style tables use horizontal and vertical lines.

False

All IRB's use the same procedures and forms

False

Citations provide all the details necessary to locate a source.

False

If we were primarily concerned with generalizability in a study, it would be okay to use a sample of people from the United States to understand the people of Africa

False

In text, you should represent a mean by tying "M = #.##"

False

Once you start a study, you must finish it? a. True b. False

False

Saying you "asked random people to participate" represents random sampling.

False

The "exempt" category of review for Northwest's IRB means that you can skip the IRB process all together.

False

The doi for a journal article belongs on its own line in a reference entry.

False

The introduction does not need to explain why the topic you studied is important.

False

The references section begins immediately following the discussion.

False

The title page includes the words "Running head:" followed by a summary of the title in all capital letters. This exact heading should appear on all of the following pages of an APA style proposal or report.

False

True or False- Interacting with people from other social groups typically produces a similar stress response as interacting with people from your own social group.

False

True or False: Current generations are more likely to be less mature than previous generations

False

True or False: Our memories are generally accurate and do not typically change when we recall them later in life.

False

True or False: Our personality is highly variable throughout our lifetime and cannot be predicted by childhood behaviors or tendencies

False

True or False: The release of hormones into the blood stream has a direct impact on behavior.

False

True or False: The ways that people choose psychological adaptations are not impacted by their culture or the environment that they are in.

False

True or False: When a child is born they do not appear to have any inherent physical skills and must learn everything from their environment.

False

Using observation as your form of measurement in a study simply means to people watch.

False

When creating a reference for a journal article, you should always type out the authors' middle names.

False

When reading a journal article, it is important that you read every single word.

False

Sigmund Freud

Father of Psychology, believed in the unconscious mind

Wundt

Father of psychology established first ever psych lab, located in Germany studied reaction time

Myelin Sheath

Fatty substance wrapped around some axons, which insulates the axon, making the nerve impulse travel more efficiently.

When importing an Excel file to SPSS, you need to pay close attention to which drop down menu to ensure you can see your file?

Files of type

Dendrites

Fingerlike projections from a neuron's soma that receive incoming messages from other neurons.

Natural Selection

First described by the 19th-century English naturalist Charles Darwin. *Formally defined as a feedback process whereby nature favors one design over another, depending on whether it has an impact on reproduction.

Margaret Floy Washburn

First woman to earn PH.D in psychology and 2nd woman to be elected president of AHA

Probability Level

Five in one hundred (5%) is the most frequent choice made by psychological researchers

How do fluid and crystallized intelligence change as a function of age?

Fluid intelligence peaks in early adulthood, then declines gradually, whereas crystallized intelligence continues to increase until about age 50.

Clinical Psychology

Focuses on the diagnosis and treatment or mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and ways to promote psychological health. Some clinical psychologists also conduct research and teach. * Work in universities, medical settings, or private practice * Single largest subdiscipline in psychology

The Nature-Nurture Debate

For millennia thinkers have argued over whet determines our personality and behavior" innate biology or life experience. This conflict is known as the nature-nurture debate. The nature-only view is that who we are comes from inborn tendencies and genetically based traits. Pitting nature against nurture, however, gets us nowhere. It creates a false split, or false dichotomy, that hinders our understanding of the mind and havior. Almost nothing in psychology can be categorized as either nature or nurture--not learning, not memory, not cognition, not emotion, not even social behavior. These forces will work together almost all the time; they are interdependent.

_____ psychology combines psychology and the legal and criminal justice systems.

Forensic

David loves old songs by Aaron Neville because of how he sings in a really high pitch voice. As a psychology student, you tell David that Aaron Neville is singing really high is an increase in the ___ of his voice.

Frequency

Which type of claim includes only one variable?

Frequency

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Lobes of the Brain

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

Who Established the first Psych lab in the U.S.? A. James McKeen Cattell B. William James C. G. Stanley Hall

G. Stanley Hall

Damage to the ability to produce this neurotransmitter can result in Huntington's chorea

GABA

Huntington's Chorea

GABA

The ability to arrive at broad conclusions based on smaller ones is known as ... It requires that the sample under investigation be representative of the larger population.

Generalizability

Which of the following terms are we concerned with if we are asking whether the results from one study help us understand the population we are interested in?

Generalizability

With which early perspective in psychology was Max Wertheimer most closely associated?

Gestalt Psychology

with which early perspective in psychology was Max Wertheimer most closely associated?

Gestalt Psychology

While gossip can cause significant harm, it also has adaptive functions. What is one of the main functions of gossip in our social world?

Gossip helps regulate the social world by communicating what is right or wrong and under what circumstances

This psychologist opened the first experimental psychology laboratory in the US., founded the American Psychological Association (APA), and started the first psychological journal. He was also a student of William James:

Hall

Recapitulation Theory

Hall's contention that all stages of human evolution are reflected in the life of an individual.

Which of the following is the best distinction between hallucinations and delusions?

Hallucinations are sensory/perceptual while delusions are beliefs.

Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary?

He must conduct an experiment

Hermann von Helmholtz studied the physiology of vision and hearing. Given the physical nature of his work, why is he considered important to the development of psychology as a discipline?

He noted that the mind could be measured using scientific methods

Hermann von Helmholtz studied the psychology of vision and hearing. Given the physical nature of his work, why is he considered important to the development of psychology as a discipline?

He noted that the mind could be measured using scientific methods.

Why is Wilhelm Wundt often credited as being responsible for the initial development of modern psychology?

He promoted the idea that psychology could be studied scientifically and provided classes, textbooks, and a laboratory for training students.

Why is Wilhelm Wundt often credited as being responsible for the initial development of modern psychology?

He prompted the idea that psychology could be studied scientifically and provided classes, textbooks, and laboratory for training students.

G. Stanley Hall is, perhaps. one of the most prolific of the early American psychologists. Which would NOT be accurately included in a list of his accomplishments?

He published the first American textbook of psychology, The Principles of Psychology, in 1840.

G. Stanley Hall is, perhaps, one of the most prolific of the early American Psychologists. Which would NOT be accurately included in a list of his accomplishments?

He published the first American textbook of psychology, The Principles of Psychology, in 1890

G. Stanley Hall is, perhaps, one of the most prolific of the early American Psychologists. Which would NOT be accurately included in a list of his accomplishments? A)He published the first American textbook of psychology, The Principles of Psychology, in 1890. B)He founded the American Psychological Association in 1892. C)In 1887 he created the first journal of psychology in America, The American Journal of Psychology. D)He founded the first laboratory of psychology in American at Johns Hopkins University in 1883.

He published the first American textbook of psychology, The Principles of Psychology, in 1890.

A psychologist studying the relationship between emotional trauma and heart disease is LIKELY a ______ psychologist.

Health

_______ psychology examines the role of psychological processes in physical illness and well-being.

Health

What sensory process plays a significant role in the development of our language skills:

Hearing skills

Which psychologist made key contributions to the study of memory, physiology, and color vision?

Helmholtz

A traumatic brain injury is more likely to cause an Ischemic or Hemorrhagic stroke?

Hemorrhagic

This type of event results in bleeding onto the cerebral matter, and can produce cellular death

Hemorrhagic stroke

Dr. Hart is interested in the role of relationships in preventing heart disease. As her patients come into her office in Bluebell, Alabama, she asks them two questions: Are you a in a relationship? Have you experienced any heart problems in the last 8 years? Based on her findings, she concludes that relationships cause cardiovascular (heart) problems. One issue with her methodology is that the results are not generalizable. What does this mean?

Her results may not be true for the entire population.

Monogentic Transmission

Hereditary passing on of traits determined by a single gene. Example: Huntington's

Which of the following is NOT a principle of behavioral genetics?

Heritable traits make it more likely for a species to survive and successfully reproduce.

Who was the German physiologist whose early work involved measuring the speed of neural impulses and exploring the physiology of hearing?

Hermann Von Helmholtz

Who was the German physiologist whose early work involved measuring the speed of neural impulses and exploring the physiology of hearing? A)Hermann von Helmholtz B)Ernst Weber C)Gustav Fechner D)Thomas Reid

Hermann von Helmholtz

Three major regions of the brain, in order from earliest to develop to newest

Hindbrain The midbrain The forebrain

The brain structure which plays a primary role in consolidating new information into long-term memory stores is the:

Hippocampus

Green physician, ____m was the first physician to document acrophobia, or fear of heights.

Hippocrates

Alfred takes an IQ test at ages 25 and 55, measuring his fluid and crystallized intelligence. Based on research of their respective developmental trajectories, what are most likely changes in these two areas that we would see?

His fluid intelligence would decrease with age, whereas his crystallized intelligence would increase.

The general function of our drive state is to help an organism obtain ____ across the physiological system

Homeostasis

Hormones

Hormones, travel through the bloodstream to tissues and organs all over the body and regulate body functions. Hormones also play a crucial role in regulating metabolism, growth, reproduction, mood, and other processes.

Which of the following is a major problem with arriving at a conclusive scientific answer to the nature-nurture debate? A)Researchers cannot agree on definitions for "nature" and for "nurture." B)Research results in this area do not replicate. C)It is unethical to study the genetic influences on behavior. D)Humans cannot easily be randomly assigned to different genetic and environmental conditions.

Humans cannot easily be randomly assigned to different genetic and environmental conditions.

A _________ is a prediction/statement of the specific relationship between a study's variables that the researcher expects to observe if a theory is accurate.

Hypothesis

While a ... is a group of closely related phenomena or observations, ... is a logical idea that can be tested.

Hypothesis; theory

Identify the independent and dependent variables: For her research project, Shonda wants to examine the relationship between happiness and video viewing. She randomly assigns people to watch 1 minute clips of either people running into objects when texting and walking or puppies chasing their tails. She then asks people to fill out a questionnaire about their mood, specifically how happy they are at that moment.

IV: Video Type; DV: Happiness scores

Gestalt Psychology

Idea that the mind processes information simultaneously rather than sequentially

Kylo is taking a social psychology course and his teacher asks students to take a computerized test that asks them to sort pictures into different categories, such as "good" and "bad." The goal of this test is to help identify automatic preferences of which a person may not be consciously aware. What is this test called?

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

What of the following is a type of tool is used to measure automatic preferences such as one's attitude toward different groups?

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Sumner, Francis Cecil

In 1920, under the supervision of Hall, became the first African American to obtain a PhD in psychology. Later, under Sumner's, leadership, Howard University became a highly influential training center for African American psychologists.

Which statement about the participants in Milgram's obedience experiment (and replications of it) is TRUE?

In all categories of people tested, a high rate of obedience has been found.

Independent Variable

In an experiment is an attribute that the experimenter manipulates under controlled conditions. The independent variable is the condition that the researcher predicts will cause a particular outcome.

experimental group

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

control group

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

"Francis (2014) outlined the differences between citations and references" is an example of which of the following?

In text citation

Humanistic Psychology

In the 1940's and 1950's, Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers presented an alternative to both of these perspectives. They argued that both psychoanalysis and behaviorism ignored people at their best, and neither approach considered what it meant to be psychologically healthy. Maslow and Rogers proposed an alternative called humanistic psychology, which promoted personal grown and meaning as a way of reaching one's highest potential.

Which of the following is NOT an emotional change that can occur in late life:

Increase in schizophrenia and bipolar features

Steph gets stung by a bee. He notices that the sting is not very painful and concludes that stings from wasps, bees, and other insects do not hurt. This is an example of:

Inductive reasoning

Research results do not prove hypotheses because ...

Inductive reasoning is based on probabilities, not proof.

This branch of psychology applies psychological concepts and questions to work settings and problems. What is it?

Industrial/Organizational

____________ statistics are based on the likelihood a finding is due to chance rather than being due to a systematic variation in our data.

Inferential

______________ statistics provide indicators of what is going on in a population.

Inferential

Functionalism

Influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection---Psychologists who supported this thought is was better to look at why the mind worked the way it did, rather than to describe its parts. The functionalists asked "Why do people think, feel, or perceive, and how did those abilities come to be?" Functionalists used introspection as well. William James, the most famous functionalist, relied on introspection as a primary method of understanding how the mind worked.

Beneficence

Inform participants of costs and benefits or participation; minimize costs for participants and maximize benefits.

The primary role of the somatosensory system is to:

Inform us about what we're experiencing in our environment

Facts focus on ...

Information about the world

Visual Field and the Brain

Information from the two visual fields is processed in the opposite side of the brain--that is, images from the right visual field stimulate the left retina. From the retina the optic nerves cross at the optic chiasm and project to the visual cortex in the occipital lobes.

... is important to obtain before starting a research study to ensure people know they are involved in the study, what will happen in the study, and understand they can choose to stop participating at any time.

Informed Consent

Which of the following must make participants aware of any confidentiality related issues and that being a part of the study is voluntary.

Informed Consent delivery

____________ is important to obtain before starting A research study to ensure people they know they are involved in the study, what will happen in the study, and understand they can choose to stop participating at any time.

Informed consent

____________ is important to obtain before starting a research study to ensure people know they are involved in the study, what will happen in the study, and understand they can choose to stop participating at any time.

Informed consent

the purpose of the study that the subject may end participation at any time the probable risks involved

Informed consent to serve as a subject in research requires signing a document that states:

____ messages reduce the likelihood of an action potential in a neighboring neuron.

Inhibitory

Many institutions have ________, which review research proposals to ensure they are ethical.

Institutional Review Boards

Right Cerebral Hemispheres

Integrates information in a more holistic, or broader, manner, insights and solutions to ideas are more likely to occur in the right hemisphere

Wanda hears a loud bang. She perceives it coming from the left of where she's standing because the sound level at the left ear was somewhat higher than the sound level at the right ear. What source of information does this example demonstrate?

Interaural level differences (ILD)

What source of information relies on the fact that a sound source on the left will generate sound that will reach the left ear lightly before it reaches the right ear?

Interaural time differences (ITD)

When researchers take special care to include and control for every possible variable, the study is likely to have high ..., even though the results may not generalize to a more realistic situation.

Internal validity

___ allow open-ended responses whereas ____ allow only closed-ended responses.

Interviews Questionnaires

_____refers to information provided to us about our own body, while_____refers to information provided to use regarding properties of our immediate world.

Introception/Exteroception

Which of the following represents the correct order of the sections found in an APA article.

Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, References

Emilio has taught himself to savor each bite of his meals. He closes his eyes, focuses intently on the flavors of his food, and maximizes his enjoyment of every bite. His ability to focus intently on the sensation and perception of taste is similar to Wilhelm Wundt's procedure of ...

Introspection

According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of psychology was on the scientific study of:

Introspection & reaction time

Dopamine

Involved in voluntarily controlling your muscles and it released during feelings or pleasure or reward. released in response to behaviors that feel good or are rewarding to the person.

Case Study

Involved observation of one person, often over a long period of time. Much wisdom and knowledge of human behavior can come from careful observations of single individuals over time.

Which of the following students should retrieve information more successfully on classroom tests based on studies of recoding strategies?

Irene, who attempts to relate her notes to information she already knows

Which of the following students should retrieve information more successfully on classroom tests based on studies of recording strategies?

Irene, who attempts to relate her notes to information she already knows

School Psychology

Is related to educational psychology--generally practiced by counselors in school settings.

This type of stroke is the result of a blockage of an artery, often due to a clot:

Ischemic

What type of stroke is most common in a pediatric population?

Ischemic

Which of the following is NOT a way pseudoscience differs from science?

It deals with issues of greater concern to the general public.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of science?

It is a search for truth

One of the primary advantages of using EEG's to study social processes is:

It is non-invasive

Semantic Memory

It is specific for general knowledge and facts, such as knowing the names of the U.S. states and their capitals and understanding the rules of your native language

Which of the following is an issue with the heritability coefficient?

It is straight-forward with how it clarifies which traits are entirely due to heritability

Which of the following is true of probability sampling?

It is the best way to obtain a representative sample.

Which of the following is the best statement regarding the relationship between different forms of validity in psychology research?

It is very difficult to achieve high levels of both internal and external validity in the same research study.

In what way did the behavioral perspective in psychology differ with almost every other perspective to come before it?

It rejected any reference to "the mind" and focused on observable behavior as the only legitimate topic of the field.

In what way did the behavioral perspective in psychology differ with almost every other perspective to come before it

It rejected any reference to the mind and focused on observable behaviors as the only legitimate topic of the field

In the attenuation model, a high threshold implies that:

It takes a strong signal to cause activation

Which of the following people is associated with the activation-synthesis model of dreaming?

J Allan Hobson

Radical Empiricism

James's contention that all consistent categories of human experience are worthy of study, whether or not they are amenable to the methods of science.

dependent variables

Jasmeet is interested in conducting an experiment in which she manipulates the amount of food she gives her Siamese fighting fish. She ensures that the size of the fish tank is identical for each fish, and that fish are assigned into groups randomly. What aspect of this experiment has Jasmeet not worked out?

Of the following, which was NOT among the early psychologists who were functionalists and who were influenced by Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory?

Joseph Horne

Research on Segregation

Kenneth & Mammie Phipps Clark

Who was the psychologists that documented the harmful effects of prejudice and directly influenced the Supreme Court's landmark 1954 ruling against racial segregation in schools, Brown v. Board of Education

Kenneth & Mammie Phipps Clark

Which of the following psychologists documented the harmful effects of prejudice and directly influenced the Supreme Court's landmark 1954 ruling against racial segregation in schools, Brown v. Board of Education

Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark

Sensation of the body movement

Kinesthesis

The psychiatrist who collected data on various kinds of psychological disorders and began developing a classification system was _____

Kraepelin

Which type of research generally has a good internal validity

Laboratory experiments

People's basic survival instincts such as fear, aggression, hunger and sex are associated with the:

Lambic system

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?

Late selection

Lesions in this area of the brain can result in the elimination of hunger to the point where an organism may completely stop eating and die if they are not force fed.

Lateral Hypothalamus

Neurons in the brain actually exaggerate contrast to make certain they are easily recognizable. They do this by suppressing the response of nearby neurons and this process is known as:

Lateral inhibition

Which of the following is an example of the behavioral process known as extinction

Lauren no longer shops at her neighborhood bakery because they stopped making her favorite kind of bagels

Which is an example of Incidental Learning? A. Deliberately taking Dance lessons B. Learning Math from a tutor C. Learning about taxes from Monopoly

Learning About Taxes from Monopoly

Cognitivism/Gestalt Psychology

Led by Max Wertheimer, Gestalt psychology proposed that in perception a unified whole is more than a compilation of parts. As the Gestaltists suspected, our brains actively shape sensory information into perceptions.

Research on stereotypes

Leta Hollingworth

That the same questions can be answered differently, by appealing to biological, cognitive, behavioral, or cultural mechanisms, is the essence of the idea of ...

Levels of analysis

Auditory Cortex

Lives in the temporal lobes *Sound information arrives from the thalamus for processing. Here, we "hear" our mother's voice, a symphony, and approaching car, or any other sound.

At one time, philosophy was the only "science" available to humans, and ____ was a tool that was used to describe how the world should work.

Logic

Which if NOT one of the three distinct "flavors" of science?

Logical

Researchers studied language development in the same group of children every year over a five year period. This research design is called

Longitudinal

Children's behavior on a playground is observed and later parents complete a questionnaire regarding home behavior of these same children. This method would best be described as...

Longitudinal design

Operational definitions are encourage din research in order to:

Make terms used in a study as explicit as possible.

A primary difference between short-term and working memory is that while both will hold information for a short period of time, working memory will also ____.

Manipulate that information with the attempt to accomplish some goal

_____________ variables are controlled by the experimenter and participants are assigned to different levels of them.

Manipulated

This noted woman was an accomplished student of William James. She studied at Harvard University but was denied her doctoral degree simply because she was a woman. She later went on to be the first woman elected t be president of the American Psychological Association

Mary Whiton Calkins

Statistics

Mathematical procedures for collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting numerical data, to make sense of their data.

A significant difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for:

Meaning

Pons

Means "bridge," and the pons indeed serves as a bridge between lower brain regions and higher midbrain and forebrain activity.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Measures blood flow to brain areas in the active brain. From these measurements researchers and doctors can determine which brain areas are active during certain situations. Involves injecting the patient with a harmless radioactive form of oxygen and then uses scanners and computers to create images of brain regions using that oxygen during a task. Drawback is the use of radioactive materials in this technique means it is not risk free.

Which of the following receptor types responds to mechanical stimuli

Mechanoreceptors

This part of the brain plays a primary role in making judgments about what other people are feeling or thinking

Medial Prefrontal Cortex

Shaman

Medicine men or women who would treat the possessed by driving out the demons with elaborate rituals, such as exorcisms, incantations, and prayers. Occasionally, some of these shamans appeared to practice the oldest of all known surgical procedures, trephination.

False memories

Memory for an event that never actually occurred, implanted by experimental manipulation or other means.

Episodic memory

Memory for events in a particular time and place.

Autobiographical memory

Memory for the events of one's life.

Implicit memory

Memory tests in which the effect of prior experiences is measured in a context in which the subject is not instructed to remember those prior experiences.

Halaina is a participant in research being conducted by Wilhelm Wundt. In the study, she is asked to push a button as quickly as she can after she hears an audible tone. This study examines reaction time, or what Wundt might have called ______________

Mental chronomety

The advantage of this research method is that it tell us whether all the research on a topic has or had not led to consistent findings and what the size of that effect is. What is it?

Meta-analysis

Operational definitions for measured variables are detailed in which section of an APA article?

Method - Materials

Where would you look to find information on the validity and reliability of measures used in a study?

Method - Materials

Which of the following sections of an APA article would you read to find out what instruments were used to measure/manipulate variables?

Method - Materials

Which section of an APA article would you read to find out exactly what happened in a study and in what order?

Method - Procedures

Students who study for 7 hours over the course of a week will perform better than students who cram for 7 hour the night before the exam. The independent variable in this hypothesis is:

Method of studying

Based on your understanding of the research of Solomon Asch, you know that of all of the following choices, the person most likely to demonstrate conformity would be:

Mika, a 23-year old Japanese woman because she is the youngest

In a study, researchers asked one group of participants to watch a video about two friends in an unpleasant argument. They asked another group of participants to watch the same video, but told participants that it was a video of two friends enjoying a lively discussion. Afterwards, the researchers nice that participants who were told the discussion was an argument were more likely to falsely report that the people in the video were yelling, frowning, and getting angry. This is an example of:

Misinformation effect

"Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally" (PEMDAS) is a popular way for math teachers to help their students remember the order of operations (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction). This is an example of:

Mnemonic devices

Which of the following sentences best describes current thinking on the nature-nurture debate?

Most psychological traits have a genetic component but nature also has the ability to change even supposedly "fixed" traits such as height.

When we are presented with information, the _____ Model states that the stage in which we select which information to attend to depends on the type of task that we are engaging in.

Multimode

Dr. Oishi is an educational psychologist interested in students' attitudes toward math and their effect on performance on standardized tests. He chooses his local school district to study. There are 15 middle schools and he randomly chooses five. Then, of the 1,500 students in each of those five schools, he randomly recruits 250 students. This is an example of which of the following sampling techniques?

Multistage sample

Which neuronal structure is responsible for increasing the speed of neuronal communication?

Myelin

Reciprocal Antagonism

Münsterberg's method of treating mentally disturbed individuals, whereby he would strengthen thoughts antagonistic to those causing a problem.

Which phrase most accurately reflection a modern perspective in psychology?

Nature through nurture

The relative importance of the environment (womb, home, or world) and heredity (genes) in the shaping human behavior is central to what debate?

Nature-nurture

If a baby was given up for adoption from an English-only speaking family and adopted by a Spanish speaking family you would expect the baby to learn and speak Spanish. If this happened it would offer insights into the _ question of what leads to an individual's behavior.

Nature-nurture question

Motor Neurons

Nerve Cells that carry commands for movement from the brain to the muscles of the body.

Mirror Neurons

Nerve cells that are active when we observe others performing an action as well as when we are performing the same action.

Sensory Neurons

Nerve cells that receive incoming sensory information from the sense organs (eye, ear, skin, tongue, nose)

Sensation of pain and discomfort

Nociception

Which type of receptor is responsible to our pain response?

Nocioceptors

Jerrod begins hanging out with a new group of friends, and most of these new friends wear baseball caps with the visors facing backwards. Eventually, Jerrod starts wearing baseball caps too, with his visor facing backwards. What type of conformity (social influence) has Jerrod demonstrated?

Normative

Frequency

Number of times a particular score occurs in a set of data.

Split Brain experiment

Objects viewed on right side can be identified verbally (left hemisphere function) Objects viewed on left side identified by touch but non verbal description (right side) - Roger Sperry

Soon after the popular people started to smoke cigarettes Barb started smoking, too. Barb's behavior is an example of what kind of learning process?

Observational learning

Why is it beneficial for scientist to use systematic observation in order to acquire knowledge?

Observations provide the basic data that allow scientist to track, tally, or otherwise organize info about the natural world.

Why is it beneficial for scientists to use systematic observation in order to acquire knowledge?

Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world.

Occipital Lobes

Occupy the rear of the brain. The optic nerve travels from the eye to the thalamus and then to the occipital lobes--specifically, to the primary visual cortex.

Nonassociative learning

Occurs when a single repeated exposure leads to a change in behavior

Nonassociative learning

Occurs when a single repeated exposure leads to a change in behavior.

Perceptual learning

Occurs when aspects of our perception changes as a function of experience.

Habituation

Occurs when the response to a stimulus decreases with exposure

Habituation

Occurs when the response to a stimulus decreases with exposure.

Implicit learning

Occurs when we acquire information without intent that we cannot easily express

Trephination

Oldest of all known surgical procedures--Drilling a small hole in a person's skill, usually less than an inch in diameter.

Confidentiality

One of the ethical guidelines researchers abide by is ensuring __________, or agreeing that an individual's data should not be made public without consent from the individual.

James's Depression

One reason for his depression was the implications of the German materialistic physiology and psychology that had so impressed him. - If the materialistic philosophy was correct, it applied to him as well. This meant that anything that happened to him was predetermined and thus beyond his control. - His depression, for example, was a matter of fate, and it made no sense to attempt to do anything about it

This hormone is significantly involved in social bonding, and likely plays a primary role in the establishment of the early relationships between infants and their caregivers:

Oxytocin

"Cognitive therapy can be more effective than psychoanalysis in treating phobias (Jones & Smith, 2009)" includes a correct example of which of the following?

Parenthetical citation

People with ____ disease have problems focused in the midbrain.

Parkinson's

In a study of college students' deductive reasoning, Dr. Cesario gives participants the following problem: All living things need water. Roses need water. Therefore, roses are living things. Although the correct answer to the problem is "indeterminate," about 70 percent of participants got the problem wrong because they thought the conclusion that roses are living things was valid. Why did so many participants incorrectly answer this problem?

Participants were influenced by their knowledge of the real world, which interfered with their ability to think purely in terms of logic.

The Method section typically consists of what 3 subsections?

Participants, materials, procedures

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of behavioral measures?

People are less likely to modify their behavior despite knowing they are being observed.

Studies of people from a wide range of cultures shows that which of the following is true with regards to the perception of color?

People from different cultures often perceive shades and categories of colors differently

Spearman viewed G as the general factor of intelligence. From his perspective:

People who score high in one sub-area, such as math, tend also to score high on other sub-areas such as verbal scores.

Self-Reports

People's written or oral accounts of their thoughts, feelings, or actions

Which of the following is NOT one of the major cerebral arteries?

Peripheral cerebral artery

Someone interested in ____ psychology might be interested in how introverted people have differently from the extroverted people.

Personality

____ psychology is the study of what makes people unique and the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.

Personality

_____ psychology is the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize and individual.

Personality

When light hits the photoreceptors in our eyes it is converted into neural signals through a photochemical reaction known as what?

Photoactivation

Which early theoretical approach viewed behavior as being related to the shape and structure of one's head?

Phrenology

The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on.

Physical features

Physically attractive people experience many benefits in life. Particularly, more physically attractive people have an easier time persuading others. Which characteristic is an example of why this occurs?

Physically attractive people are perceived as having higher moral character.

Psychiatrists

Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

A psychologist who is interested in how brain activity relates to behavior will most likely use which kind of measure?

Physiological

The _____ is the visible, bumpy portion of the ear. It is useful for helping locate sounds.

Pinna

Whenever Kim raises her voice at the end of the sentence it indicates that she is asking a question. With regards to hearing this is known as:

Pitch

What is fetal viability?

Point at which child has a chance to survive if born premature

The relationship between two measures such that an increase in the value of one associated with an increase in the value of the other.

Positive correlation

____ is a theory of psychology that uses a scientific approach to study psychological well-being.

Positive psychology

In Lofus and Palmer's classic 1974 experiment, participants answered questions about a motor vehicle accident. The central findings of the experiment revealed that

Ppl who answered questiones that implied the vehicles were traveling at a faster rate (smashed) gave high speed estimates

Pseudoscience

Practices that appear to be and claim to be science, but in fact do not use the scientific method to come to their conclusions. What makes something pseudoscientific comes more from the way it is studied than from the content area.

__________ is an evaluation or emotion toward people merely based on their group membership.

Prejudice

The most common method of treating ADHD is

Prescription stimulant medications

If you cite the primary source interpretation of another article or summer of several articles, you're citing a __________ source?

Primary

The MTV poll is empirical so it is a _________ source?

Primary

When looking at non-empirical articles, the knowledge they provide can be primary and/or secondary. Which form of knowledge consists of ideas unique to the author(s)?

Primary

Which ethical guideline would a scientist be breaking if they videotaped children, without asking their guardians, while the children were taking a test in class?

Privacy

Which ethical guidelines with a scientist be breaking if they videotaped children, without asking their guardian, while the children were taking a test in class?

Privacy

which ethical guideline would a scientist be breaking if they videotaped children, without asking their guardians, while the children were taking a test in class?

Privacy

If you ask yourself "does everyone in the population have a chance to be included in the sample" and the answer is yes, which type of sampling technique will you use?

Probability Sampling

Debriefing

Process of informing participants of the exact purposes of the study-including the hypotheses-revealing any and all deceptive practices and explaining why they were necessary to conduct the study and ultimately what the results of the study were.

Left Cerebral Hempispheres

Processes information in a more focused and analytic manner

Sensation of body position

Proprioception

Privacy and Confidentiality

Protect the privacy of the participant, generally by keeping all responses confidential.

Which of the following words should you avoid using when writing in APA style?

Prove

Elizabeth Gould

Proved new neurons could develop after birth - used autopsy of cancer patients and primates

Physiological Measures

Provides data on bodily responses. For years, researchers relied on physiological information to index possible changes in psychological states.

_____ theories are personality theories that emphasize the interplay of mental forces and include the two premises that (a) people are often unconscious of their motives and (b) the mind uses defense mechanisms to keep unacceptable motives and thoughts out of consciousness.

Psychodynamic

Isiah is still young but has lied to his mom that he stole cookies from the kitchen. Isiah feels guilty which leads him to tell the truth and apologize to his mom. Isiah's guilt is one example of how mechanisms of the mind can help solve specific problems to help survival. What is the concept associated with this example?

Psychological Adaptations

How does psychology differ from the related field of sociology?

Psychology studies individuals; sociology studies groups

Under "Articles and Guides by Subject" on the B.D Owen's website, which link will pull up PsycINFO?

Psychology/Sociology/Counseling

Weber & Fechner

Psychophysics

Imagine your population for a study is pediatricians. To gather your sample, you place an advertisement in the newsletter for the American Academy of Pediatrics requesting participation in your study. Which nonprobability sampling technique would this be?

Purposive sampling

Meta-Analysis

Quantitative method for combining the results of all the published and even unpublished results on one question and drawing a conclusion based on the entire set of studies on the topic.

You want to study the effects of gender on math achievement. However, you know that you cannot randomly assign some people to male and others to be female, so you cannot have a true experiment. IN this scenario, what type of research design would you use?

Quasi-Experiment

If you wished to compare the impact of extensive musical training versus no musical training on accurate auditory perception, which design would be best?

Quasi-experimental

The structure that cells use to travel to various portions of the cerebral cortex is called:

Radial glia

What allows researchers to determine cause and effect relationships

Random Assignment

Betty decided to conduct an experiment on the effectiveness of a new anti-anxiety pill. She decided that participants who had been diagnosed with anxiety would be in the treatment group and participants who had never been treated for anxiety would be the control group. Which aspect of proper research design did Betty ignore?

Random assignment

Counseling Psychology

Related to Clinical Psychology * Tend to work with less severe psychological disorders than clinical psychologists * Treat and assess relatively healthy people and assist them with career and vocational interest.

What is learning?

Relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience

___________ is the consistency of a measure, whereas __________ is if the measure actually measures what we think we are measuring.

Reliability; validity

Representative Sample

Research sample that accurately reflects the population of people one is studying.

Descriptive Study

Research that does not involve any manipulation, change, or intervention in the phenomenon being studied. The goal is to observe and record what is happening. (case studies)

Correlational Research

Research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists

a true experiment.

Researchers manipulate or control variables in order to conduct:

longitudinal

Researchers studied language development in the same group of children every year over a five year period. This research design is called:

The receptors in our brain which play a role in our response to pain:

Respond specifically to potentially tissue-damaging stimuli

In a simple study, which section of an APA article/paper may only be 3 sentences in length?

Results

Numerical results of a study are reported in the ________ section.

Results

This brain structure is important for vigilance. What is it?

Reticular Formation

Photoreceptors are located in the:

Retina

If new experiences disrupt recall of old experiences, this is referred to as:

Retroactive interference

A textbook chapter is considered nonempirical. What type of article is it similar to?

Review

Which type of article never contains any new results?

Review

An effective way to make sure that you will remember something a long time from now (such as in an upcoming exam) is to:

Review the material at regular intervals

The superhero "Nighthawk" has excellent night vision but poor vision in the daytime. One reason for "Nighthawk's" ability is due to a large number of _____.

Rods

Ivan Pavlov

Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)

Which of the following is a statistical analysis software package?

SPSS

Respect for Person

Safeguard the dignity and autonomy of the individual and take extra precautions when dealing with study participants, such as children, who are less likely to understand that their participation is voluntary.

Researchers want to know the average weight of people living in Toronto. To accomplish this, they weigh 500 people of all ages who show up to a public park on Saturday. This is an example of a ...

Sample

___ are organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored and recalled.

Schemas

Humanistic Perspective

School of thought that focuses on the study of conscious experience, the individual's freedom to choose, and capacity for personal growth.

Scientific Method

Scientists conduct research consists of O-P-T-I-C (observation, prediction, testing, interpretation, and communication) *Observation and Prediction stages of a study, researchers develop expectations about an observed phenomenon *Theory-expressed expectations-defined as a set of related assumptions from which testable predictions can be made.

If you cite the specific finding of another article cited in a primary source, you're citing a _________ source?

Secondary

Basic research

Seeks knowledge for the sake of knowledge

As soon as class is over, Karen goes to the Mountainlair, gets a cup of coffee and reviews the material from class, asking herself what she remembers, and then checking to see if she is correct from her e-text. Karen is utilizing _____ to enhance her learning.

Self-Testing

Which of the following is an accurate reflection of the difference between sensation and perception?

Sensation refers to the process by which our senses send information to the brain whereas perception is the interpretation of this sensory information

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Serves the involuntary systems of the body, such as the internal organs and glands.

Theory

Set of related assumptions from which testable predictions can be made. Theories organize and explain what we have observed and guide what we will observe.

Marsha was talking to Conrad being very friendly. Marsha was smiling and touching Conrad on the arm when she laughed. Due to the ______________ bias, Conrad interpreted these unclear cues as sexual interest from Marsha

Sexual overperception

Positive Psychology

Shares with humanism a belief that psychology should focus on studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning. It does so with a better appreciation than humanistic psychology for the importance of studying well-being from a scientific perspective.

Dr. Jiminez conducts tests the hypothesis that people will eat more chips in a room with red walls than in a room with blue walls. Her results support her hypothesis; participants in the red room ate, on average, 1.3 times more chips than those in the blue room. Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding her findings?

She has proven her hypothesis, but only if she replicates these results in an additional study.

Dr. Jiminez conducts tests on the hypothesis that people will eat more chips in a room with red walls than in a room with blue walls. Her results support her hypothesis, participants in the red room ate, on average, 1.3 times more chips than those in the blue room. Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding her findings?

She has provided some evidence for her hypothesis, but the probability that her evidence is consistent with reality depends on the nature of her sample and method.

Walking down the street, Areanna is approached by a police officer. The police officer encourages Areanna to be a Good Samaritan and put money in a parking meter that's about to expire on a stranger's car. What factors might lead Areanna to obey this police officer's order and help pay for the parking meter?

She views the police officer as an authority figure.

Mentally add 37 + 65, then subtract 11. To perform this task, the information must be held and processed in your _____ memory.

Short term

Dominant Genes

Show their effect even if there is only one copy of that gene in the pair. So if you have one brown eye allele and one blue eye allele, chances are you will have brown eyes.

Eun-Jin went on a hike in northern British Columbia. She hears a crackling sound behind her, and when she turns around she catches a blur of movement in the bushes behind her. In terms of both vision and hearing this is an example of:

Signal detection

This statistic indicates the likelihood that a finding was due to chance

Significance level

In scientific theories, when there are competing explanations for empirical observations, the ... explanation should be selected.

Simplest

The mental process of trying to imagine or imitate the thoughts or beliefs of other is referred to as:

Simulation

Adrenal Glands

Sit atop the kidneys, release hormones in response to stress and emotions. Help regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar.

Which psychologist was largely responsible for making behaviorism the major approach in experimental psychology?

Skinner

Insula

Small structure that resides deep inside the cerebrum, in the area that separates the temporal lobe from the parietal love. The insula is active in the perception of bodily sensations, emotional states, empathy, and addictive behavior.

The development of ... has provided a new level of advantage for gathering information from research participants at specific times, often randomly selected, throughout a given day.

Smart phones

If you ask study participants to recommend other potential participants, perhaps by asking them to forward a link to your survey to friends, which nonprobability sampling technique would you be using?

Snowball

Dr. Jackson is a personality psychologist who is interested in studying the characteristics of people who report being abducted by UFOs. She finds several people in a support group to research and asks them if they can provide the names and contact information of other people who have also been abducted. Upon contacting these new participants, she asks them to refer her to even more people they may know who have been abducted. This is an example of what kind of sampling?

Snowball sampling

The act of mentally categorizing a person into a certain group in which they belong is referred to as:

Social Categorization

During the cold war years, the collective Russian farms had spectacularly low yields, while small, private plots kept by Russian citizens had phenomenally high yields. One reason that could be cited for the poor production output of large, collective Soviet farms would be

Social loafing.

The _____ theorizes that there are certain fibers in our body that are specialized for touch perception andplay an important role in social bonding.

Social-Touch Hypothesis

PNS

Somatic (voluntary actions via motor and sensory nerves), Autonomic (involuntary actions via Parasympathetic ("rest and digest") and Sympathetic ("fight or flight")

Hemholtz

Speed of neural impulses senses could be studied scientifically

The _ nerves allow for voluntary body control, while the _ nerves help control the muscles of the head, neck, and trunk.

Spinal, Cranial

T-Test

Statistic that compares two means to see whether they could come from the same population.

When Terrence is driving and sees a police car, he immediately steps on his brake. When he sees a fire truck, he does not step on the brake. Terrence is demonstrating

Stimulus discrimination

Which probability sampling technique should you use if you are concerned about representation from particular demographic groups?

Stratified random sampling

Münsterberg, Hugo

Stressed the application of psychological principles in such areas as clinical, forensic, and industrial psychology. In so doing, Münsterberg created applied psychology.

What perspectives in psychology assumes the unconscious is the most powerful force behind most behavior?

Structuralism

Introspections

Structuralism's method--Looking into one's own mind for information about the nature of conscious experience. *Structuralists divided each experience into its smallest elements.

Which of the following best describes the difference between structuralism and functionalism?

Structuralist are interested in what the mind is and functionalists are interested in what the mind does.

Which of the following best describes the difference between structuralism and functionalism?

Structuralists are interested in what the mind is and functionalists are interested in what the mind does.

Edward Titchener

Student of Wilhelm Wundt; founder of Structuralist school of psychology.

John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner

Studied behaviorism

Behavioral Neuroscience

Studies the links among brain, mind, and behavior. Neuroscience cuts across various disciplines and subdisciplines of psychology. One can study brain functions involved in learning, emotion, social behavior, and mental illness.

Biological Psychology

Study of the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and how they influence behavior and thought.

As a researcher, you decide that you are very interested in peoples' everyday behavior (i.e., daily social interactions and activities). Therefore, you decide to use an electronically activated recorder, or EAR device, to capture the acoustic diary of participants' days as they naturally unfold. In this scenario, you are:

Studying daily behavior

When researchers collect in-the-moment (or, close-to-the-moment) self-report data directly from participants as they go about their daily lives, they are:

Studying daily experiences

Dr. Fikshunal is interested in how our bodies respond to being excluded from a group. Therefore, she decides to monitor the heart rate and cortisol levels of participants as they engage in their environment and indicate experiences when they felt ostracized. In this scenario, Dr. Fikshunal is:

Studying daily physiology

Imagine that researchers were interested in learning about public support for gay marriage. If the researchers analyzed Facebook posts regarding the acceptance or rejection of homosexuality (via opinions in status updates, article posts, or groups they officially like), they would be:

Studying online behavior

Over time, humans developed the ability to shiver. This is an example of ___________.

Survival adaptation

About 1 in 200 people experiences a blending of senses such as perceiving a number or letter as a color (e.g. "1" is seen as red). This is called:

Synesthesia

Endocrine System

System of glans that secrete and regulate hormones in the body.

Looking through peoples trash tells us more about them than asking them to tell us what they consume A. True B. False

TRUE

When computing scores in SPSS, in which box do you enter an abbreviated name of the scale without spaces?

Target variable box

Automatic processing occurs when:

Tasks are well-practiced

Informed Consent

Tell participants in general terms what the study is about, when they will do and how long it will take, what the known risks and benefits are, and whom to contact with questions. They must also be told that they have the right to withdraw at any time without penalty.

When using imaging techniques to study the brain researchers often have to weigh a trade-off between

Temporal and Spatial resolution

Much of our perception of visual stimuli occurs in the visual cortex. Much of our perception of auditory stimuli occurs in the:

Temporal lobe

Which of the following is an essential element of science?

Testable hypotheses and systematic observation

Which of the following is NOT an example bias from the error management theory (EMT)?

Textual cover bias

The _ acts as a relay station for sensory information, and has broad projections throughout the brain.

Thalamus

The ___ is a forebrain structure that receives inputs from the ears, eyes, skin, or taste buds and relays sensory information to the part of the cerebral cortex most involved in processing that specific kind of sensory information.

Thalamus

Which of the following structures is in the forebrain?

Thalamus

The experience of pain has a discriminatory system which helps us localize where the pain is and its characteristics (whether it's dull, sharp, intense), and an affective system which lets us know

That the pain is bad

Evidence reveals a correlation between the number of hours toddlers spend watching television and their level of hyperactivity in later childhood. What does this definitively indicate?

That there is a relationship between television viewing and hyperactivity.

A researcher would like to determine the effect of caffeine on memory. Participants are randomly assigned to receive a caffeine pill or a sugar pill. Both groups complete a recall task that assesses their memory. However, even those who received the sugar pill had a small increase in memory. This is likely due to:

The Placebo Effect

Psychologist Edward Titchener was displeased with the general mission of the American Psychological Association, which led him to form a new professional association. What was it called?

The Society of Experimental Psychologists

Which of the following is an advantage of binocular vision?

The ability to estimate the distance of objects

Adaptations

The accumulation of change mutations underlies evolutionary change. Each generation is a product of beneficial modifications from its evolutionary pas. Natural selection creates structures and behaviors that solve adaptive problems. Among the adaptive problems that our early human ancestors faced were avoiding predators, choosing nutritious foods, finding a mat, and communicating effectively with others. *Adaptations are inherited solutions to ancestral problems that have been naturally selected because they are directly contributed in some way to reproductive success.

Forensic Psychology

The application of psychological principles to legal matters

Industrial Psychology

The application of psychological principles to such matters as personnel selection; increasing employee productivity; equipment design; and marketing, advertising, and packaging of products

The participants subsection should describe the number/type/characteristics of the participants as well as which of the following?

The approach used to obtain the sample and recruiting process

Metacognition

The awareness and understanding of one's own thought process Our thoughts and knowledge about how our learning and memory work

Twin-adoption studies

The best way to untangle the effects of genetics and environment is to study twins who are adopted.

Cerebral Lobes

The brain is composed of four large areas-Lobes, frontal , temporal, parietal, and occipital

Glutamate

The brain's major excitatory neurotransmitter, is important in learning, memory, neural processing, and brain development. Glutamate facilitates grown and change in neurons and the migration of neurons to different sites in the brain, all of which are basic processes of early brain development. Increases the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will fire

Evolutionary Psychology

The branch of psychology that aims to uncover the adaptive problems the human mind may have solved in the distant past and the effect of evolution on behavior today. Rather than just describing what the mind does, evolutionary psychologists are interested in the functions of the human mind. **Not all products of evolution are adaptations. Sometimes things evolve because they solved one problem and they just happen to solve another one too. The structures or features that perform a function that did not arise through natural selection are often called by-products, or more technically exaptations.

Dynamic Psychology

The brand of psychology suggested by Woodworth that stressed the internal variables that motivate organisms to act.

Neurons

The cells that process and transmit information in the nervous system

Generally speaking, which of the following statements is NOT true:

The changes that occur late in life always produce functional deficits

The statistical notation for reporting a correlation is (r(_*_) = __, p = __). What information is included in the parentheses after the r, in place of the asterisk?

The degrees of freedom

What contributed most to the development of applied psychology and psychology as a profession?

The demand for mental health needs of military personel and veterans returning home after WW II

Puzzle Box

The experimental chamber Thorndike used for systematically studying animal behavior.

Independent Variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Ecological Validity

The extent to which a study is realistic or representative of real life.

Population

The first step is for the researchers to decide the makeup of the entire group, population, in which they are interested. Populations can be composed of, animals, adolescents, boys or girls of any ago, college students, students at a particular school.

Working memory

The form of memory we use to hold onto information temporarily, usually for the purposes of manipulation.

working memory

The form of memory we use to hold onto information temporarily, usually for the purposes of manipulation

Lightner Witmer

The founder of clinical and school psychology

Concern about Motivation

The functionalists' interest in the "why" of mental processes and behaviour led directly to a concern with motivation

What are characteristics of the dimension added by the HEXACO model to the Five-Factor Model?

The honesty-humility dimension was added to describe people who are sincere, fair, and modest, not manipulative, narcissistic, or self-centered.

Cerebral Hemispheres

The human cerebrum is divided into two equal hemispheres. Although they look similar, the hemispheres differ in shape, size, and function.

Encoding specificity principle

The hypothesis that a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the engram or memory trace.

Morgan's Canon

The insistence that explanations of animal behavior be kept as simple as possible. One should never attribute higher mental activities to an animal if lower mental activities are adequate to explain its behavior.

Researchers have found that men generally are more likely than women to be willing to consent to sex with strangers and to require less emotional investment for sex to occur. From an evolutionary perspective this is likely because:

The investment of pregnancy is much higher for a woman than men

Synapse

The junction between an axon and the adjacent neuron, where information is transmitted from one neuron to another.

Pituitary Gland

The master gland of the body, because it secretes hormones that control the release of hormones from glands elsewhere in the body.

Dependent Variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

To draw conclusions about generalizability, we need to know about the sample used for the research. Where do we find that information?

The methods section

Glial Cells

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.

Cognitive psychologists often compare working memory to the _____ of a computer.

central processing unit

Semantic memory

The more or less permanent store of knowledge that people have.

experimental study

The most accurate research method of determining whether caffeine supplements improve memory performance is:

Standard Deviation

The most common way to represent variability in data. *Statistical measure of how much scores in a sample vary around the mean.

In the Load Theory of Attention, what determines the type of selection process we engage in?

The nature of the task

Hindbrain

The oldest brain region directly connected to the spinal cord. Three main parts: Medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

Encoding

The pact of putting information into memory

Encoding

The pact of putting information into memory.

Measures of ______________ consist of mean, median, and mode, while measures of ________________ consist of standard deviation, range, and frequencies

central tendency; variability

This structure plays a significant role in the control of coordinated motor movements:

cerebellum

Cue overload principle

The principle stating that the more memories that are associated to a particular retrieval cue, the less effective the cue will be in prompting retrieval of any one memory

Distinctiveness

The principle that unusual events (in a context of similar events) will be recalled and recognized better than uniform (nondistinctive) events.

distinctiveness

The principle that unusual events (in a context of similar events) will be recalled and recognized better than uniform (nondistinctive) events

Polygenic Transmission

The process by which many genes interact to create a single characteristic. Example: Skin color, personality, height, and weight

Consolidation

The process occurring after encoding that is believed to stabilize memory traces.

Retrieval

The process of accessing stored information.

Chunk

The process of grouping information together using our knowledge

Chunk

The process of grouping information together using our knowledge.

Researchers who were interested in the relationship between the number of text messages a person received and the amount of time they spent studying completed their statistical analysis and the sig level was .04. What does this mean?

The relationship between texting and studying was not likely to be due to chance

Refractory Period

The span of time, after an action potential has been generated, when the neuron cannot generate an action potential.

Neuroplasticity, or simply plasticity, refers to the brain's ability to:

change function and structure

Storage

The stage in the learning/memory process that bridges encoding and retrieval; the persistence of memory over time.

Storage

The stage in the learning/memory process that bridges encoding and retrieval; the persistence of memory over time

Resting Potential

The state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential.

Cognitive Psychology

The study of how we perceive information, how we learn and remember, how we acquire and use language, and how we solve problems. EXAMPLE: A researcher who is concerned with how people visualize objects in their mind is studying cognitive psychology.

Psychophysics

The study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the perception of those stimuli

Psychophysics

The study of the relationships between sensory experiences and the physical stimuli that cause them

Given what you've learned about APA style, where would you expect to find information about the operational definitions of the variables?

The subsections of the methods section

Gestalt Psychology

The sum is greater than its parts

Fight-or-flight

The sympathetic branch of the ANS is responsible for what the physiologist Walter Cannon (1939) labeled fight-or-flight response that is, it activates bodily systems in the times of emergency.

Action Potential

change in electrochemical charge across the cell wall as a nerve impulse is transmitted

Research finds that the USA has organ donation consent rates of about 4.25 to 44%. In some other countries, that rate is as high as 99% or above. According to the text, what would increase organ donation consent rates in the USA?

changing to an "opt out" system in the USA

The __________ method is a research approach in which participants describe their experiences and behavior of a given day through systematic recollection on the following day

day reconstruction

The __________ method is a research approach in which participants describe their experiences and behavior of a given day through systematic recollection on the following day A) day reconstruction B)circadian rebuilding C)experience sampling D)diary

day reconstruction

Development psychologists are interested in age related changes in behavior from conception until ______

death

Two years after graduation, allison is trying to remember what she learned in her class on analytical chemistry. She is experiencing memory ___ caused by nonuse.

decay

Betty took part in a study where she was told the purpose was to further examine perceptual cognitive processes. Once the study was over, however, the researcher explained to her that the study's real purpose was to assess automaticity of stereotypes. This study is an example of research that used _________ in their methods to hide the true nature of the study. And we see that as a result, the researchers fully _________ participants afterwards

deception; debriefed

Betty took part in a study where she was told the purpose was to further examine perceptual cognitive processes. Once the study was over, however, the researcher explained to her that the study's real purpose was to assess automaticity of stereotypes. This study is an example of research that used _________ in their methods to hide the true nature of the study. And we see that as a result, the researchers fully _________ participants afterwards.

deception; debriefed

Betty took part in a study where she was told the purpose was to further examine perceptual cognitive processes. Once the study was over, however, the researcher explained to her that the study's real purpose was to assess automaticity of stereotypes. This study is an example of research that used _________ in their methods to hide the true nature of the study. And we see that as a result, the researchers fully _________ participants afterwards. A.)deception; debriefed B.)debriefings; deceived C.)confidentiality; informed D.)informed consent; confided in

deception; debriefed

Lateralization of function

degree to which a particular function, such as the understanding of speech, is controlled by one rather than both cerebral hemispheres

Velma suffers from schizophrenia. Recently, she began to insist that she is a famous rock and roll star and she needs to begin preparing for her world tour, even though she has never sung professionally. This symptom can best be described as a:

delusion

A neurotransmitter is absorbed by receptor sites located on the ____.

dendrite

Serotonin agonists are often used to treat elevated levels of:

depressed affect

Tricyclics and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are generally used to treat:

depression.

Dr. Lovejoy wanted to do research on real-world conditions that lead to aggression in 10-year-old children. She defined aggression as "intent to harm another person" and went to a local elementary school and videotaped a 10-minute recess period. She and her trained coders then coded the behavior of every child and counted the number of times each child acted aggressively. This is an example of what kind of research design?

descriptive

The perception of what most people do in a given situation is called a(n) __________ norm.

descriptive

These types of designs usually occur during the exploratory phase of research in which the researcher is looking for meaningful patterns that might lead to predictions last on; it does not involve testing a hypothesis. This is a _____ research design.

descriptive

School Psychology

devoted to counseling children in elementary and secondary schools who have academic or emotional problems

When a study uses the __________ method of data collection, participants complete a questionnaire about their thoughts, feelings, and behavior at the end of each day.

diary

Artrelle is taking part in a research study that examines her thoughts on the political election taking place in her country. Each night, before bed, she is to complete a questionnaire that gathers information on these topics. She submits her completed questionnaires to the researchers at the end of each week. What type of research method is being used?

diary method

Genetic markers represent

differences in the length of DNA sequences

Alleles

different forms of gene. Individuals inherit one from each parent.

Analyses of many therapy outcome experiments have shown that:

different forms of therapy are equally effective overall, although some are more effective for specific types of problems.

Broca's aphasia

difficult or impossible to produce speech (expressive aphasia); comprehension of verbal or written words is relatively unaffected

Wernicke's aphasia

difficulty comprehending written or spoken communication, (receptive aphasia) can speak, but often have trouble finding the correct words (nonsense words)

The type of cerebral injury that can often be caused by rotational forces and can impact subcortical structures is:

diffuse axonal injury

Piaget's stage theory can be described as which of the following?

discontinuous and qualitative

Paul Broca

discovered area of brain in the left frontal lobe responsible for language production "Broca's area"

Karl Wernicke

discovered area of left temporal lobe that involved language understanding: person damaged in this area uses correct words but they do not make sense "Wernicke's area";

Roger Sperry

discovered that the two hemispheres of the brain have different functions - biological perspective -Split Brain experiment

Chukwudi believes that atheists cannot be trusted. As a result, he refuses to hire anyone who does not regularly attend church. Chukwudi's action is an example of __________.

discrimination.

A student who shouts at his roommate when he is actually angry with his girlfriend is using the defense mechanism called:

displacement.

Catherine, a patient with dissociative amnesia, fled the hospital and went several miles. When someone found her, she did not know who she was. This "bewildered wandering" is known as __________.

dissociative fugue

Your drive to class each day is fairly standard - you start your car, take the same route, and park in the same spot (or close to the same spot). One day, while sitting at a red light, you witness a car chase - cops and even a helicopter. Years later, you can recall details from that drive. Which memory concept is associated with why you will remember that particular drive to class?

distinctiveness

Dr. Parikah has conducted a study that involves gathering data about her students performance on an exam. She observes that some students did very poorly, while other students made no errors at all. This pattern of variation within her data set is reffered to as

distribution

Cross-cultural Perspective

diversity of human behaviour in different cultural settings and countries

Julie, a blonde, watches a movie about another blonde who cheats on an important math test because she cannot do the math herself. Stereotype threat would say that, if Julie was to take a math test herself, she would:

do worse on the test.

This type of speech occurs early on and plays a significant role in our ability to learn language skills:

echo speech

Dr. Sharma wants to study the extent to which stress is related to suicidal ideation in people who suffer from depression. She gathers information about the level of stress, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts a set of participants experience the day after they attend the funeral of a loved one. Because this study is assessing people under conditions that are not typical of everyday life, it is lacking in __________ validity.

ecological

Studies using ecological momentary assessment techniques tend to have good --- validity because the data is collected in people's everyday environments

ecological

Ilana is trying to remember a set of dates for her history class. She makes up rhymes and stories. This improves her memory by adding to the information she already knows.

elaborative rehearsal

Ilana is trying to remember a set of dates for her history class. While she practices the dates, she makes up rhymes and stories to go with them. This method of improving her memory by adding to the information she is trying to remember while practicing it is called

elaborative rehearsal

Psychodynamic Perspective

emphasizes importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and inter-personal relationships

Cognitive Perspective

emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior

Humanistic

emphasizes the inherent goodness of people; stresses the importance of human consciousness, self-awareness, and the capacity to make choices.

The belief that knowledge is best acquired as a direct result of experience is called ______

empiricism

The belief that knowledge is best acquired as a direct result of experience is called ________.

empiricism

The famous Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe observed and charted the movement of the stars across the night sky. His approach to astronomy was different than many earlier astronomers whose theories were informed by religion, philosophy, and politics. Brahe was clearly a proponent of _______ which emphasizes observation and personal experience.

empiricism

Which statement BEST describes the memory deficit of Clive Wearing (from the video in class)? Clive Wearing was unable to:

encode information into long-term memory.

During the lecture Wayne is busy texting on his cell phone, while kind of half paying attention to what the professor is saying. A few minutes after making a point the professor gives an pop quiz on the material. Wayne can't retrieve the information the prof gave in the lecture and does poorly on the test. A likely factor in Wayne's not being able to retrieve the information is:

encoding failure

During the lecture Wayne is busy texting on his cell phone, while kind of half paying attention to what the professor is talking about. A few minutes after making a point the professor gives a pop quiz on the material. Wayne can't retrieve the information the prof gave in the lecture and does poorly on the test. A likely factor in Wayne's not being able to retrieve the information is:

encoding failure

It is critical to use good interviewing techniques with eyewitnesses after an event because good interviewing techniques can:

enhance the quality and quantity of information obtained from an eyewitness.

Which of the following is a process in which the DNA itself is modified by environmental events and those genetic changes are then transmitted to children?

epigenetics

___ tends not to affect mental states whereas ___ does increase mental arousal and alertness.

epinephrine; norepinephrine

Declarative memory is divided into which two subtypes

episodic and semantic memory

When Carla was discussing the party with one of her friends, she was trying to remember a conversation she'd had. Carla was trying to access her:

episodic memory

Being able to recall one's childhood birthdays is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

episodic memory.

Lonnie needs to make a long business trip back to of Minnesota but is uncertain of when to leave. According to the weather report, there is a big storm starting that he may encounter. The cost of deciding to leave later will make him late for his meeting but the cost to leave too early might put him in a car accident on the slippery roads. Which theory would predict that because of evolution, Lonnie would choose the less costly or dangerous option and leave later in the day to avoid the storm?

error management theory

Wilhelm Wundt

established the first psychology laboratory; analyzed sensations and feelings through introspection

______ refers to a policy of selective breeding founded on the belief that society can be improved by promoting reproduction among the most highly intelligent of its citizens

eugenics

The experience of jealously leads heterosexual men to be more likely to protect their mates and guard against rivals, which increases their reproductive success. This statement is best reflected by which of the following psychological perspectives?

evolutionary psychology

Students who study for 7 hours over the course of a week will perform better than students who cram for 7 hours the night before the exam. The dependent variable in this hypothesis is:

exam performance

Introspection

examination of one's own thoughts and feelings; Wilhelm Wundt

Psychobiography

examines in detail the lives of historically important people and provides an example of the richness and value of case studies.

Preparing the raw data can be done in ___________, while computing scores is done in ___________.

excel; SPSS

Cellular death

excess of glutamine

The most accurate research method of determining whether caffeine supplements improve memory performance is:

experimental study

When a researcher accidentally influences how participants behave, this effect is referred to as:

experimenter expectations

When a researcher accidentally influences how participants behave, this is effect is referred to as:

experimenter expectations

Dr. Tylka is conducting research about the risk of developing eating disorders in adolescent boys. She concludes that her findings apply not only to the sample of high school boys she studied, but to other males in other settings and contexts. In this regard, Dr. Tylka is stating that her findings have high __________ validity.

external

Behavorist Theory

external environment; actions of a child are being rewarded or punished. Skinner

David is happy and optimistic. He enjoys being around other people and participating in sports like basketball and tennis. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would David likely score high in?

extraversion

The imaging technique which measures changes in the oxygenation of blood flow in the brain, and has been implemented in the study of social categorization is

fMRI

A(n) _________ memory is a memory of an event that never actually occurred. It is implanted by experimental manipulation or other means.

false

Clustering is one way of increasing the storage capacity and duration of short-term memory.

false

Repression is motivated forgetting that occurs consciously and involves a deliberate attempt to not think about and remember specific information.

false

Martyn is seated at a chair, and sees his father standing by a box with a ball in front of it. His dad leaves the room, and another person comes in and puts the ball into the box, and closes the lid. Martyn is then asked where his father will look for the ball when he returns. This is an example of the ________ test.

false belief

Memories that we believe to be real, but never actually occurred are called _____.

false memories

Remembering stuff that never happened

false memory

Participants are given a word list with the following words: table, restaurant, food, silverware, plate, service and waiter. Later when asked to recall the words, many participants accidentally included the word "dinner", even though it was not on the list. This phenomena is referred to as:

false memory or the DRM effect

According to Karl Popper, the _____ of claims is an important difference between science and pseudoscience.

falsifiability

According to Karl Popper, the ______ of claims is an important difference between science and pseudoscience.

falsifiability

If a tone is sometimes preceded by a light, and always followed by a shock, an animal will likely learn to fear:

fear the tone, but not the light

Mary Whiton Calkins

first female president of the APA (1905); a student of William James; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her sex (later, posthumously, it was granted to her)

G. Stanley Hall

first psych PhD in U.S.; founded American psychological association (APA)

Marcela can clearly remember the moment she learned about the events of Sept. 11, 2001. She vividly recalls when her teacher walked in and turned on the news - the face of the firefighter she saw is permanently etched in her brain. She remembers who was sitting next to her and what she was wearing. This scenario describes what phenomenon?

flashbulb memory

Michael is able to remember distinctly the first time he heard the news that Benazir Bhutto, Pakistan's former prime minister, was assassinated. This distinct memory for an important historical event is known as

flashbulb memory

Diego really wanted someone to help him carry a huge stack of folders from the office to his car. He decided to first ask a coworker if she could help him put the folders into boxes. When she agreed, he then asked her to help him carry the boxes to his car. Diego's strategy is an example of the _____ technique.

foot-in-the-door

Jasmine asks her friend for a small favor of watering her plants while she is gone for the weekend. After her friend agrees to this request, Jasmine asks the friend if she would also feed and walk her dog while she is away. Jasmine is using:

foot-in-the-door technique.

Davina attends school regularly and has made great strides in her understanding of material in her science classes. Being able to reason more like a mature adult, Davina is in which of Piaget's developmental stages?

formal operational

G. Stanley Hall

founded 1st psych lab in America & wrote 1st American journal of psychology

Hall

founded the first psychological lab in America

Wilhem Wundt

founder of Psychology, applied laboratory techniques to the study of the mind. structuralism.

William James

founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment

William James

founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; wrote first psychology textbook - The Principles of Psychology

Sigmund Freud

founder of psychoanalysis

Which of the following techniques are associated with psychoanalysis?

free association

Of the cortical areas, this portion plays a significant role in regulating social interactions, and allows us to live in a civilized society.

frontal lobe

Regulating social behavior, attention/concentration, executive functions

frontal lobe

In a classic case study Phineas Gage became emotionally labile and unable to restrain his impulsive behaviors after a severe head injury. Much of his brain damage occurred in his:

frontal lobes

This type of amnesia occurs without presence of an underlying impact to the brain, often in response to experiencing some traumatic stressors.

functional amnesia

Which of the following is NOT a form of biological treatment for a person suffering from depression?

functional magnetic resonance imaging

Serena is a participant in a selective listening experiment where she is asked to immediately repeat the words coming into her left ear and ignore the words coming into her right ear. When thinking about what she heard in her right ear, Serena will BEST identify the:

gender of the speaker.

Scientists do not believe that instrumental learning is simply a stimulus-response pattern. Instead, reinforcers are said to lead to behavior that is ____ or influenced by the current value of its associated goal

goal-directed

Chase is a baby with a slow-to-warm-up temperament. When his parents take him to a new environment (e.g. a new friend's house), they let him have time to adjust and don't force him to interact too quickly. This match between Chase's temperament and his environment is called __________.

goodness of fit

If people have a tendency toward a particular view on some issue, and then discuss the issue with others who have the same tendency, they will eventually be likely to adopt a more extreme view in the same direction as their initial tendency. This phenomenon is referred to as:

group polarization.

According to researcher Carol Dweck, when children believe that their intelligence is changeable and evolving, they experience a(n) ________ mindset. She notes that this mindset is healthier than other beliefs about one's own intelligence.

growth

Unlike other psychological perspectives, humanism focuses on _____

growth and control

Group polarization is LEAST likely to occur when group members:

have to work together to solve a problem that effects all members.

Unlike clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists help people who are _______

having difficulty adjusting to new circumstances.

A college freshman using the self-serving attributional bias would probably explain to his mother that he got an "A" in German because _____ and that he got a "D" in calculus because _____.

he has a talent for learning languages; his calculus teacher hates him

Teagan tends to overgeneralize grammatical rules, for example by saying "swimmed" for the past tense of swim and "sheeps" for the plural of sheep. This tendency is evidence that:

he has learned the rules and apply them even where adults use exceptions to the rule.

Hermann von Helmhots studied physiology of vision and hearing. Given the physical nature of his work, why is he considered important to the development of psychology as a discipline

he noted that the mind could be measured using scientific methods

Cognitive strategies that simplify decision-making by using mental short cuts are called __________. They are sometimes referred to as "rules of thumb."

heuristics

Scores that are widely spread apart have a -----

high standard deviation

The _ is a subcortical structure which plays a primary role in consolidating new information into long-term memory stores.

hippocampus

MTV recently declared Tom Hiddleston the sexiest man alive. According to evolutionary psychology, this is likely because:

his highly masculine and symmetrical face signals that he is healthy and well-suited to his environment.

The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system work in tandem with the goal of obtaining

homeostasis

According to Piaget, the developmental processes that explain children's cognitive development are measured by:

how children reason, with fundamental changes tin thinking occurring in each stage

Charles Darwin's great contribution was the theory of ______

how evolution works (natural selection)

developmental psychology

how people develop and change overtime

Psychology is best defines as the scientific study of

human thought and behavior

Positive psychology is a modern form of which school of thought?

humanism

Abraham Maslow

humanistic psychologist who developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth (like Pavlov's dog)

Carl Rogers

humanistic psychology; client-centered therapy; unconditional positive regard

One of the best ways to answer questions associated with the nature-nurture debate is to complete twin studies, especially with _ twins

identical

A major accomplishment during the germinal stage is _ when the zygote becomes attached to the uterine wall

implantation

An accomplished pianist plays a Mozart sonata effortlessly, yet she cannot verbally describe all of the muscle movements she makes while playing the sonata. Evidently, her skill of playing the sonata takes the form of a(n) _____ memory.

implicit

If there is more than one author in an article you are citing in a paper, you should use "and" if the citation is ___________ and "&" if the citation is _____________.

in text; parenthetical

Based on studies done on pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility, in which situation would an individual be LEAST likely to come to the aid of a victim?

in the food court of the busy shopping mall

Information is transmitted along the axon:

in the form of a brief electrical impulse.

Gossip, which makes up about 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining _ and _ and in regulating the social world.

in-groups and outgroups

Reflexes

inborn and involuntary behaviors--such as coughing, swallowing, sneezing, or vomiting--that are elicited by very specific stimuli.

Imagine a person has the ability to pull a lever that will direct a speeding train onto one of two tracks. Unfortunately, their best friend is tied to one of the tracks and their sibling is tied to the other. Which of the following would best explain people's widespread desire to choose to save a sibling?

inclusive fitness

In research whether sugar causes hyperactivity, researchers randomly assign children to receive no sugar, small amounts of sugar, or larger amount of sugar. They then observe and code activity levels. In this case, the sugar level is the ____.

independent variable

Using an experimental research design, researchers manipulate the ____ variable and measure the ____ variable.

independent, dependent

Using an experimental research design, researchers manipulate the ________ variable and measure the ________ variable.

independent, dependent

According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, pronouns like "I", "me", and "my" are used more often in _ cultures.

individualistic

According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, pronouns like "I", "me", and "my" are used more often in _______________ cultures.

individualistic

Steph gets stung by a bee. He notices that the sting is not very painful and concludes that stings from wasps, bees, and other insects do not hurt. This is an example of:

inductive reasoning

drawing general conclusions from specific observations is ______

inductive reasoning

Research results do not prove hypotheses because

inductive reasoning is based on probabilities, not proof

Howard wakes up and finds his roommate asleep on his psychology textbook with multiple cans of energy drinks around him. Howard's first thought is, "Charles must have a test today." Howard's thinking is BEST explained as:

inductive reasoning.

The rate of cerebral growth is the largest in which time period:

infancy

The strange-situation test developed by Mary Ainsworth is used to assess:

infant attachment.

The sample allows us make ____________ about the population?

inferences

Neural Pathways

information highways of the brain

____________ is important to obtain before starting a research study to ensure people know they are involved in the study, what will happen in the study, and understand they can choose to stop participating at any time.

informed consent

Kira shows little intimacy and doesn't want any kind of commitment in her relationship. Which attachment style could this be classed as?

insecure avoidant

Which of the following best describes the difference between structuralism and functionalism

interested in what the mind is and interested in what the mind does

The degree to which a study allows unambiguous causal inferences has ________. A.) internal validity B)external validity C)ecological validity D)publishing potential

internal validity

If you touched a sharp object, ___ in the spinal cord would you receive pain information from sensory neurons in your fingers and communicate it to motor neurons in the muscles of your arm so that you could pull your hand away.

interneurons

Some might say that women have a preference for taller men. Their preference for tall males puts pressure on mate selection. As a consequence, the evolution of mate qualities changes because of women's preference and the average height of males has increased with time. While this is not scientifically proven, what concept would this be an example of if it were true?

intersexual selection

Gary and Cole both see Ashley across the department store. They both find Ashley attractive so they decide to arm wrestle for the chance to talk to her. The winner will hopefully be able to ask her on a date. Gary and Cole's behavior is an example of the first process of sexual selection also known as what?

intrasexual competition

Gary and Cole both see Ashley from across the department store. They both find Ashley attractive so they decide to arm wrestle for the chance to talk to her. The winner will hopefully be able to ask her on a date. Gary and Cole's behavior is an example of the first process of sexual selection known as what?

intrasexual competition

When you are asked to describe in as much detail as you can what are you experiencing, you are being asked to ____

introspect

Early psychologists studied the mind by asking people to describe what they were experiencing when exposed to various stimuli. This procedure was known as

introspection

Emilio has taught himself to savor each bite of his meals. He closes his eyes, focuses intensely on the flavors of his food, and maximizes his enjoyment of every bite. His ability to focus intently on the sensation and perception of taste is similar to Wilhelm Wundt's procedure of ______________

introspection

Emilio has taught himself to savor each bite of his meals. He closes his eyes, focuses intensely on the flavors of his food, and maximizes his enjoyment of every bite. His ability to focus intently on the sensation and perception of taste is similar to Wilhelm Wundts procedure of

introspection

Behavior measures

involve the systematic observations of people's actions either in their normal environment (that is, naturalistic observations) or in a laboratory setting.

Null-hypothesis significance testing

is a way to determine the probability that the pattern of results in the data would have been found if there was really no relationship between the variables

When determining what measure to use, researchers often assess a measure's validity. Validity is when a measure:

is able to predict theoretical outcomes

When a neuron fires, the size of the signal produced:

is always constant

Reticular Formation

is involved in falling asleep and waking up is located in both the hindbrain and midbrain

The Central Nervous System is:

is made up of the spinal cord and brain

An independent variable is one that _____________ ?

is manipulated

An infant's ability to distinguish between two very similar sounds that represent different phonemes in a language other than the infant's own:

is present in early infancy but deteriorates as the infant grows older.

Selective listening is important to humans because:

it allows us to attend to important stimuli while filtering out distractions.

Which of the following is the best statement regarding the relationship between different forms of validity in psychology research

it is difficult to achieve high levels of both internal and external validity in the same research study

The feature that makes a test "objective" is:

it is scored objectively

Confidentiality requires that:

it will. be impossible to correlate data to individuals

In a journal article reference, the name of the journal is __________?

italicized

Corpus Callosum

large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

Typically, the hypothesis is located in the _______ paragraph of the _______?

last; introduction

A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience is called

learning

A behaviorist might study _____

learning through conditioning.

The _ cerebral hemisphere plays a primary role in processing language, while the _ cerebral hemisphere plays a primary role in processing visual-spatial information.

left, right

That the same questions can be answered differently, by appealing to biological, cognitive, behavioral, or cultural mechanisms, is the essence of the idea of

levels of analysis

Gordon Allport and his colleagues' approach to personality led to the development of the five-factor model. Their approach, called the __________________, theorized that all important personality characteristics should be reflected in the language that we use to describe other people

lexical hypothesis

Caleb uses the words "sofa" "soda" and "dinner" instead of "couch" "soft drink" and "supper". This is called:

lexicon

Would the following statement be an example of a lexicon error, or an error of syntax? " there's not a snowball's chance in the arctic"

lexicon error

The ___ system includes the amygdala and hippocampus, and has been linked to memory and fear.

limbic

Amir's friend Joe cheated on a test and got caught. When retelling the events Amir said that Joe only did it because the test was unannounced, making it unfair and that normally Joe wouldn't even think about cheating. By framing Joe's cheating as an exception to normal behavior, Amir is exhibiting:

linguistic intergroup bias

Terminal buttons

little knobs at the end of the axon that contain tiny sacs of neurotransmitters.

With regards to language Dunbar argues that animals with larger brains, particularly humans, are more likely to _________.

live together in social groups

Different parts of the cortex are responsible for different functions. This is called cortical _____

localization

Phrenology is no longer an aspect of psychological science but it did teach us that:

localization of function is an important aspect of brain organization

Axon

long projection that extends from a neuron's soma; it transmits electrical impulses toward the adjacent neuron and stimulates the release of neurotransmitters.

Renée Baillargeon showed infants as young as 3-4 months a possible event (a solid screen obscuring a solid object) and an impossible event (a solid screen passing through a solid object). In contrast to Piaget's conclusion regarding the age at which physical principles are understood, Baillargeon's infants looked:

longer at the impossible than at the possible event.

Researchers studied language development in the same group of children every year over a five year period. This research design is called

longitudinal

Researchers studied language development in the same group of children every year over a five year period. This research design is called:

longitudinal

The kinds of precipitating experiences most strongly associated with depression are:

losses that cause a permanent change in the nature of the individual's life.

Louisa and Ray are evaluating the amount of recess time that should be given in the next school year at a new combined school for children from School A and School B. Louisa has a report that says over the last year children had no recess time at School A. Ray has a report that children had 60 minutes of research time each day. Due to anchoring, Louisa is likely to give a recommendation that is:

lower than Ray's

Stimulus Threshold

lowest stimulus intensity capable of eliciting a response

According to the social brain hypothesis, the human brain has evolved over many generations so that people can:

maintain larger ingroups

Parietal Lobes

make up the top and rear sections of the brain, play an important role in the sensation and perception of touch. The frontmost portion of the parietal lobes is the somatosensory cortex.

Incurring damage to the cochlea can cause more __________.

masking

Empirical methods are approaches that consist of which two components

measurement and observation

cue-dependent forgetting

memory failures occur because we do not have sufficient retrieval stimuli to access information that is stored in our long-term memory

Some people have amazing and elaborate memory processes that allow them to remember a large amount of information in a short amount of time. Often, these individuals are said to use ____, or elaborate scenes with discrete places, to help them encode and recall information at a rapid rate.

memory palaces

explicit memory

memory with awareness

Halaina is a participant in research being conducted by Wilhelm Wundt. In the study, she is asked to push a button as quickly as she can after she hears an audible tone. This study examines reaction time, or what Wundt might have called ________.

mental chronometry

Students who study for 7 hours over the course of a week will perform better than students who cram for 7 hours the night before the exam. The independent variable in this hypothesis is:

method of studying (spaced or crammed)

Students who study for 7 hours over the course of a week will perform better than students who cram for 7 hours the night before the exam. The independent variable in this hypothesis is:

method of studying (spaced or cramming)

Gene-by-environment interaction research

method of studying heritability by comparing genetic markers; allows researchers to assess how genetic differences interact with environment to produce certain behaviors in some people but not in others.

Different parts of the ___ control the eye muscles process auditory and visual information, and initiate voluntary movement of the body.

midbrain

Tabula rasa

mind begins as a blank slate

A memory error caused by exposure to incorrect data between the original event and a subsequent memory test of that event is called the __________ effect.

misinformation

In a study, researchers asked one group of participants to watch a video about two friends in an unpleasant argument. They asked another group of participants to watch the same video, but told them that it was a video of two friends enjoying a lively discussion. Afterwards, the researchers notice that participants who were told the discussion was an argument were more likely to falsely report that the people in the video were yelling, frowning, and angry. This is an example of:

misinformation effect

deception

misleading participants about the true purpose of a study or the events that will actually transpire

When we learn the rhyme "30 days hath September..." we are using ___ to memorize the number of days in each month

mnemonics

When we learn the rhyme "Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November...," we are using _____ to memorize the number of days in each month

mnemonics

In a research by Elizabeth Loftus and J. C. Palmer, participants viewed films depicting an auto accident and then were asked a question about the accident using either the word hit or the word smashed. The participants reported:

more broken glass when the question used smashed than when it used hit.

Social research shows that a person who is alone when they witness an emergency is _____ than a person who witnesses an emergency in the presence of others.

more likely to come to the victim's aid

The word tune would be an example of a:

morpheme

Mode

most frequently occurring score.

Which of the following sentences best describes current thinking on the nature nurture debate?

most psychological traits have a genetic component but nature also has the ability to change even supposedly "fixed" traits such as height

Whether or not a given has the possibility of causing harm to participants

must be determined by a review board established by the sponsoring instituion

Whether or not a given study has the possibility of causing harm to participants:

must be determined by a review board established by the sponsoring institution

This disorder is characterized by an exaggerated and grandiose sense of self-importance and worth.

narcissistic personality disorder

While survival is important, it is only important if it contributes to reproductive success. These differences in heritable attributes are also known as

natural selection

While survival is important, it is only important if it contributes to reproductive success. These differences in heritable attributes are also known as _____________.

natural selection

Which of the following research question would psychology James McKeen Cattell be most likely to have studied?

nature vs. nurture

If a baby was given up for adoption from an English-only speaking family and adopted by a Spanish speaking family you would expect the baby to learn to speak Spanish. If this happened it would offer insights into the _________ question of what leads to an individual's behavior.

nature-nurture question

if a baby were given up for adoption from an English-only speaking family and adopted by a Spanish speaking family, you would expect the baby to learn to speak Spanish, if this happened, it would offer insights into the _____ question of what leads to an individual's behavior

nature-nurture question

Clara is extremely hungry after having a 3 hour meeting. She wants food as quickly as possible but is unsure of where to eat. Because of her motivation to eat, she makes a quick decision to eat at the coffee shop a few buildings away. Her motivation to make a quick decision is an example of what concept?

need for closure

Sarah wants to go to the movies but doesnt wash the dishes like her mom asked. She isnt allowed to go to the movies now. If Sarah is less likely to forget to was the dishes in the future she has experienced..

negative punishment

Sara's shoes hurt her feet so she takes them off and immediately feels better. This behavior is an example of

negative reinforcement

A college is considering whether to put the English or the math department in a posh new building funded by an alumni billionaire. A group of English professors joke about the math faculty, saying that they are all alike—unsociable, unable to participate in a discussion of the arts, and boring. Their tendency to see members of the math department as different from themselves and very similar to one another in having such undesirable traits is an illustration of:

negative stereotyping of the other group.

When at rest, the inside of the neuron is ____ charged relative to the outside.

negatively

Motor Neuron

nerve cell that carries messages away from the central nervous system towards the muscles and glands; efferent neuron

Sensory Neuron

nerve cell that carries messages from sense receptors toward the central nervous system; afferent neuron

What is the term for an electrochemical signal that enables a neuron to communicate with other cells?

neural impulse

The process of developing new neurons is called ____

neurogenesis

Psychology Perspectives

neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psycho-dynamic, behavioral, cognitive, social-cultural

Kyle has a reputation for being very calm during an emergency. He copes very well with stress and is able to think clearly and make effective decisions. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Kyle likely score low in?

neuroticism

Dopamine

neurotransmitter that influences voluntary movement, attention, alertness; lack of dopamine linked with Parkinson's disease; too much is linked with schizophrenia

Norepinephrine

neurotransmitter that is involved in arousal and the fight-or-flight system (also mood, sleep, and learning)

The chemical signals that travel from one neuron to another, enabling them to communicate with one another are called:

neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters and their functions

neurotransmitters can be excitatory, increasing the likelihood of an action potential, or inhibitory, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential.

If your measurement scale is nominal or ordinal then you use _____ statistics. If you are using interval or ratio scales you use ______ statistics.

non-parametric; parametric??? maybe opposite

Hammond has just started working at a new job stacking items at the supermarket. He notices that most of his colleagues do stretching exercises before they begin their shift. Hammond assumes that this is a workplace regulation and also begins to do the stretching exercises. Which of the following concepts explains Hammond's behavior?

normative influence

If an individual is exhibiting behavior that seems odd to other people but that does not cause real distress or impairment of functioning, that person would:

not be classified as having a mental disorder according to the standards set by the American Psychiatric Association.

Research on selective listening shows that participants hearing two messages and shadowing one will:

notice only physical characteristics of the unattended message.

In null hypothesis significance testing, the __________ is a statement that two variables are not related. A)Correlation B)distribution C)null hypothesis D)alternative hypothesis

null hypothesis

Before transferring data to SPSS, you should replace responses in the form of words with what?

numbers

Eight-month old Jonathan was left by his mother at the baby-sitter's place. The minute his mother left and he could not see her, Jonathan started to cry. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development which concept would explain Jonathan's behavior?

object permanence

The fact that the psychologist administering a given personality test does not need to rely on judgment to classify or interpret the test-taker's response is the hallmark of a(n) __________ test.

objective

In a crowd of witnesses to an emergency, the individual bystander tends to:

observe other bystanders for cues as to the seriousness of the emergency.

The scientific method consists of ----

observing, predicting, testing, interpreting, communicating

A disturbing thought that intrudes repeatedly on a person's consciousness even though the person recognizes it as irrational is called a(n):

obsession

If you see a bird flying toward you this information is most likely processed in the:

occipital lobe

Processing and understanding visual information

occipital lobes

The response that the participants selected is called the _______ value and the score we want to change it to is called the ________ value when recoding items in SPSS.

old; new

Neurons are nerve cells made up of ___

one axon, multiple dendrites, and terminal buttons

Integrated system

one subsystem can replace another subsystem

What distinguishes science from pseudoscience

open sketicism

Hammond likes his daily routine that involves eating the same breakfast while reading the newspaper, and taking the same route to work. Every year he vacations at his favorite beach resort. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Hammond likely score low in?

openness

Wayne likes to travel to learn about new cultures. Whenever he returns from a trip he brings home a piece of art from that culture to add to his collection. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in?

openness

When a student answers a question in class, her professor responds "Thank you for your question" Students are subsequently more likely to ask questions in this class. This is an example of

operant conditioning

The __________ definition is the specific way in which a concept of interest is measured or manipulated as a variable in a study.

operational

schemas

organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled

A primary source is defined as ___________ ?

original materials, typically the first publication/presentation

After taking a 10 question pop quiz, John was confident that he got at least 9 questions correct. However, after grading he found that he actually only answered 6 questions correctly. John suffers from:

overconfidence

Which of the following means the same thing as "significance level?"

p-value

-- are used to describe populations and --- are used to describe samples

parameters; statistics

After exerting a large amount of effort, which nervous system works to regulate your energy resources?

parasympathetic

Processing and integrating sensory information

parietal lobes

Medulla

part of the brain nearest the spinal cord which controls vital functions such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

Cerrebellum

part of the brain that controls balance, movement, and coordination

Medulla

part of the hindbrain the extends from the spinal cord. It regulates breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also is involved in various kinds of reflexes, such as coughing, swallowing, sneezing, and vomiting.

Sympathetic

part of the nervous system that prepares the body for fight or flight

The ________ component of love is comprised of physiological and emotional arousal. It can include physical attraction, emotional responses that promote physiological changes, and sexual arousal.

passion

When trying to remember a list of words, a person may choose a word to which they "hang" their memories on. This type of mnemonic device is called the ___________ __________ technique.

peg word

An advantage of self-report questionnaires is that they are easy to administer to large numbers of participants. A disadvantage of questionnaires is that ____

people do not always accurately report their true thoughts or feelings.

In Loftus and Palmer's classic 1974 experiment, participants answered questions about a motor vehicle accident. The central findings of the experiment revealed that:

people who answered questions that implied that the vehicles were traveling at a faster rate (how fast were cars going when they smashed into each other?) gave high speed estimates.

The main difference between a clinical and counseling psychologist is that counseling psychologists treat --

people with less severe psychological disorders

According to the Pygmalion in the classroom effect, when teachers were led to believe that a randomly selected group of students would perform better than others, the students:

performed better because the teachers offered them more attention, challenge, and warmth.

During a political debate, one candidate continually avoids questions about the details of his policies. Instead, he focuses on pointing out problems that he know worry people and reassures them with a warm smile that they will be "in good hands" if he is elected. This candidate is using the ________ route to persuasion in trying to garner votes.

peripheral

Dalton (age 4) and his parents go to a restaurant and Dalton flings food at the waiter. Dalton's parents see the disruptive incident and apologize to the waiter, but do not punish him. Which of Baumrind's parenting styles are Dalton's parents utilizing?

permissive

Marietta is studying for a psychology test and is working with flashcards that she made. One of them says the following: "This is a person's characteristic manner of thinking, feeling, behaving, and relating to others." What word will she find when she flips the card over?

personality

A relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way is the definition of a:

personality trait.

Darwin believed that natural selection determined our physical traits. Evolutionary psychologists believe that natural selection determines our _____

personality traits

Social psychologists are often interested in the phenomena of _________, in which one person influences the thoughts or actions of another.

persuasion

A sentence in any language can be described as a four-level hierarchy with the whole sentence at the top and _____ at the bottom.

phonemes

A __________ involves giving a selection of normally small pictures of faces to eyewitnesses for the purpose of identifying a perpetrator.

photo spread

Some developmental researchers have argued that adult romantic love can be understood in terms of infant attachment in part because both involve:

physical affection and feelings of security in each other's presence.

A war veteran had his corpus callosum cut. If asked to stare at a spot on a screen, what do you predict will happen is a picture of an object was show to the left of the spot? The patient could _____.

pick the object out of a group of hidden objects using his left hand, but cannot identify it verbally.

By the eighteenth century, mentally ill individuals were:

placed in hospitals and asylums.

Serotonin

plays a role in a wide range of behaviors, including dreaming and controlling emotional states such as anger, anxiety, and depression. People who are generally anxious and/or depressed often have low levels of serotonin.

A larger group of individuals to whom we would like to generalize our research findings is called a

population

Difficulties processing visual information are most likely to occur with vascular damage in the _ cerebral artery

posterior

After being sexually assaulted by another athlete at her gym, Heather has become less focused during school, loses sleep due to nightmares of her experience, and has avoided going to gymnastics practice. After receiving help from a counselor, what is Heather's diagnosis most likely to be?

posttraumatic stress disorder

Rosencrantz is flipping a coin and bets Guildenstern that, because the coin has landed on heads the last 92 times, it will land on heads on the 93rd flip. This is an example of _____ bias.

predictable-world

The part of the brain that sustains significant growth and development during adolescence is the:

prefrontal cortex

Adam is upset that his twin brother Ryan has two pieces of pie while he only has one. His Mom rightly states that it's the same amount of pie it's just that Ryan's piece fell apart into two pieces as it was transferred onto the plate. Still not satisfied, Adam begins to throw a temper tantrum. In a moment of desperation, Adam's Mom cuts his piece in half saying: "There, Adam, now you have two pieces!" This worked. Adam is now happy. What Piagetian Stage is Adam in?

preoperational

Frontal Lobes

primary motor cortex descending from the top of the head toward the center of the brain, Carries out many important functions, including attention, holding things in mind while we solve problems, planning abstract thiking, control of impulses, creativity, and social awareness

Dianne is learning to play tennis. She is quite an accomplished badminton player. She is having a difficult time adjusting her stroke to account for the weight of the racquet and ball in tennis. This is an example of:

proactive interference

reconstruction

process of assembling information from stored knowledge when a clear or coherent memory of specific events does not exist

Imagine that you are trying to teach your friend a new language. In order to make sure they are learning the vocabulary, you have them write down, from memory, every word they can think of that has to do with clothes (i.e., you have them write down words like dress, pants, shoes, shorts, t-shirt, etc.). This type of memory performance is referred to as:

production test

An individual who is unconsciously greedy feels that it is others who are greedy. This pattern reflects the defense mechanism of:

projection.

a retrieval cue

prompt that help us remember. When we make a new memory, we include certain information about the situation that act as triggers to access the memory

The movement of the action potential down the length of the axon is called ___.

propagation

Meta-analysis

provides a way of statistically combining the results of individual research studies to reach an overall conclusion

Collin and Valencia are both first-year college students, and they live in the same dormitory. They see each other several times a day, and have begun having romantic feelings toward each other. The factor of physical nearness that predicts their attraction to each other is called ________.

proximityproximity

Phrenology

pseudoscience claiming bumps on the skull could reveal mental abilities and character traits - lead to interest in cortical localization/localization of functions

Isaiah is still young but has lied to his mom that he stole cookies from the kitchen. Isaiah feels guilty which leads him to tell the truth and apologize to his mom. Isaiah's guilt is one example of how mechanisms of the mind can help solve specific problems to help survival. What is the concept associated with this example?

psychological adaptations

Darla is a student studying the relationship between physical stimuli and peoples' perceptions of those stimuli. In which academic area is Darla earning her degree?

psychophysics

Negative Punishment

punishment by removal of a pleasant stimulus (take away something you like)

Explicit Learning

purposely trying to learn something

You want to study the effects of gender on math achievement. However, you know that you cannot randomly assign some people to male and others to be female, so you cannot have a true experiment. In this scenario, what type of research design would you use?

quasi-experiment

In a(n) _____, responses are limited to the choices given.

questionnaire

Betty decided to conduct an experiment on the effectiveness of a new anti-anxiety pill. She decided that participants who had been diagnosed with anxiety would be in the treatment group and participants who had never been treated for anxiety would be the control group. Which aspect of proper research design did Betty ignore?

random assignment

In contrast to other kinds of research designs, a true experimental design must have two things:

random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable.

When people are asked to rate one of their own personality traits, they tend to:

rate themselves higher on the trait compared to others

Although Greg was raised to believe that using drugs is wrong, his friends convinced him to smoke marijuana last Saturday night. In order to feel better about the incident, Greg told himself that it really wasn't a drug, but a natural plant, and that human beings have been smoking tobacco plants for centuries. Greg is using the defense mechanism known as _____ in order to alleviate his anxiety.

rationalization

Which of the following is the most important aspect of a child's ability to develop depth perception (demonstrated by the fact that the absence of this factor can lead to depth perception problems later in life)?

receiving patterned light

Tracy enters a car dealership interested in buying a new car. Immediately she is greeted by a salesman offering her water or soda and a cookie. The salesman is likely relying on what social norm to help persuade Tracy to buy a car?

reciprocity

Which trick to persuasion can be loosely summarized by the saying, "If you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours?"

reciprocity

A co-worker buys Fernando an extravagant gift. Fernando feels compelled to return the favor. What aspect of compliance best describes Fernando's behavior?

reciprocity norm

Cues that work best to evoke retrieval are those that recreate the event or name to be remembered and sometimes the target itself. However, sometimes these cues do not work and people are unsuccessful in identifying the correct answer. For example, if I am trying to cue someone to think of their home-phone, I might give the cue "phone". However, this could also prompt the individual to recall words like work-phone or cell-phone, thus failing to recall home-phone. Which phenomenon describes this failure?

recognition failure of recallable words

Hindbrain

region of the brain which includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla; connects brain to spinal cord; responsible for involuntary processes: blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate, breathing, sleep cycles

Serotonine

regulates sleep, dreaming, mood, pain,aggression, appetite, and sexual behavior

Parasympathetic nervous system

relaxes or returns the body to a less active, restful state. Main function is to control actions that restore the body.

Sex Glands (ovaries and testes)

release sex hormones that lead to development of sex characteristics (such as body hair and breast development), sex drive, and other aspects of sexual maturation.

When asking about the ____________ of manipulated variables, one should ask whether the way the manipulation was designed would allow for consistency across participants?

reliability

episodic memory

remembering what you did on your 18th birthday, or what you had for dinner last night

The testing effect refers to

repeated self-testing as a way to enhance retention of information

Replication

repetition of a study to confirm the results

A ___ sample is a research sample that accurately reflects the population of people one is studying.

representative

Fitness in evolutionary psychology refers to:

reproductive success

Naturalistic Observation

researcher observes and record behavior in the real world

Positive Punishment

response followed by an unpleasant stimulus

Experimenter expectancy effects

result that occurs when the behavior of the participants is influences by the experimenter's knowledge of who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group.

When we use the term "remembering" in day to day life, we are making reference to the memory process:

retrieval

_____ involves recovering the stored information so that we are consciously aware of it.

retrieval

Conrad only studied the info from the quiz he had taken earlier for the unit exam, resulting in him missing a lot of questions. This phenomena is called:

retrieval inhibition

In order for chunking to work

retrieval of meaningful long-term memory information is often necessary.

If new experiences disrupt recall of old experiences, this is referred to as:

retroactive interference

If new experiences disrupt recall of old experiences, this is referred to as:

retroactive interference.

The human eye contains more ____ than ____ photoreceptors.

rods/cones

Researchers use -- in their research to generalize findings to and make claims about a larger --

samples; populations

When exposed to adults who say one thing and do another, children will tend to...

say the same things and do what they observe the adults doing

A(n) __________ is a memory template that is formed through repeated exposure to a particular class of objects or events.

schema

Because people suffering from ego-syntonic personality disorders are comfortable with their selves, they rarely seek treatment for their conditions. Which of the following is one such condition?

schizoid personality disorder

The disorder that accounts for a higher percentage of the in-patient population of mental hospitals than any other diagnostic category is:

schizophrenia

An example of an operational definition for anxiety is a:

score on a anxiety questionnaire

An example of an operational definition for anxiety is a:

score on an anxiety questionnaire

A ____________ source interprets and reports on primary sources.

secondary

Angelina, a 1-year-old child, is placed in an unfamiliar room containing a variety of toys. She confidently explores the room when her mother is present, becomes upset and plays less when left alone, then eagerly goes to the mother upon her return. By this test Angelina's attachment to her mother would be classified as:

secure

The vast majority of children are classified as _______ attached.

securely

According to Robert Sternberg's theory, love is comprised of three different components. Which of the following is not one of them?

security

Bob participates in a Psychology experiment. When he arrives for his appointment, the researchers tell him that he will listen to two different stories through a pair of headphones. These stories will be played at the same time, but Bob is told only to listen to the story that he hears through his right earpiece. What experimental task did the researchers ask Bob to do?

selective listening

A ____ is a statement that affects events to cause the prediction to come true.

self-fulfilling prophesy

Bryan is chatting with a friend and tells the friend that the capital of China is Beijing, but in the past had been called Peking. His friend remembers that this is fascinating, and asks when Bryan learned that. Bryan thinks for a moment and then says, "I don't really know". The information about Beijing/Peking was likely to be retrieved from Bryan's"

semantic memory

Bryan is chatting with a friend and tells the friend that the capital of china is beijing, but in the past had been peking. His friend remarks that is fascinating, and asks when Bryan learned that. Bryan thinks for a moment and then says, "I don't really know." The information about Beijing/Peking was likely retrieved from Bryan's:

semantic memory

According to Piaget, a child who is in the __________ stage of cognitive development would fail a task of object permanence.

sensorimotor

Which skill set is most developed at birth

sensory skills

According to Probabilistic Epigenesis, our underlying genotype:

sets a general range within which our skills may fall

ose is currently undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which is now administered in a way that is painless and safe. Jose is most likely using ECT to treat his _____ that has not responded to other therapies.

severe depression

Which of the following best explains the difference between sex and gender?

sex is biological and gender refers to social associations regarding masculinity and femininity

Which of the following might be an evolutionary explanation of why humor exists in humans?

sexual selection: potential mates would likely be attracted to humor

Working memory

short term memory

Left hemisphere

side of brain that specializes in calculations, logic, language processing such as reading and speech

Right hemisphere

side of brain that specializes in nonverbal emotional expression and visual spatial tasks

A _ is a mental representation of an event, object, or situation constructed at the time of comprehending a linguistic description.

situational model

Procedural Memory

skills and habits; such as your grandmother remembering how to ride a bike when she hasn't ridden on one in over 15 years

Graded potentials

small changes in membrane potential that by themselves are insufficient to trigger an action potential.

Amygdala

small, almond-shaped structure located directly in front of the hippocampus; has connections with many important brain regions and is important for processing emotional information especially that related to fear.

Midbrain

smallest region of the brain that acts as a sort of relay station for auditory and visual information; eye and body movement contains a large number of dopamine-producing neurons; associated with Parkinson's

The development of _________ has provided a new level of advantage for gathering information from research participants at specific times, often randomly selected, throughout a given day.

smartphone's

The development of --- has provided a new level of advantage for gathering information from research participants at specific times, often randomly selected throughout a given day

smartphones

The development of _________ has provided a new level of advantage for gathering information from research participants at specific times, often randomly selected, throughout a given day.

smartphones

The ___ sciences study humans as individuals, groups, and collectively. It includes psychology, sociology, and anthropology.

social

The _ hypothesis suggests that humans have developed larger brains in order to better maintain large in-groups

social brain

The ___________hypothesis suggests that humans have developed larger brains in order to better maintain large in-groups.

social brain

Self-report questionnaires are subject to which of the following biases?

social desirability

During his early work, social psychologist Normal Triplett noted that cyclists were faster in races against other riders than they were when they were racing alone against a clock. This lead to his concept of __________.

social facilitation

Jimmy, a professional basketball player, usually plays in small, empty stadiums. However, Jimmy played better at his last game that was held in a larger, crowded stadium. This would be referred to as:

social facilitation.

The tendency for an individual to exert less effort in a team situation in which all team members receive the same outcome (for example, a grade or a bonus) is referred to as:

social loafing.

When Helen, Tom, and Mary each sing solo, they try their best to sing loud, expressively, and in perfect tune. However, when Helen, Tom, and Mary sing as a group, they do not try as hard, which lowers their overall performance. Helen, Tom, and Mary's behavior when singing as a group is an example of:

social loafing.

What does information travel and spread through when people exchange their gossip?

social networks

Mark Leary's theory of self-esteem is referred to as the _____ theory because it proposes that self-esteem acts as a person's gauge, at any given time, of the degree to which she/he is likely to be accepted or rejected by others.

sociometer

Hypothesis

specific, informed, and testable prediction of what kind of outcome should occur under a particular condition.

The function of the myelin sheath

speed up the transmission of action potentials along the axon

According to the cognitive behavioral theory of depression, depression-prone individuals tend to attribute their negative experiences to causes that are:

stable and global.

According to Piaget, cognitive development occurs through a fixed sequence of ______, each distinguished from the prior one by ____________.

stages; the type of scheme that is most prominent

Correlation Coefficient

statistic that ranges from -1.0 to + 1.0 and assesses the strength and direction of association between two variables.

The types of cells which have been theorized as potential ways to treat traumatic brain injuries are:

stem cells

Penny raises her hand when she wants to speak in class, but she does not need to do that at home. This is because at school her operant behavior is under ____ control

stimulus

Buffy was petting her cat when she heard a loud clattering from an upstairs room. She became very startled. Now, she feels a bit fearful when she touches anything furry. This process would be referred to in behavioral terms as

stimulus generalization

When you were 10 years old, you were REALLY into Pokémon. You knew all the characters, their families, and their evolutionary history. However, you quit playing Pokémon when you got to junior high because your friends made fun of you. Now, you can still remember some of the characters, but you can't remember all the details. This is an example of:

storage decay

Evolutionary Perspective

stress natural selection adaptation and evolution of behavior and mental process, natural selection favors behaviors that enhance an organisms reproductive success

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the notion that the language a person speaks or the linguistic practice can:

strongly influence the thoughts that they can have

Describe the difference between structuralism and functionalism

structuralism's what the mind is and functionalism is what the mind does

Cottell

studied the assessment of individual differences

Hermon von Helmholtz

studied the psychology of hearing and vision; important to development of psychology as a discipline because he noted that the mind could be measured by using scientific methods

double-blind studies

studies in which neither the participants nor the researchers administering the treatment know who has been assigned to the experimental or control group.

Single-Blind studies

studies in which participants do not know the experimental condition (group) to which they have been assigned.

Correlation Designs

studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another; not designed to show causation. Useful when the variables cannot be manipulated--that is, controlled by the experimenter.

clinical psychology

studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

Which of the following are drawbacks of naturalistic observation?

study conditions cannot be controlled. cause and effect relationships cannot be demonstrated.

Rick has been working hard to make the Dean's list this semester. At midterms he finds he has two exams on the same day. He studies for both exams the night before. If Rick wants to minimize the amount of retroactive interference he should:

study for the afternoon exam first, then the morning exam

Behaviorism

study of behavior

social psychology

study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Cognitive Psychology

study of mental processes

Psychoanalytic

study of the unconscious includes childhood and aggression issues; freud

When researchers collect in the moment self report data directly from participants as they go about their daily lives they are

studying daily experiences

When researchers collect in-the-moment (or, close-to-the-moment) self-report data directly from participants as they go about their daily lives they are:

studying daily experiences

Dr. Fikshunal is interested in how our bodies respond to being excluded from a group. Therefore, she decides to monitor the heart rate and cortisol levels of participants as they engage in their environment and indicate experiences when they felt ostracized. In this scenario, Dr. Fikshunal is:

studying daily physiology

Imagine that researchers were interested in learning about public support for gay marriage. If the researchers analyzed Facebook posts regarding the acceptance or rejection of homosexuality (via opinions in status updates, article posts, or groups they officially like), they would be:

studying online behavior

Placebo

substance or treatment that appears identical to the actual treatment but lacks the active substance.

The behavioral perspective

suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study.

For your senior project, you want to learn more about the effect of brain damage on an individuals ability to learn a new language. You dont really have the time or resources to observe or interview and talk to people with brain damage. Ethically, you cant manipulate the independent variable/ You need something that is quick and easy so you can turn your project in on time. Based on what you know about different research methods and designs, which approach to research would you use?

survey

Given the current debates about health care and gun control, you are interested to know about people's political views. You decide to go to the mall and ask people their political affiliation as they walk by. This is an example of what type of research approach?

survey

A series of explicitly stated premises that must be related to one another in order to evaluate a specific conclusion is called a _____, and is a conclusion based on those premises is reached through _____ reasoning.

syllogism; deductive

This nervous system activates the "fight or flight" response:

sympathetic nervous system

The main function of the ____ nervous system is to activate the body. It is part of the ___ nervous system.

sympathetic/autonomic

Limbic System

symstem that Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus and hypothalamus. Associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and regulates hunger thirst, sexual behaviour; formation of memories

Kai has now learned that the past principle of "run" is "ran", and no longer incorrectly says "ruined". In which area of language development is he progressing here?

syntactic

The grammatical rules that dictate the proper method for combining words and expressions together for the purpose of communication is called ________.

syntax

Negative reinforcer

taking away something that you don't like causes a response to icrease

Processing and understanding language

temporal lobes

Action potentials trigger the release of neurotransmitters when they reach the __

terminal button

Evidence reveals a correlation between the number of hours toddlers spend watching television and their level of hyperactivity in later childhood. What does this definitively indicate?

that there is a relationship between television viewing and hyperactivity

Which doctoral degree in psychology was first introduced in 1973, and places a greater emphasis on clinical training and practice as opposed to the development of scientific research skills?

the Scholar- Practitioner model

Structuralism

the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind (what the mind is)

Confidentiality

the assurance that messages and information are available only to those who are authorized to view them

A presidential candidate states that the opposition "does not have the presidential look", rather than discuss other qualifications. Which psychological principle is this candidate tapping into in an attempt to sway voters?

the attractiveness halo effect

A prototype is:

the average member of a category.

Empiricism

the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation

Ethnocentric Perspective

the belief that one culture is better than another - uses own culture as 'standard'

Endocrine system

the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream that regulate growth, development, and homeostasis,

Neuroplasticity

the brain's ability to adopt new functions, reorganize itself, or make new neural connections throughout life, as a function of experience.

Structural Plasticity

the brain's ability to change its physical structure in response to learning, active practice, or environmental stimulation

Functional Plasticity

the brain's ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain areas

Experimental

the branch of psychology that uses experimental methods to study psychological issues

The heavily myelinated fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres are collectively called the:

the corpus callosum

The thoroughly studied case of Genie, who was language deprived for the first 13 years of her life, is an example of:

the critical period in language development.

Research on flashbulb memories indicates that

the details of these memories are not very accurate

Neurogenesis

the development of neurons

Resting Potential

the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the axon when the neuron is as rest.

Heritability

the extent to which a characteristic is influences by genetics.

Synaptogenesis

the formation of entirely new synapses or connections with other neurons.

Cerebral Cortex

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center

Memory

the mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information.

Charles shops at an upscale clothing store. He has been three times this month and each time has noticed a sweater. Today, he goes in and finds that he likes this sweater more than he did the first time he saw it. He decides to buy it. What explains Charles's increased preference for this sweater?

the mere exposure effect

Thomas has been married for a long time. One day, he notices that features he once perceived as flaws have now become endearing: the gap between his spouse's teeth, the funny gait, the pair of crooked ears... Thinking back on his General Psychology class, Thomas attributes this change to:

the mere exposure effect

Random Assignment

the method used to assign participants to different research conditions guarantees that each person has the same chance of being in one groubp as another

Strokes are most likely to occur in which of the major cerebral arteries:

the middle cerebral artery

Median

the middle score, which separates the lower half of the scores from the upper half.

Mind-body dualism proposes that _____

the mind and body are separate.

Defense mechanisms refer to the idea that:

the mind operates to reduce one's consciousness of wishes, memories, and other thoughts that would threaten one's self-esteem or provoke insecurity or anxiety.

Dependent variable

the outcome, or response to the experimental manipulation. You can think of the independent variable at the "cause" and the dependent variable as the "effect"

CNS

the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

Spearman's basis for inferring the existence of g was:

the positive correlation among scores on all the mental tests in the battery of tests he administered.

Descriptive designs

the researcher makes no prediction and does not try to control any variables. She simply defines a problem of interest and describes as carefully as possible the variable of interest.

Experimental Study

the researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables

Every time you eat cotton candy you're reminded of time you went to a carnival with your best friend and ate cotton candy until you were sick. In this example, the cotton candy represents:

the retrieval cue

privacy

the right of people not to reveal information about themselves

Ethics

the rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general or in a specific situation, or, stated more simply, ethics are standards of right and wrong.

Ethnography

the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures.

behavioral genetics

the scientific study of the role of heredity in behavior

Which model of training in psychology, first established in Boulder, Colorado in 1949, emphasizes the development of both clinical and research skills during one's education?

the scientist practitioner model

Stimulus generalization is strongest when

the stimuli are very similar to each other

Psychophysics

the study of how people psychologically perceive physical stimuli such as light, sound waves, and touch. **First scientific form of psychology. It included laboratory studies of the subjective experience of physical sensations.

educational psychology

the study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the social psychology of schools, and the psychology of teaching

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if:

the type of encoding matches the type of retrieval task

Empiricism

the view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience **John Locke

Empiricism

the view that knowledge comes from experience via the senses

Some people retain their virginity because they believe it will make them more attractive to potential marriage partners. This idea is an example of __________.

the ways that cultural norms affect psychological adaptations

Which cliche most fully encompasses the beliefs of early Gestalt psychologists

the whole is more than the sum of its parts

If two sets of scores have the same mean, then -----

their vulnerabilities could be the same or they could be different

While a _______ is a group of closely related phenomena or observations, _______ is a logical idea that can be tested.

theory; hypothesis

Researchers find a correlation of +1.20 between coffee consumption and mental alertness. This indicates that:

there is a flaw in the computation of the correlation coefficient

Critical Thinking

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. Eliminates preconceptions and biases

The failure to retrieve a word from memory, combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent is known by psychologists as the _____________ effect.

tip-of-the-tongue

To search for articles we know are available in the library we should set the dropdown on the first line to ______________ and the second line to _________________ ?

title; author

The primary function of an axon is

to conduct electrical signals that help cells communicate

The primary function of an axon is:

to conduct electrical signals that help cells communicate

What is one reason why scientific psychologists follow a specific set of guidelines to help them make a decision when doing research

to ensure they protect research participants from potential harm

One reason for using random assignment is:

to help ensure that participant characteristics don't become confounding variables

Scholar-practioner model

training or knowledge applied to model (emphasizes clinical practices

Information can be held in short-term memory for about 20 seconds.

true

In order to determine causal effects between variables researchers use:

true experiments

Twins are especially valuable to intelligence researchers because:

twins can be compared to other pairs of individuals with different degrees of genetic relatedness to assess the relative contributions genetic and environmental variation make to variation in intelligence.

Human nervous system

two main parts central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

In perhaps the most famous study ever conducted in social psychology, approximately ______ of men studied were willing to administer a lethal shock of electricity to a helpless victim when they were ordered to do so by a person who appeared to be in a position of authority.

two-thirds

when a researcher concludes, based on data, that there is a relationship between two variables, but this is not really the case, the researcher has mad a/an

type I error

When a researcher does not find a relationship between two variables in their data but there is actually a relationship between these variables, the researcher has made a/an

type II error

When a researcher does not find a relationship between two variables in their data but there is actually a relationship between these variables, the researcher has made a/an ________

type II error

decay

type of forgetting that occurs when memories fade over time

Implicit memory

type of memory that you are not conscious of, such as reacting in a certain context without realizing why

Freud focused on such material as dreams, slips of the tongue, and patients' uncensored accounts of their thoughts because he believed that they reflected the:

unconscious mind relatively undisguised by consciousness.

Quantitative genetics looks at similarities among individuals, analyzing how biologically related they are. These studies are often done on all of the following EXCEPT which?

unrelated strangers

Scientist-practioner model

using research and applying it to our model (emphasizes research and clinical skills

Within the visual system, the _ stream works to identify what objects are, while the _ stream attempts to identify the location of objects.

ventral, dorsal

Channels or passages that will only open when certain electrical conditions are met are called ___ ___ channels.

voltage dependent

retroactive interference

when a person has difficulty recalling old information because of newly learned information.

According to eyewitness testimony research, which of the following increases the likelihood of indentifcation error

when the eye witnesses are asked to ID a perpetrator from a race other than their own

Levi met a cute girl walking from class. The girl gave him her number and he is trying to remember the digits until he can write it down. Levi is using what type of memory to remember the girl's phone number?

working memory

A perfect positive correlation:

would mean that every time Factor A occurred, Factor B also occurred

William James

wrote principles psychology study of consciousness should be studied as a continuous whole