TEST 4 (Chp 7, 8, 9)
FILL IN: The cerebellar deep nuclei such as the ________ communicate in a structured, map like fashion with the cerebral cortex.
Dentate Nucles
T/F: Procedural memories represent conscious retrieval of stored memories.
False
T/F: Two cytokines,interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor, appear to decrease slow wave sleep (SWS) in several species.
False
T/F: Ultradian rhythms have a period longer than 24 hours.
False
FILL IN: The terminal of a motor neuron positions itself on a section of the extrafusal muscle fiber known as the ________.
Motor end plate
FILL IN: The ______ detect excessive stretch in the muscle.
Muscle Spindles
FILL IN: The egg-laying echidna does not exhibit REM sleep but has a disproportionately large ________.
Prefrontal Cortex
FILL IN: The anterior corticospinal tract controls the muscles of ________.
The core or midline of the body
T/F: Non-REM sleep is composed of three distinct stages.
True
T/F: The activation-synthesis model of dreaming holds that dreams are storylines synthesized to interpret brain activity during sleep.
True
T/F: The adaptive theory of sleep holds that one purpose of sleep is to allow animals avoid predators.
True
FILL IN: Melatonin acts as an internal ________.
Zeitgeber
Children watching a cartoon with food commercials ate ___________ goldfish crackers than those watching the same cartoon without food commercials. a. 45% more b. the same amount of c. 90% more d. 90% less
a. 45% more
Children watching the cartoon with food advertisements ate _____ more goldfish crackers than those watching the cartoon without food advertisements. a. 45%. b. 10%. c. 85%. d. 25%.
a. 45%.
Children watching the cartoon with food advertisements ate _____ more goldfish crackers than those watching the cartoon without food advertisements. a. 45%. b. 25%. c. 85%. d. 10%.
a. 45%.
The ________ theory of sleep suggests that animals evolved different sleep durations that help them survive. a. Adaptive. b. Survival of the fittest. c. Activation synthesis. d. Homeostatic.
a. Adaptive.
________ is responsible for speech production. a. Broca's area. b. Wernicke's area. c. arcuate fasciculus d. posterior parietal cortex
a. Broca's area.
Which components of the brain constitute the area referred to as the striatum? a. Caudate and putamen. b. Basal ganglia and globus pallidus. c. Putamen and cingulate gyrus. d. Cerebrum and cerebellum.
a. Caudate and putamen.
________ are responses, such as the timing of our sleep and wake cycles, with distinct daily rhythms. a. Circadian rhythms b. Circular rhythms c. Biological clocks d. Timing circuits
a. Circadian rhythms
Rats given extended access to energy dense foods display ___________ compared to rats on a standard diet. a. Fewer dopamine DA2 receptors in the striatum b. More dopamine DA1 receptors in the striatum c. Fewer dopamine DA1 receptors in the striatum d. More dopamine DA2 receptors in the striatum
a. Fewer dopamine DA2 receptors in the striatum
________ are daily cycles are regulated by internal mechanisms. a. Free-running rhythms b. Instincts c. Zeitgebers d. Quotidian rhythms
a. Free-running rhythms
A population of neurons in the monkey ______ hypothalamus was shown to respond to the taste and sight of food, but not to the taste or sight of a nonfood substance. a. Lateral. b. Anterior. c. Paraventricular. d. Ventromedial.
a. Lateral.
Using Table 8.1, what dietary sources are a good source of iron and flavonoids, respectively? a. Lentils; dark chocolate. b. Red meat; turmeric. c. Oysters; wine. d. Eggs; cocoa.
a. Lentils; dark chocolate.
What would you expect to see in someone who is a trained athlete compared to someone who is a novice when they execute an athletic movement? a. More active lateral premotor cortex and less activity in the limbic areas. b. More active parietal cortex and more active basal ganglia. c. More active parietal cortex and less active limbic system. d. More active limbic system and less active parietal cortex.
a. More active lateral premotor cortex and less activity in the limbic areas.
________ is the net movement of fluid (e.g., water) through a semipermeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration. a. Osmosis b. Dialysis c. Hydrolysis d. Hydraulics
a. Osmosis
Which of the following best represents the order in which each part of the reflex arc responds during the common knee-strike performed by doctors to test a monosynaptic spinal reflex. a. Patellar tendon, quadricep muscle, α nerve fiber. b. Patellar tendon, α nerve fiber, quadriceps muscle. c. Quadricep muscle, α nerve fiber, patellar tendon. d. Quadricep muscle, patellar tendon, α nerve fiber.
a. Patellar tendon, quadricep muscle, α nerve fiber.
What is the correct order that light enters the body to control circadian rhythms? a. Retina; retinohypothalamic tract; suprachiasmatic nucleus. b. Retina; suprachiasmatic nucleus; retinohypothalamic tract. c. Suprachiasmatic nucleus; retinohypothalamic tract; visual cortex. d. Retinohypothalamic tract; suprachiasmatic nucleus; retina.
a. Retina; retinohypothalamic tract; suprachiasmatic nucleus.
This term refers to the difference between the amount of sleep you supposedly need and the amount of sleep you actually get. a. Sleep debt b. Net positive. c. Product. d. Surplus.
a. Sleep debt
The percentage of time that one is asleep while in bed is termed _______ and is negatively correlated with _________. a. Sleep efficiency; illness susceptibility. b. Sleep debt; profit margins. c. Sleep deficiency; stress hormone levels. d. Rest; insomnia.
a. Sleep efficiency; illness susceptibility.
During which stage of sleep would it likely be the most difficult to wake someone? a. Slow wave sleep (SWS). b. REM. c. Stage 2. d. Stage 1.
a. Slow wave sleep (SWS).
________ have been found to be less effective in individuals who have an interrupted night of sleep. a. Vaccines b. Antidepressants c. Stimulants d. Analgesics
a. Vaccines
When the anterior wall of the third ventricle of the brain was lesioned in goats or rats, they developed ________. a. adipsia b. anorexia c. paralysis d. bulimia
a. adipsia
Specific pressure receptors known as ___________ located in the cardiovascular system detect low blood volume. a. baroreceptors b. osmoreceptors c. hydroreceptors d. chemoreceptors
a. baroreceptors
The _________________ of the corticospinal tracts in the medulla explains why individuals who suffer a stroke one side of the brain experience paralysis on the opposite side of the body. a. decussation b. division c. descent d. duality
a. decussation
The ____________ roots of the spinal cord carry sensory, or afferent, information. a. dorsal b. ventral c. anterior d. posterior
a. dorsal
Regardless of whether a movement is voluntary or involuntary, motor responses require a(n) ____________ nerve to contract a muscle. a. efferent b. afferent c. proximal d. distal
a. efferent
__________ fibers contract to shorten a muscle. a. extrafusal b. intrafusal c. contrafusal d. fusiform
a. extrafusal
__________ fibers contract to shorten a muscle. Correct Answer a. extrafusal b. intrafusal c. contrafusal d. fusiform
a. extrafusal
In addition to high sugar diets, high ___________ diets appear to induce addiction-like deficits in brain reward functions in rats. a. fat b. alcohol c. fiber d. protein
a. fat
Low blood volume is also referred to as ________ a. hypovolemia b. hypotonic c. hyperosmotic d. hydrolysis
a. hypovolemia
Higher levels of ________ in the blood can lead decreased hunger. a. insulin b. serotonin c. melatonin d. dopamine
a. insulin
When you are playing piano you are relying on your ___________. a. lateral corticospinal tract b. anterior corticospinal tract c. angular gyrus d. arcuate fasciculus
a. lateral corticospinal tract
In a spatial task that required suppressing irrelevant information patients with bulimia exhibited ___________. a. less activation in the frontostriatal brain area b. enhanced task performance c. hyperactivity of the nigrostriatal pathway d. less distractibility
a. less activation in the frontostriatal brain area
Anorexia patients exhibit ___________. a. low CSF levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HT) b. higher CSF levels of insulin. c. higher blood levels of leptin d. higher CSF levels of serotonin metabolites
a. low CSF levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HT)
Adult subjects viewing snack food ads consumed ___________ than the subjects viewing non-snack food ads. a. more of both healthful and unhealthful foods b. more unhealthful foods but no difference in healthful foods c. more unhealthful foods and less healthful foods d. no more or less of both healthful and unhealthful foods
a. more of both healthful and unhealthful foods
Generally, activation of specific areas of the _________________ accompanies voluntary control of corresponding muscle groups in your body. a. motor cortex b. posterior parietal cortex c. parahippocampal cortex d. sensory
a. motor cortex
REM sleep has been shown to facilitate the consolidation of memories of how to perform a certain action, called ________ memories. a. procedural b. nonverbal c. verbal d. declarative
a. procedural
Police field sobriety rests often assess a driver's ________. a. proprioception b. monosynaptic spinal reflexes c. nigrostriatal function d. pain tolerance
a. proprioception
When hypovolemia is detected by the kidneys, the release the hormone ________ into the circulatory system. a. renin b. vasopressin c. aldosterone d. angiotensin II
a. renin
Anorexia patients exhibit different patterns of specific ________ receptors. a. serotonin b. glutamate c. leptin d. dopamine
a. serotonin
The cell bodies in the motor cortex are sometimes referred to as ________. a. upper motor neurons b. lower motor neurons c. supplemental motor neurons d. extrastriate motor neurons
a. upper motor neurons
Using the body mass index as a guide, which was a conclusion of a survey conducted on a representative sample of the U.S. population from 2009 to 2010? a. 66% of children and adolescents were either overweight or obese. b. 32% of children and adolescents were either overweight or obese. c. 66% of children and adolescents were overweight. d. 32% of children and adolescents were obese.
b. 32% of children and adolescents were either overweight or obese.
Meals eaten in the presence of others are ___________ on average than those consumed alone. a. 10% larger b. 44% larger c. 10% smaller d. about the same
b. 44% larger
________________ works in conjunction with NPY neurons to increase appetite and decrease energy expenditure when necessary. a. Leptin b. Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) c. Insulin d. The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
b. Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)
If you leaned forward to see something better on your computer screen, what motor system might be involved in allowing you to do this? a. Anterior cingulate gyrus. b. Anterior corticospinal tract. c. Anterior hypothalamus. d. Anterior cruciate ligament.
b. Anterior corticospinal tract
___________ is characterized by the behaviors of binging and purging. a. Major depression b. Bulimia nervosa c. Anorexia nervosa d. Dysphoria
b. Bulimia nervosa
The fibers of the corticospinal tract that cross over the midline at the medulla ___________. a. Cross back over at the level of the spinal cord b. Control movement of the distal limbs and digits c. Control movement of the core muscles along the midline of the body d. Control movement of the facial muscles
b. Control movement of the distal limbs and digits
________ is the omega (ω)-3 fatty acid that most commonly appears in the cell membranes of neurons. a. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) b. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) c. Alpha-linoleic acid (ALA) d. Lipoic acid (LA)
b. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
___________ deficiency does not explain obesity in most humans. a. Insulin b. Leptin c. Dopamine d. Serotonin
b. Leptin
Although light is the strongest external zeitgeber that entrains circadian rhythms, the hormone ________, secreted by the pineal gland, acts as an internal zeitgeber. a. Vitamin D. b. Melatonin. c. Gingko biloba. d. Corticosterone.
b. Melatonin.
The __________ is the synapse formed when the axon terminal of a motor neuron positions itself in a section of the extrafusal muscle fiber. a. Axon hillock. b. Neuromuscular junction. c. Circle of Willis. d. Dorsal ganglion.
b. Neuromuscular junction.
These are dreams that occur during slow-wave sleep and result in an abrupt wakening and panic responses. a. Chemoreceptors. b. Night terrors. c. Nightmares. d. Hypnogogic hallucinations.
b. Night terrors.
What is not one of the events that develop during the expression of hypovolemic thirst? a. Vasopressin is released from the posterior pituitary gland. b. Osmoreceptors are activated and drive pure water intake. c. The hormone renin is released into the circulatory system. d. Baroreceptors detect low blood volume and nervous system drives salt intake.
b. Osmoreceptors are activated and drive pure water intake.
________ found specific motor areas in the cortex of monkeys. a. Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig b. Sir David Ferrier c. Wilder Penfield d. Anders Björklund
b. Sir David Ferrier
________ had an even greater impact than sleep duration on the susceptibility to illness. a. Bed rest b. Sleep efficiency c. Sleep depth d. Genetics
b. Sleep efficiency
Which statement best captures the activity of the basal ganglia in someone who has Parkinson's disease? a. Too little output and not sensitive to input. b. Too much output and too sensitive to input. c. Too little output and too sensitive to input. d. Too much input and too little output.
b. Too much output and too sensitive to input.
Which of the following would be a pair of antagonistic muscles? a. Pectoral and tricep. b. Tricep and bicep. c. Bicep and quadricep. d. Quadricep and pectoral.
b. Tricep and bicep.
________ is responsible for speech perception. a. Broca's area. b. Wernicke's area. c. The arcuate fasciculus d. The posterior parietal cortex
b. Wernicke's area.
When the anterior wall of the third ventricle of the brain was lesioned in goats or rats, they developed ________. a. paralysis b. adipsia c. bulimia d. anorexia
b. adipsia
The hormone, ________, which stimulates reabsorption of sodium and water, is released by the adrenal cortex. a. angiotensin II b. aldosterone c. renin d. vasopressin
b. aldosterone
The ________ in the parietal lobe is involved in visual and auditory processing of words. a. subthalamic nucleus b. angular gyrus c. corona radiata. d. organ of Corti.
b. angular gyrus
When you are doing sit-ups at the gym you are relying on your ________ a. lateral corticospinal tract b. anterior corticospinal tract c. angular gyrus d. arcuate fasciculus
b. anterior corticospinal tract
The release of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the brain ___________. a. increases the chance of seizures b. causes increased food intake c. increases responding to electrical brain stimulation d. causes decreased food intake
b. causes increased food intake
In humans, the ________ is activated when a hypertonic saline solution is infused into the brain a. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex b. cingulate cortex c. mesolimbic dopamine system d. posterior parietal cortex
b. cingulate cortex
Researchers have observed a ___________ between sugar consumption and amphetamine. a. no interaction b. cross-sensitization c. mutual inhibition d. revulsion
b. cross-sensitization
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) ________ physiological rhythms with a period shorter than 24 hours. a. resets b. does not appear to control c. synchronizes d. orchestrates
b. does not appear to control
Dietary saturated fats ________. a. ameliorate cognitive decline in the elderly b. exacerbate cognitive decline in aging humans c. reverse the cognitive effects of choline deficiency d. enhance cognition when combined with exercise
b. exacerbate cognitive decline in aging humans
Recovered anorexics exhibit ________. a. lower blood levels of insulin b. higher CSF levels of serotonin metabolites c. lower CSF levels of dopamine metabolites d. lower blood levels of leptin
b. higher CSF levels of serotonin metabolites
Diets high in fat and sugar have been shown to cause ______________. a. eudaimonia b. insulin resistance c. anhedonia d. anorexia nervosa
b. insulin resistance
Mice deficient in ______________ become obese. a. insulin b. leptin c. serotinin d. dopamine
b. leptin
Brain scans of anorexia patients in one study revealed ___________ and a few cortical areas such as the primary motor cortex compared with healthy controls. a. higher activity in the amygdala b. less gray matter area in the cerebellum c. reduced volume of the caudate putamen d. more white matter in the frontal lobes
b. less gray matter area in the cerebellum
Anorexia patients exhibit ___________. a. higher CSF levels of insulin. b. low CSF levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HT) c. higher CSF levels of serotonin metabolites d. higher blood levels of leptin
b. low CSF levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HT)
The __________________ depicts the proportion of motor cortex areas devoted to certain body parts. a. cognitive map b. motor homunculus c. stereotaxic atlas d. cortical surface scan
b. motor homunculus
Short-term sleep deprivation often leads to a ___________ sleep rebound effect. a. REM b. non-REM c. short-lasting d. long-lasting
b. non-REM
The ________ of rapid eye movements during sleep has been associated with academic forms of learning. a. fluidity b. number c. force d. intensity
b. number
Chemical signals that have been identified as appetite stimulating are referred to as ___________. a. anorexigenic b. orexigenic c. stimulants d. metabotropic
b. orexigenic
Striatal muscle is also known as ____________ a. smooth muscle b. skeletal muscle c. cardiac muscle d. visceral muscle
b. skeletal muscle
When lost sleep is made up during the next opportunity for sleep, this is referred to as the ___________. a. sleep reset effect b. sleep rebound effect c. sleep debt repayment d. sleep inefficiency tune-up
b. sleep rebound effect
Humans secrete growth hormone, important for the maintenance of physiological functions throughout life, during ________ sleep. a. REM b. slow-wave c. stage 1 d. stage 2
b. slow-wave
In the brain, the neuropeptide ________ is released from the posterior pituitary gland in response to hypovolemia. a. renin b. vasopressin c. angiotensin II d. aldosterone
b. vasopressin
The ___________ holds that the function of sleep is to provide rest and recovery. a. reboot theory of sleep b. sleep rebound theory c. homeostatic theory of sleep regulation d. activation-synthesis model of dreaming
c. homeostatic theory of sleep regulation
Rats with a developed "sweet tooth" demonstrate a(n) ___________ to a low dose of amphetamine compared to animals not exposed to drugs or sugar. a. increase in feeding behavior b. no difference in behavior c. hyperactivity response d. reduction in behavioral activity
c. hyperactivity response
After you eat too many salty snacks the fluid outside of your cells may become a ________. a. hypotonic soultion b. isotonic solution c. hypertonic solution d. hydrotonic solution
c. hypertonic solution
Most of the cells in the corticospinal tracts originate ________ of the primary motor cortex. a. in layer IV b. in layer III c. in layer V d. in layer I
c. in layer V
The ________ of rapid eye movements during sleep has been associated with academic forms of learning. a. intensity b. force c. number d. fluidity
c. number
The lower motor neurons exist in the gray matter of the spinal cord, specifically in the _______. a. anterior horn b. posterior horn c. ventral horn d. dorsal horn
c. ventral horn
The most active waves are the _______ (13-30 Hz), which are fast, irregular, low-intensity waves; they typically occur in brains that are awake and active. a. θ waves. b. δ waves. c. β waves. d. α waves.
c. β waves.
Rats cut off for 12 hours from their accustomed 12 hour access to a sweetened solution display ___________. a. seizures b. hyperactivity c. passiveness d. "withdrawal" symptoms characterized by signs of increased anxiety and depression
d. "withdrawal" symptoms characterized by signs of increased anxiety and depression
Studies suggest that no more than ________ of lost sleep is recovered following sleep deprivation. a. 50% b. 60% c. 40% d. 30%
d. 30%
Children watching a cartoon with food commercials ate ___________ goldfish crackers than those watching the same cartoon without food commercials. a. 90% less b. 90% more c. the same amount of d. 45% more
d. 45% more
The primary components of the basal ganglia are ________. a. Ventral tegmental area, caudate nucleus, putamen. b. Putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra. c. Substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens. d. Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus.
d. Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus.
The continual adjustment of movements while they are being made depends on the connections between ________. a. Striatum-dorsal horn b. Cerebellum-spinal cord c. Motor cortex-basal ganglia d. Cerebellum-basal ganglia
d. Cerebellum-basal ganglia
Continual adjustment of movement patterns depends on this major brain pathway connection. a. Striatum-dorsal horn. b. Vagus nerve-macrophage. c. Dorsal raphe-thyroid. d. Cerebellum-basal ganglia.
d. Cerebellum-basal ganglia.
Individuals who suffer a stroke or experience trauma in one side of the brain experience paralysis on the opposite side of the body because of the ________ of the corticospinal tracts in the medulla. a. Distress. b. Dualism. c. Division. d. Decussation.
d. Decussation.
What is one environmental variable that would lead a person to eat almost double his or her normal amount of food consumption? a. Cooking only high-protein food. b. Watching TV while eating. c. Exercising before eating. d. Eating in the presence of a group of eight or more people.
d. Eating in the presence of a group of eight or more people.
___________ is a chemical meal initiator secreted by endocrine cells in the stomach. a. Dopamine b. Leptin c. Insulin d. Ghrelin
d. Ghrelin
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the ω-3 fatty acid that most commonly appears in the cell membranes of neurons and is also thought to be involved in which outcome? a. The origin of the "fishy" taste that many find aversive. b. The high rate of obesity resulting from the overconsumption of fatty acids. c. Consumption rates are positively correlated with depression. d. Large brain-to-body ratio in humans.
d. Large brain-to-body ratio in humans.
What would be considered the "on" and "off" switches to hunger when they are activated, respectively? a. Anterior hypothalamus; superior hypothalamus. b. Dorsomedial hypothalamus; lateral hypothalamus. c. Ventromedial hypothalamus; dorsomedial hypothalamus. d. Lateral hypothalamus; ventromedial hypothalamus.
d. Lateral hypothalamus; ventromedial hypothalamus.
___________ appears to be a chemical trigger signaling increased blood flow in distal areas of the body, promoting heat loss and the onset of sleep. a. Insulin b. Corticosterone c. Cortisol d. Melatonin
d. Melatonin
Following the discovery of leptin as a key satiety signal, what was a reason for it not leading to successful treatment for feeding behavior in obese individuals? a. Leptin does not cross the blood-brain barrier. b. Leptin-treated individuals turned to drugs of abuse instead of food. c. Leptin treatment led to anorexia. d. Most obese individuals do not have a leptin deficiency.
d. Most obese individuals do not have a leptin deficiency.
________, which are cells that are sensitive to cellular dehydration, are found in the anterior wall of the third ventricle of the brain. a. Chemoreceptors b. Hydroreceptors c. Baroreceptors d. Osmoreceptors
d. Osmoreceptors
Long-term sleep deprivation often leads to a ___________ sleep rebound effect. a. long-lasting b. short-lasting c. non-REM d. REM
d. REM
________ occurs when one's eyes move back and forth during sleep and their brain wave activity appears like that of the waking state. a. Stage 2 sleep b. Slow wave sleep (SWS) c. Stage 1 d. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
d. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
________ had an even greater impact than sleep duration on the susceptibility to illness. a. Sleep depth b. Genetics c. Bed rest d. Sleep efficiency
d. Sleep efficiency
The German physiologists Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig supported a certain degree of specificity in brain function when they observed which of the following? a. Lesions to the reticular formation led to severe mood swings in monkeys. b. Stimulation of the spinal cord altered motor patterns in cats. c. Lesions to the limbic system altered learning in pigeons. d. Stimulation of cortex in conscious dogs produced specific movements.
d. Stimulation of cortex in conscious dogs produced specific movements.
________ decreases the REM sleep rebound effects in humans. a. Exercise b. Aging c. Alcohol d. Stress
d. Stress
What statement best captures what the science writer Carl Zimmer meant when he said that "the hand is where the mind meets the world"? a. We are no different than a robot and have no free will. b. The hand is represented in the motor cortex. c. The theory of mind depends on the function of both hands. d. We use our hands to interact with the environment.
d. We use our hands to interact with the environment.
The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and the subfornical organ (SFO) lack ________. a. white matter b. gray matter c. glia d. a blood-brain barrier
d. a blood-brain barrier
Sleep is a __________ state of the brain. a. passive b. simple c. learned d. active
d. active
The protection against predators that extended periods of sleep provide is termed ________. a. evasiveness b. security through obscurity c. proactive avoidance d. adaptive inactivity
d. adaptive inactivity
Elephants, large enough to discourage predators, but benefitting from more time to feed, sleep only 3-4 hours per day. This is consistent with the ________. a. sleep rebound theory b. activation-synthesis model of dreaming c. homeostatic theory of sleep regulation d. adaptive theory of sleep
d. adaptive theory of sleep
The ________ suggests that animals evolved different sleep durations according to which helped them survive best. a. homeostatic theory of sleep regulation b. sleep rebound theory c. activation-synthesis model of dreaming d. adaptive theory of sleep
d. adaptive theory of sleep
The hormone, ________, which stimulates reabsorption of sodium and water, is released by the adrenal cortex. a. renin b. angiotensin II c. vasopressin d. aldosterone
d. aldosterone
When the peptide ________ is infused into the brains of several animal species, they appear to be suddenly thirsty and begin drinking. a. vasopressin b. aldosterone c. renin d. angiotensin II
d. angiotensin II
The diagnostic guidelines for _______ include a significantly lower body weight for one's developmental stage, an exaggerated fear of gaining weight, and an unrealistic perception of weight. a. dysphoria b. bulimia nervosa c. major depression d. anorexia nervosa
d. anorexia nervosa
High serum ________ is associated with faster cognitive decline in the elderly. a. choline b. copper c. selenium d. calcium
d. calcium
The ________ is projection of nerve fibers that connect the cerebral cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord. a. corpus callosum b. arcuate fasciculus c. angular gyrus d. corona radiata
d. corona radiata
When the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is disrupted, physiological systems are __________________. a. synchronized b. revitalized c. reset d. desynchronized
d. desynchronized
Neural messages from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are related solely to the ________ of light in the environment. a. interpretation b. ignoring c. avoidance d. detection
d. detection
Once it finds a home and no longer needs to move, the sea squirt ________ its nervous system. a. develops b. remodels c. relocates d. digests
d. digests
In addition to high sugar diets, high ___________ diets appear to induce addiction-like deficits in brain reward functions in rats. a. fiber b. protein c. alcohol d. fat
d. fat
After you eat too many salty snacks the fluid outside of your cells may become a ________. a. hypotonic soultion b. hydrotonic solution c. isotonic solution d. hypertonic solution
d. hypertonic solution
Higher levels of ________ in the blood can lead decreased hunger. a. serotonin b. dopamine c. melatonin d. insulin
d. insulin
Chemical signals that have been identified as appetite stimulating are referred to as ___________. a. stimulants b. anorexigenic c. metabotropic d. orexigenic
d. orexigenic
REM sleep has been shown to facilitate the consolidation of memories of how to perform a certain action, called ________ memories. a. verbal b. nonverbal c. declarative d. procedural
d. procedural
When lost sleep is made up during the next opportunity for sleep, this is referred to as the ___________. a. sleep inefficiency tune-up b. sleep debt repayment c. sleep reset effect d. sleep rebound effect
d. sleep rebound effect
Humans secrete growth hormone, important for the maintenance of physiological functions throughout life, during ________ sleep. a. stage 2 b. REM c. stage 1 d. slow-wave
d. slow-wave
Immune system factors, interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor, also appear to increase ________ sleep. a. REM b. stage 1 c. stage 2 d. slow-wave
d. slow-wave
Most people eat more when with others, an effect called the ___________. a. glutton effect b. gastronomy effect c. mutual hedonia effect d. social facilitation of eating
d. social facilitation of eating
Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig supported the notion of specificity in brain function when they observed ________. a. lesions to the arcuate fasciculus led to severe mood swings in monkeys b. stimulation of the inferior colliculus altered orientation responses in cats c. lesions to the limbic system altered aggression in hamsters d. stimulation of cortex in dogs produced specific body movements
d. stimulation of cortex in dogs produced specific body movements
The ________ receives stimulation from light via tracts extending from the retina. a. retinohypothalamic tracts b. the amygdala c. orbitofrontal cortex d. suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
d. suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
Anorexia is rare, affecting about 0.3% of the U.S. population, but it has ___________. a. the lowest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder b. the best response to treatment of any psychiatric disorder c. one of the simplest causes of any psychiatric disorder d. the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder
d. the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder
ESSAY: Compare the effects of lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and the lateral hypothalamus (LH).
...
ESSAY: What are the different stages of wakefulness transitioning to sleep and what cortical activity is characteristic of each stage?
...
ESSAY: What distinguishes hibernation from regular sleep?
...
ESSAY: What is the difference between upper and lower motor neurons?
...
ESSAY: Why would Daniel Wolpert say that the brain exists to produce movements?
...
FILL IN: The ________ serve as a neural communication transit system to other brain areas.
Cerebella peduncles
FILL IN: ________ can be characterized by minimal movement, a relaxed posture, and diminished attention directed to the environment
Sleep
FILL IN: Lower ________ is a better predictor than sleep duration of susceptibility to colds.
Sleep efficiency
FILL IN: The ________ refers to lost sleep made up during the next opportunity for sleep.
Sleep rebound effect
In a 1964 sleep deprivation study, a high school student named Randy Gardner broke the world record by staying awake for ____ days straight. a. 25. b. 6. c. 11. d. 3.
c. 11.
The stress hormone cortisol in humans peaks at around ______, whereas the hormone corticosterone in rats peaks at around ________. a. 6:00 am; 12:00 pm. b. 6:00 pm; 6:00 am. c. 6:00 am; 6:00 pm. d. 12:00 am; 6:00 am.
c. 6:00 am; 6:00 pm.
________ decreases the non-REM sleep rebound effects in humans. a. Alcohol b. Exercise c. Aging d. Stress
c. Aging
The ________ in the parietal lobe is involved in visual and auditory processing of words. a. A3 region. b. Habla sulcus. c. Angular gyrus. d. Cingulate gyrus.
c. Angular gyrus.
The fibers of the corticospinal tract that do not cross over the midline at the medulla ___________. a. Cross over at the level of the spinal cord b. Control movement of the distal limbs and digits c. Control movement of the core muscles along the midline of the body d. Control movement of the facial muscles
c. Control movement of the core muscles along the midline of the body
The cerebellum is divided into several functional sections including the vermis, cerebellar hemispheres, and ________ lobe. a. Parietal. b. Fascicular. c. Flocculonodular. d. Cerebral.
c. Flocculonodular.
Someone who prefers a salty drink over plain water might be experiencing this type of thirst. a. Adipsia. b. Osmoregulatory. c. Hypovolemic. d. Dehydrative.
c. Hypovolemic.
Someone who prefers a salty drink over plain water might be experiencing this type of thirst. a. Osmoregulatory. b. Adipsia. c. Hypovolemic. d. Dehydrative.
c. Hypovolemic.
How might your sleep patterns look if you lived without any artificial light, instead living with only the light of the sun? a. Continuous and longer. b. Shorter but continuous. c. Intervals of waking and sleeping during the nighttime. d. Increased narcolepsy.
c. Intervals of waking and sleeping during the nighttime.
If you were to find it difficult to share a story with a friend while sitting on your hands, what might this tell you about the evolution of language? a. Our ancestors did most of their talking while standing. b. The muscles of the tongue require hand movement. c. Language is the extension of movement. d. Decreased blood flow in the hands inhibits language area activation.
c. Language is the extension of movement.
The former Arizona congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords was shot in the head in 2011, damaging her _______ hemisphere and initially leaving her unable to _______. a. Right; speak. b. Right; breathe. c. Left; speak. d. Left; breathe.
c. Left; speak.
Which of the following best represents the order in which each part of the body responds during the familiar knee-jerk test performed by doctors to test reflexes? a. Patellar tendon, α nerve fiber, quadriceps muscle. b. Quadricep muscle, α nerve fiber, patellar tendon. c. Patellar tendon, quadricep muscle, α nerve fiber. d. Quadricep muscle, patellar tendon, α nerve fiber.
c. Patellar tendon, quadricep muscle, α nerve fiber.
During this stage of sleep, the brain is no longer responding to environmental sensory cues, and neurons in the neocortex and thalamus fire in synchrony because of decreased activation from the activating brainstem areas. a. Stage 5. b. Stage 1. c. Slow-wave sleep. d. REM.
c. Slow-wave sleep.
Research in the 1960s provided evidence that bilateral lesions of the _______ hypothalamus led to overeating (hyperphagia) and obesity in laboratory rats. a. Superior. b. Anterior. c. Ventromedial. d. Lateral.
c. Ventromedial.
What does the quote, "the hand is where the mind meets the world," mean? a. The hand is the seat of consciousness b. The hand has a large representation in the motor cortex c. We use our hands to interact with the external environment d. Mirror neuron activity depends on the function of both hands
c. We use our hands to interact with the external environment
________ stimulated the cortex of human patients undergoing brain surgery and mapped out the motor and sensory cortical areas. a. Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig b. Sir David Ferrier c. Wilder Penfield d. Anders Björklund
c. Wilder Penfield
________ are environmental triggers which set circadian rhythms. a. Zeitdonors b. Zeitgeists c. Zeitgebers d. Zeitgrubers
c. Zeitgebers
When the peptide ________ is infused into the brains of several animal species, they appear to be suddenly thirsty and begin drinking. a. vasopressin b. renin c. angiotensin II d. aldosterone
c. angiotensin II
Despite their effect of reducing REM sleep, users of ________, do not exhibit cognitive side effects of REM sleep loss. a. alcohol b. antihistamines c. antidepressants d. stimulants
c. antidepressants
The activation of insulin receptors in the ______________ can enhance satiety. a. ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) b. lateral hypothalamus (LH) c. arcuate nucleus d. nigrostriatal bundle
c. arcuate nucleus
Specific pressure receptors known as ___________ located in the cardiovascular system detect low blood volume. a. osmoreceptors b. chemoreceptors c. baroreceptors d. hydroreceptors
c. baroreceptors
