Test 5

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formal operational reasoning stage

- 11/12 to rest of life - children obtain reasoning power of mature adults - does not occur without exposure to scientific reasoning - appears absent in societies that do not provide that type of education

preoperational reasoning stage

- 2 to 6/7 years - children can solve simple problems and show a variety of other symbolic representation capabilities (drawing and using language) - only focus on one dimension -water in tall thin glass vs short fat glass

concrete operational reasoning stage

- 6/7 to 11/12 years - cannot think in systematic scientific ways - think logically in most situations - don't consider multiple variables

strange situation

- Ainsworth's method for assessing infant attachment to the mother, based on a series of brief separations and reunions with the mother in a playoom situation - show distress/seek parent = secure - extreme distress = anxious resistant - act stressed but pay attention to toys when reunited = avoidant resistant - correlated with parent/infant relationship during first year of life - secure: parents respond to needs - anxious/avoidant: parents insensitive to needs

attachment behaviour system

- a motivational system selected over the course of evolution to maintain proximity between a child and their primary attachment figure - yes attachment = loved = will eat/play and be sociable - no attachment = unloved = anxiety, visual searching, vocal searching - attachment behaviours continue until they reestablish physical or psychological proximity, or until child exhausts themselves

phonemic awareness

- awareness of the component sounds within words. - predicts reading achievement

nature

- biological endowment - genes we receive from parents influences all aspects of development

sensorimotor stage

- birth to 2 years - understand the world through their perceptions of the world and their physical interactions with it

cognitive development

- children shape their own cognitive development (choose to attend to some things more than others) - parents largely determine children's experiences when they are young - adolescents choose their own environments to a larger degree - children's choices have large consequences - reading when you're younger improves reading ability in the future

attachment theory

- developed by john bowlby (1940) - infants prevent separation from parents or reestablish proximity to a missing parent - abandoned children would often cry, refuse to eat and play, call for parents, and stand at door waiting for parents = repressing emotional pain (immature defence mechanisms)

object permeance task

- infants <9 months do not understand that an objet keeps existing even though they can't see it

children's genes affect how people interact with them

- more easygoing and attractive infants get more sensitive and affectionate care in comparison to difficult and less attractive infants - affects cognitive development

who ends up with whom?

- more likely to want to be in a relationship with someone who is secure - secure people attract secure people - secure people help their partners become secure overtime

do early experiences shape adult attachment?

- probabilistic not deterministic - security is best viewed as a culmination of a person's attachment history rather than a reflection of their early experiences

nurture

- refers to both social/physical environments - starting with womb, schools we attend and people we interact with

primary attachment figure

- someone who functions as primary safe haven and secure base for an individual - often a parent for children and romantic partner for adults - evolutionary history: infants who are able to maintain proximity to an attachment figure live longer

Numerical magnitudes

- the sizes of numbers - associated with doing better in math - exposure to numbers early on = better math skills

You are walking down a path and suddenly and unexpectedly encounter a large bear, please put the following events in your response into the correct order.

1. The bear is processed unconsciously in the midbrain and recognized as a threat. 2. The midbrain causes a wave of autonomic activation 3. Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rate increase. Fear is expressed on the face. 5. You feel afraid 6.. You run away

Cerebellum

13-year old Laila is taken to her doctor when her parents recognize that she is having symptoms related to her movement and posture. The doctor sends her to a neurologist, who orders an MRI of her brain. The doctor is not surprised to find out that Laila has a small growth on her ______ , and speaks to the parents about how this will be treated so that Laila's symptoms will resolve.

gender identity

15-year old Jamilla does not feel like she is supposed to have been born as a female. She refuses to let her hair grow long, will not wear female clothing like skirts or dresses and would prefer to be called Jeremy. Jamilla's psychological sense of being male is her

Ernst Weber

1795-1878; Field: perception; Contributions: just-noticeable-difference (JND) that eventually becomes Weber's law; Studies: 1st study on JND

Gustav Fechner

1801-1887; Field: perception; Contributions: stated that the magnitude of a sensory experience is proportionate to the # of JND's that the stimulus causing the experiences above the absolute threshold

Charles Darwin

1809-1882; Field: geology, biology; Contributions: transmutation of species, natural selection, evolution by common descent; Studies: "The Origin of Species" catalogs his voyage on the Beagle

Francis Galton

1822-1911; Field: differential psychology AKA "London School" of Experimental Psychology; Contributions: behavioral genetics, maintains that personality & ability depend almost entirely on genetic inheritance; Studies: Twin Studies-compare identical & fraternal twins, Hereditary Genius-used bell curve for normal distribution, & "Law of Errors"-differences in intellectual ability

Phineas Gage

1823-1860; Field: neurobiology; Contributions: 1st person to have a frontal lobotomy (by accident), his accident gave information on the brain and which parts are involved with emotional reasoning

William Wundt

1832-1920; Field: structuralism, voluntarism; Contributions: introspection, basic units of experience; Studies: 1st psychological laboratory in world at University of Leipzig

William James

1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth

Karl Wernicke

1848-1905; Field: perception; Contributions: area of left temporal lobe involved language understanding; Studies: person damaged in this area uses correct words but they do not make sense

Hermann Ebbinghaus

1850-1909; Field: memory; Contributions: 1st to conduct studies on forgetting: first, a rapid loss followed by a gradual declining rate of loss; Studies: memory-series of meaningless syllables/words

Sigmund Freud

1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, transference

Alfred Binet

1857-1911; Field: testing; Contributions: general IQ tests, designed test to identify slow learners in need of remediation-not applicable in the U.S. because too culture-bound (French)

Charles Spearman

1863-1945; Field: intelligence; Contributions: found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)

Alfred Adler

1870-1937; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: basic mistakes, style of life, inferiority/superiority complexes, childhood influences personality formation; Studies: Birth Order

Walter B. Cannon

1871-1945; Field: motivation; Contributions: believed that gastric activity as in empty stomach, was the sole basis for hunger; Studies: inserted balloons in stomachs

Edward Thorndike

1874-1949; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence; Studies: Law of Effect with cats

Carl Jung

1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation

Robert Yerkes

187601956; Field: intelligence, comparative; Contributions: social behavior of gorillas/chimps, Yerkes-Dodson law-level of arousal as related to performance

Lewis Terman

1877-1956; Field: testing; Contributions: revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children

John B Watson

1878-1958; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: generalization-inductive reasoning, emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; Studies: Little Albert

Hermann Rorschach

1884-1922; Field: personality, psychoanalysis; Contributions: developed one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot test which consists of 10 standardized inkblots where the subject tells a story, the observer then derives aspects of the personality from the subject's commentary

Clark Hull

1884-1952; Field: motivation; Contributions: maintains that the goal of all motivated behavior is the reduction or alleviation of a drive state, mechanism through which reinforcement operates

Karen Horney

1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends

Kurt Lewin

1890-1947; Field: social psychology; Contributions: German refugee who escaped Nazis, proved the democratic style of leadership is the most productive; Studies: Leadership syles-studied effects of 3 leadership styles on children completing activities

Ivan Pavlov

1891-1951; Field: Gastroenterology; Contributions: developed foundation for classical conditioning, discovered that a UCS naturally elicits a reflexive behavior; Studies: dog salivation

Harry Stack Sullivan

1892-1949; Field: psychoanalysis; Contributions: groundwork for enmeshed relationships, developed the Self-System-a configuration of personality traits

Henry Murray

1893-1988; Field: intelligence, testing; Contributions: devised the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) with Christina Morgan, stated that the need to achieve varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach and evaluate their own performances

Anna Freud

1895-1982; Field: psychoanalysis; Contributions: focused on child psychoanalysis, fully developed defense mechanisms, emphasized importance of the ego and its constant struggle

Lev Vygotsky

1896-1934; Field: child development; Contributions: investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development, zone of proximal development; play research

Jean Piaget

1896-1980; Field: cognition; Contributions: created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation)

David Weschler

1896-1981; Field: testing; Contributions: established an intelligence test especially for adults (WAIS)

Mary Cover-Jones

1896-1987; Field: learning; Contributions: systematic desensitization, maintained that fear could be unlearned

Benjamin Whorf

1897-1941; Field: language; Contributions: his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think

Gordon Allport

1897-1967; Field: trait theory of personality; Contributions: list of 11,000 traits, 3 levels of traits-cardinal, central, and secondary

William Sheldon

1898-1977; Field: personality; Contributions: theory that linked personality to physique on the grounds that both are governed by genetic endowment: endomorphic (large), mesomorphic (average), and ectomorphic (skinny)

Carl Rogers

1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person

Erik Erikson

1902-1994; Field: neo-Freudian, humanistic; Contributions: created an 8-stage theory to show how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"

BF Skinner

1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box

Harry Harlow

1905-1981; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers)

Raymond Cattell

1905-1998; Field: intelligence; Contributions: fluid & crystal intelligence; 3 domains of personality sphere (personality, ability, & motivation), 16 Personality Factors (personality test)

Solomon Asch

1907-1996; Field: social psychology; Contributions: studied conformity, found that individuals would conform even if they knew it was wrong; Studies: conformity, opinions and social pressures

Abraham Maslow

1908-1970; Field: humanism; Contributions: hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied, self-actualization, transcendence

Mary Ainsworth

1913-1999; Field: development; Contributions: compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; Studies: The Strange Situation-observation of parent/child attachment

Albert Ellis

1913-2007; Field: cognitive-behavioral; Contributions: Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions

Kenneth Clark

1914-2005; Field: social psychology; Contributions: research evidence of internalized racism caused by stigmatization; Studies: Doll experiments-black children chose white dolls

HJ Eysenck

1916-1997; Field: personality; Contributions: asserted that personality is largely determined by genes, used introversion/extroversion

David McClelland

1917-1998; Field: intelligence, testing; Contributions: devised a way to measure Murray's theory (TAT), developed scoring system for TAT's use in assessing achievement motivation, not the TAT

Aaron Beck

1921-present; Field: cognitive; Contributions: father of Cognitive Therapy, created Beck Scales-depression inventory, hopelessness scale, suicidal ideation, anxiety inventory, and youth inventories

Stanley Schachter

1922-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: stated that in order to experience emotions a person must be physically aroused and know the emotion before you experience it

Robert Zajonc

1923-present; Field: motivation; Contributions: believes that we invent explanations to label feelings

Albert Bandura

1925-present; Field: sociocultural; Contributions: pioneer in observational learning, stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play

Elizabeth Kübler-Ross

1926-2004; Field: development; Contributions: 5 stages the terminally ill go through when facing death (1. death, 2. anger/resentment, 3. bargaining with God, 4. depression, 5. acceptance)

Lawrence Köhlberg

1927-1987; Field: cognition, moral development; Contributions: created a theory of moral development that has 3 levels; focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior

Noam Chomsky

1928-present; Field: language; Contributions: disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language

Stanley Milgram

1933-1984; Field: social psychology; Contributions: wanted to see how the German soldiers in WWII fell to obedience, wanted to see how far individuals would go to be obedient; Studies: Shock Study

Robert Rosenthal

1933-present; Field: social psychology; Contributions: focus on nonverbal communication, self-fulfilling prophecies; Studies: Pygmalion Effect-effect of teacher's expectations on students

Philip Zimbardo

1933-present; Field: social psychology; Contributions: proved that peoples behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play; Studies: Stanford Prison Study-studied power of social roles to influence people's behavior

Paul Ekman

1934-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: found that facial expressions are universal

Carol Gilligan

1936-pres; Field: cognition; Contributions: maintained that Köhlberg's work was developed by only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual moral judgments of boys and girls; girls focus more on relationships than laws and principles

Martin Seligman

1942-present; Field: learning; Contributions: Positive Psychology, learned helplessness; Studies: Dogs demonstrating learned helplessness

Howard Gardner

1943-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the theory of multiple intelligences (logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic)

Elizabeth Loftus

1944-present; Field: memory; Contributions: expert in eyewitness testimony (false memories or misinformation effect); Studies: Reconstruction of Auto. Destruction, Jane Doe Case (repressed memories of Nicole Taus' sex abuse)

Daniel Goleman

1946-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: emotional intelligence

Robert Sternberg

1949-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative)

What was one correct outcome of Aches research on conformity

3 quarters

To demonstrate the vast changes that have taken place in the world around us over the last century, consider that average human life expectancy in 1900 was ______ Blank years, and that number has jumped to 79 years in 2010.

These days, researchers find that about ______ Blank percent of homes across the world have a television, demonstrating the ease with which information can be transmitted to populations.

10. We can use _____________ in order to help eliminate confounds between conditions a. random assignment a. generalization c. representative sampling d. self selection

16. David Harper, the marketing manager of a large cosmetic company, observes that when the company decreases the price of its premium deodorant brand, there is an increase in the level of sales of the brand. If the company increases the price of its premium brand, there is a decrease in the level of sales of the brand. In the context of experimental research studies, the changes in price represent the: A. independent variable. B. dependent variable. C. placebo. D. confederate.

17. Dr. Kingston, a psychologist, is examining how a student's reading speed is differently affected by two variables: being tutored by a teacher's assistant or being tutored by a computer-based reading program. In this experiment, which of the following is the dependent variable? A. The student's reading speed B. The teacher's assistant C. The computer-based reading program D. The grade that the student belongs to

4. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the method of introspection? A. A researcher documents his subject's description of an experience. B. A scientist asks her subject to remember and recall a list of words. C. A scientist observes rats in a maze to see how fast they learn to find their way out. D. A researcher attributes a species' characteristics to natural selection.

6. If you hear the results of a study and you are not at all surprised by the information you should ask yourself if you are showing ___________. a. hindsight bias. b. the double-blind procedure. c. the availability heuristic d. replication.

A fight between two students breaks out in class. Even though one student is badly hurt and needs help, no one in the class does anything to assist him. Psychologists would attribute people's reluctance to provide help in an emergency situation when others are around to: A. diffusion of responsibility B. group polarization C. compliance D> within-group solidarity

According to Piaget, cognitive development occurs through a fixed sequence of ____, each distinguished from the prior one by _______ A. stages; the type of scheme that is most prominent B. phases; grammatical mastery C. stages; the child's IQ score D. phases; the type of tasks the child prefers

According to the anomalous face overgeneralization hypothesis, higher-than-average attractiveness A. does not correlate strongly with reproductive success B. correlates strongly with reproductive success C. correlates weakly with attitudes towards parental care D. is a strong marker of financial success

Close relationships are often built on proximity because: A. proximity provides opportunities to experience similar situations and better know one another B. people who live near one another have no choice but to be cordial C. proximity closely correlates with familial distance D. fences make for crummy neighbors

Consciousness can best be described as: A. A state of awareness of the self and of the environment B A state of calm and peace C. A state of meditation in which the person focuses on the self D. the time in which a person is not asleep

Denita has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She rarely shows any emotional expression, even when told a funny joke or shown a sad movie. She speaks slowly, eats very little, and doesn't appear to enjoy life. These characteristic are collectively referred to as: A. negative symptoms B. cognitive disorders C. loosened word associations D. delusions

Kelly is at a college party and notices everyone is drinking. She concludes that the majority of students on campus must also drink alcohol frequently. What would we call Kelly's perception of what most people are doing? A. a descriptive norm B. conformations bias C. informational influence D. conformity observation

Peer relationships are an important part of children's social development. Peer acceptance is a source of affirmation and ________ whereas peer rejection is a source of bullying and victimization A. self-esteem B. aggression C. friendship

Personality traits are defined as: A. relatively enduring dispositions in behavior that characterize individuals across varying types of situations B. valid and reliable descriptions and statements of a person's personality characteristics C. sets of characteristics that influence behavior and are controlled by genetic factors D. sets of behaviors that are not influenced by being in different situations

Reasoning from specific facts or observations to a more general proposition involves ________. Reasoning from a set of premises to a conclusion that logically follows involves__________ A. inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning B. Syllogistic reasoning; analogical reasoning C. analogical reasoning; deontological reasoning D. deductive reasoning; inductive reasoning

Remembering what one had for dinner last night is an instance of ____ memory, whereas remembering what the word "divine" means is an instance of _____ memory. A. episodic; semantic B. procedural; ionic C. Procedural; conceptual D. episodic; verbal

Research indicates that bipolar disorders are: A. often found to co-occur with other disorders such as an anxiety disorder or substance use disorders B. rarely seen in the elderly C. twice as likely to be experienced by women D. commonly misdiagnosed

Rosario has read two sensational stories in the campus newspaper this term about cheating. He then estimates the incidence of cheating on campus as being higher than it actually is. His thinking reflects A. Availability bias B. Confirmation bias C. predictable-world bias D. linguistic relativity

Sam notices a number of people wearing their belts off to one side and he decides to start doing the same because he thinks it looks cool. What type of social influence is demonstrated in the scenario? A. normative social influence B. conformity C. informational social influence D. popularity influence

Some developmental researcher shave argued that adult romantic love can be understood in terms of infant attachment in part because both involve: A. physical affection and feelings of security in each ether's presence B. reinforcement and punishment C. the dependency of one partner and the self-suffiency of the other D. sexual arousal and incestuous wishes

Stephen is trying to quit smoking. He avoids the temptation to smoke by eating carrot sticks. This strategy is most similar to which defense mechanism? A. displacement B. reaction formation C. projection D. sublimation

The first intelligence test commonly used in North America was the _____, which was based on _______ A. Stanford-Binet scale; the Binet-Simon scale B. Scholastic Aptitude test; The WAIS-R C. WISC-R; the Stanford-Binet scale D. Binet-Simon Scale; the David Wischler's test

When asked to estimate the average number of recorded terrorist acts per year since 1970, people will give higher estimates if there has recently been a highly publicized terrorist incident. This exemplifies A. the availability bias B. the confirmation bias C. the predictible-world bias D. a mental set

Adoption study

A behavior genetic research method that involves comparison of adopted children to their adoptive and biological parents.

Twin studies

A behavior genetic research method that involves comparison of the similarity of identical (monozygotic; MZ) and fraternal (dizygotic; DZ) twins.

Operant

A behavior that is controlled by its consequences. The simplest example is the rat's leverpressing, which is controlled by the presentation of the reinforcer.

Ambivalent sexism

A concept of gender attitudes that encompasses both positive and negative qualities.

Family Stress Model

A description of the negative effects of family financial difficulty on child adjustment through the effects of economic stress on parents' depressed mood, increased marital problems, and poor parenting.

Sexual harassment

A form of gender discrimination based on unwanted treatment related to sexual behaviors or appearance.

stereotype

A gender ______ is a belief or expectation that one holds about the typical characteristics, preferences, or behaviors of men or women.

Flashbulb memory

A highly detailed and vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.Vivid personal memories of receiving the news of some momentous (and usually emotional) event.

Hypotheses

A logical idea that can be tested

Hypothesis

A logical idea that can be tested.

Quantitative law of effect

A mathematical rule that states that the effectiveness of a reinforcer at strengthening an operant response depends on the amount of reinforcement earned for all alternative behaviors. A reinforcer is less effective if there is a lot of reinforcement in the environment for other behaviors.

Schema/Shcemata

A memory template, created through repeated exposure to a particular class of objects or events.

Situation model

A mental representation of an event, object, or situation constructed at the time of comprehending a linguistic description.

Introspection

A method of focusing on internal processes.

Lived day analysis

A methodology where a research team follows an individual around with a video camera to objectively document a person's daily life as it is lived.

Daily Diary method

A methodology where participants complete a questionnaire about their thoughts, feelings, and behavior of the day at the end of the day.

Day reconstruction method (DRM)

A methodology where participants describe their experiences and behavior of a given day retrospectively upon a systematic reconstruction on the following day.

Experience-sampling method

A methodology where participants report on their momentary thoughts, feelings, and behaviors at different points in time over the course of a day.

Electronically activated recorder, or EAR

A methodology where participants wear a small, portable audio recorder that intermittently records snippets of ambient sounds around them.

Practitioner-Scholar Model

A model of training of professional psychologists that emphasizes clinical practice.

Scientist-practitioner model

A model of training of professional psychologists that emphasizes the development of both research and clinical skills.

gene selection

A more modern version of evolution by selection theory is ______ theory, and it posits that differential gene replication is the defining process of evolutionary change.

Subjective age

A multidimensional construct that indicates how old (or young) a person feels and into which age group a person categorizes him- or herself

Subjective age

A multidimensional construct that indicates how old (or young) a person feels and into which age group a person categorizes him- or herself.

Diffuse Optical Imaging (DOI)

A neuroimaging technique that infers brain activity by measuring changes in light as it is passed through the skull and surface of the brain.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A neuroimaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting the presence of a radioactive substance in the brain that is initially injected into the bloodstream and then pulled in by active brain tissue.

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A neuroimaging technique that measures electrical brain activity via multiple electrodes on the scalp.

Chutes and Ladders

A numerical board game that seems to be useful for building numerical knowledge.

Authoritative

A parenting style characterized by high (but reasonable) expectations for children's behavior, good communication, warmth and nurturance, and the use of reasoning (rather than coercion) as preferred responses to children's misbehavior.

Split-brain Patient

A patient who has had most or all of his or her corpus callosum severed.

Gender identity

A person's psychological sense of being male or female.

White coat hypertension

A phenomenon in which patients exhibit elevated blood pressure in the hospital or doctor's office but not in their everyday lives.

Realism

A point of view that emphasizes the importance of the senses in providing knowledge of the external world.

Transfer-appropriate processing

A principle that states that memory performance is superior when a test taps the same cognitive processes as the original encoding activity.

Autobiographical narratives

A qualitative research method used to understand characteristics and life themes that an individual considers to uniquely distinguish him- or herself from others.

Autobiographical narratives

A qualitative research method used to understand characteristics and life.

Linguistic inquiry and word count

A quantitative text analysis methodology that automatically extracts grammatical and psychological information from a text by counting word frequencies

Mock witnesses

A research subject who plays the part of a witness in a study.

Functionalism

A school of American psychology that focused on the utility of consciousness.

Structuralism

A school of American psychology that sought to describe the elements of conscious experience.

Full-cycle psychology

A scientific approach whereby researchers start with an observational field study to identify an effect in the real world, follow up with laboratory experimentation to verify the effect and isolate the causal mechanisms, and return to field research to corroborate their experimental findings.

Photo spreads

A selection of normally small photographs of faces given to a witness for the purpose of identifying a perpetrator.

Priming

A stimulus presented to a person reminds him or her about other ideas associated with the stimulus.

Punisher

A stimulus that decreases the strength of an operant behavior when it is made a consequence of the behavior.

Mnemonic devices

A strategy for remembering large amounts of information, usually involving imaging events occurring on a journey or with some other set of memorized cues.

Longitudinal Study

A study that follows the same group of individuals over time.

Effortful control

A temperament quality that enables children to be more successful in motivated self-regulation.

Effortful control

A temperament quality that enables children to be more successful in motivated selfregulation.

Linguistic intergroup bias

A tendency for people to characterize positive things about their ingroup using more abstract expressions, but negative things about their outgroups using more abstract expressions.

Memory traces

A term indicating the change in the nervous system representing an event.

Engrams

A term indicating the change in the nervous system representing an event; also, memory trace.

Temporal Resolution

A term that refers to how small a unit of time can be measured; high temporal resolution means capable of resolving very small units of time; in neuroscience it describes how precisely in time a process can be measured in the brain.

Spatial Resolution

A term that refers to how small the elements of an image are; high spatial resolution means the device or technique can resolve very small elements; in neuroscience it describes how small of a structure in the brain can be imaged.

Developmental intergroup theory

A theory that postulates that adults' focus on gender leads children to pay attention to gender as a key source of information about themselves and others, to seek out possible gender differences, and to form rigid stereotypes based on gender.

Action Potential

A transient all-or-nothing electrical current that is conducted down the axon when the membrane potential reaches the threshold of excitation.

Implicit memory

A type of long-term memory that does not require conscious thought to encode. It's the type of memory one makes without intent.

Inhibitory functioning

Ability to focus on a subset of information while suppressing attention to less relevant information.

Audition

Ability to process auditory stimuli. Also called hearing.

Gustation

Ability to process gustatory stimuli. Also called taste.

Olfaction

Ability to process olfactory stimuli. Also called smell.

Somatosensation

Ability to sense touch, pain and temperature.

Deception may be used when necessary, but must be followed by a debriefing after the research participation is complete.

According to the code of ethics that governs research in psychology, which of the following statements regarding the use of deception is the most accurate?

Shalva suggests that most people outside of industralized societies do not have telephones in their home. Loni disagrees, and would most accurately respond in which of the following ways?

Actually, about three-quarters of the world's population now has access to a mobile phone!

Light adaptation

Adjustment of eye to high levels of light.

Dark adaptation

Adjustment of eye to low levels of light.

Crowds

Adolescent peer groups characterized by shared reputations or images.

Identity diffusion

Adolescents neither explore nor commit to any roles or ideologies.

Homophily

Adolescents tend to associate with peers who are similar to themselves.

Serotonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

Peripheral Nervous System

All of the nerve cells that connect the central nervous system to all the other parts of the body.

Synaptic Gap

Also known as the synaptic cleft; the small space between the presynaptic terminal button and the postsynaptic dendritic spine, axon, or soma.

Broca's Area

An area in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere. Implicated in language production.

Gestalt psychology

An attempt to study the unity of experience.

Heritability coefficient

An easily misinterpreted statistical construct that purports to measure the role of genetics in the explanation of differences among individuals.

Neural impulse

An electro-chemical signal that enables neurons to communicate.

Quasi-experimental design

An experiment that does not require random assignment to conditions.

Self-perceptions of aging

An individual's perceptions of their own aging process; positive perceptions of aging have been shown to be associated with greater longevity and health.

Security of attachment

An infant's confidence in the sensitivity and responsiveness of a caregiver, especially when he or she is needed. Infants can be securely attached or insecurely attached.

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

An initially neutral stimulus (like a bell, light, or tone) that elicits a conditioned response after it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Ambulatory Assessment

An overarching term to describe methodologies that assess the behavior, physiology, experience, and environments of humans in naturalistic settings.

Ecological momentary assessment

An overarching term to describe methodologies that repeatedly sample participants' real-world experiences, behavior, and physiology in real time.

direction

Annie conducts a correlation research study and calculates that the variables in question have a correlation coefficient of -.81. In this statistic, the negative sign gives us information about the ______ of the relationship between the two variables.

Reinforcer

Any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed again.

Foils

Any member of a lineup (whether live or photograph) other than the suspect.

Intentional Learning

Any type of learning that happens when motivated by intention.

Incidental learning

Any type of learning that happens without the intention to learn.

Psychometric approach

Approach to studying intelligence that examines performance on tests of intellectual functioning.

Empirical methods

Approaches to inquiry that are tied in actual measurement and observation

Empirical methods

Approaches to inquiry that are tied to actual measurement and observation.

Primary auditory cortex

Area of the cortex involved in processing auditory stimuli.

Primary somatosensory cortex

Area of the cortex involved in processing somatosensory stimuli.

Primary visual cortex

Area of the cortex involved in processing visual stimuli.

experience-sampling method

Armando is participating in a one-week study examining the relationship between emotional states and eating behavior. Every time he eats something, he has to pull out a digital notebook and record how he is feeling at that exact moment. What kind of research method is being used in this study?

studying daily behavior

As a researcher, you decide that you are very interested in peoples' everyday behavior. Therefore, you decide to use an Electronically Activated Recorder, or EAR device, to capture the acoustic diary of participants' days as they naturally unfold. In this scenario, you are:

Random assignment

Assigning participants to receive different conditions of an experiment by chance.

John Bowlby

Attachment Theory - Bonding is an essential part of a child's development. The parents ability to adjust and accommodate to their child's behavior style is the key determinant of a child's attachment to the parent.

Social models

Authorities that are the targets for observation and who model behaviors.

Consciousness

Awareness of ourselves and our environment

Consciousness

Awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Phonemic awareness

Awareness of the component sounds within words

Phonemic awareness

Awareness of the component sounds within words.

12. Dr. Kate proposes that students find it difficult to return to their academic schedules after spring break. Specifically, she predicts that every year there will be more student absences on the Monday following spring break than on the Friday before spring break. Her testable prediction is also known as her __________. A. research method B. hypothesis C. operational definition D. theory

20. How do you identify the dependent variable of a study? a. Figure out what researchers manipulated b. Figure out what researchers measured c. Figure out who is in the sample d. Figure out how many conditions in are in the study

3. The historical perspective known as _____ concentrates on discovering the basic elements of mental processes in psychology. A. functionalism B. structuralism C. humanism D. behaviorism

5. In the field of psychology, individuals who advocate _____ are most likely to consider the mind as flexible and fluid, characterized by constant change in response to a continuous flow of information from the world. They care about the purpose of the mind/brain. A. structuralism B. functionalism C. the humanistic approach D. the behavioral approach

7. ____________ is important to obtain before starting a research study to ensure people know they are involved in the study, what will happen in the study, and understand they can choose to stop participating at any time. a. Confidential security b. Informed consent c. Privacy notice d. Forced agreement

AN experiment showed that college students who were taught to generate questions and think about answers as part of their studying earned _____ grades than otherwise comparable students who studied simply by rereading. This research provides evidence that _____ leads to better long-term memory A. lower; elaborative rehearsal B. higher; elaborative rehearsal C. higher; rote learning D. lower; rote learning

According to psychodynamic theories, the true causes and meanings of behavior are disguises in order to: A. spare the conscious mind the processing effort that would be necessary to deal with such extreme complication B. protect the conscious mind from knowledge that would threaten self-esteem and lead to anxiety C. trick the conscious mind into carrying out unconscious wishes without further delay from rationalization D. save the conscious mind from feeling too much disappointment if the goals of behavior are not achieved

Any treatment for an unwanted fear or phobia that involves having the patient experience the feared stimulus in order to habituate or extinguish the fear response is referred to as: A. psychoanalysis B. an exposure treatment C. contingency management D. a token economy

During the middle ages in western cultures, what type of treatment could mentally ill people expect to receive for their mental disorders? A. religious prayer aimed at curing the distressed individual B. hanging, burning at the stake, and other forms of torture C. community treatment programs aimed at providing support and medical care D. money to see a psychotherapist

Humans like prototypical faces because: A. a prototypical face cannot exist in the real world B. a prototypical face reflects cultural and evolutionary preferences C. a prototypical face contains feature exaggerated beyond real-world boundaries D. a prototypical face is highly distorted

Judge Martinez is presiding over a murder trial, and is getting ready to explain to the jury what their role will be as they hear the case. If he wants to reduce the problems associated with memory and the legal system, which of the following should he do based on recommendations offer in the readings and lecture? A. Make sure that all jurors come to a quick decision since intuitive decisions are often more accurate than careful decisions B. Give the jury proper education about eyewitness memory and testimony C. Remind the jury that eyewitness testimony is inadmissible in court and should not be considered D. Give each lawyer a chance to speak privately with the jury members

Persuasion is most effective when individuals are: A. given strong messages to conform B. not feeling that their freedom to make a choice is threatened C. intensely emotionally aroused D. not given the freedom to make a choice

Researchers investigated whether the social or biological designation "black" was critical to black-white IQ difference often observed. They found that the ____designation was what mattered, suggesting a(n) _____ explanation for black-white IQ differences A. biological; genes B. social; environmental C. biological; environmental D. social; genetic

Self-report questionnaires are subject to which of the following biases? A. sibling contrast effect B.social desirability C. letter of recommendation effect D. self-verification

The ability to perceive relationships among stimuli that are independent of previous instruction concerning those relationships is called ______ intelligence A. general B. fluid C. assorted D. crystallized

The current conclusion drawn from studies of people with deficits in episodic memory is that the hippocampus is essential for encoding ______ memory A. sensory B. episodic C. working D. semantic

Tracy enter a car dealership interested in buying a new car. Immediately she is greeted by a salesman offering her water or soda and a cookie. The salesman is likely relying on what social norm to help persuade Tracy to buy a car? A. door-in-the-face B. reciprocity C. reactance D. social proof

When people are asked to rate one of their own personality traits, the tend to: A. rate themselves consistently on the trait compared to others B. rate themselves higher on the trait compared to others C. rate themselves inconsistently win the trait compared to others D. rate themselves lower on the trait compared to others

Which is NOT one of the trait dimensions of the five-factor model of personality? A. openness-non-openness B. radical-conservative C. agreeableness- antagonism D. conscientiousness-undirectedness

Which statement about the participants in Milligram's obedience experiment (and replication of it) is TRUE? A. although the majority of men applied the strongest shock, only a small minority of women did B. in all categories of people tested, a high rate of obedience has been found C. although the majority of people under age 30 applied the strongest shock, only a minority of people over 40 did D. although the majority of blue-collar workers, who are used to taking orders, applied the strongest shock, only a small minority of professional people did

Which symptom is associated with social anxiety disorder? A. having no friends B. intense fear and avoidance of social situations C. not enjoying games D. panic attacks

placebo effect

Barbara is complaining that she has terrible abdominal pains. Several physicians have found nothing wrong with her. One physician gives Barbara a prescription for tablets with no real medication in them. "I think that this new medication will be very helpful for your abdominal infection," the physician tells Barbara. Within 24 hours of taking the fake medication Barbara reports that her abdominal pains have disappeared. This is called a ______

strong negative correlation

Based on what you know about dental hygiene and health what would be the best description of the correlation between variable A (the number of times a day one brushes their teeth) and variable B (the number of cavities one has when they go to the dentist)

Intrasexual

Both Tray and Paul want to date Melia. She would be happy dating either of them, so she says "You two box for one round, and I will date whoever wins." Tray and Paul fall for this trick, and pummel each other for 3 minutes until Tray wins. Tray and Paul are engaging in ______ competition to date Melia.

Which neurotoxin makes it harder to read the emotions of other people when injected into the face?

Botulinum Toxin

Bottom-up processing

Building up to perceptual experience from individual pieces.

14. Which of the following correlation coefficients is indicative of the strongest relationship between two variables? A. +0.65 B. 0.00 C. -0.87 D. -0.24

15. Professor Jacobs believes that sleep deprivation is related to conflicts between roommates. He collects data on the number of hours of sleep and the number of conflicts for a group of college students over the course of a month. He obtains a correlation coefficient of -0.75. In the context of correlational research, which of the following is the most likely conclusion from the results of his study? A. Seventy-five percent of the conflicts investigated are not related to sleep deprivation. B. Sleep deprivation causes fewer conflicts. C. Sleeping too little is associated with more conflicts. D. Sleep and conflict are not related.

18. What makes a study experimental instead of non-experimental? a. measured an independent variable b. Joanne measured a dependent variable c. manipulation of an independent variable d. Joanne manipulated a dependent variable

19. What type of design has different groups of participants in different conditions? a. Within Subjects design b. Among Subjects design c. Between Subjects design d. Compound Subjects design

2. Psychology is formally defined as: A. the study of the human mind. B. the subjective study of human behavior. C. the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. D. the exclusive study of abnormal behavior.

Autobiographical memory forms the core of an individual's A. personality' B. intelligence C. personal identity D. Coping style

During a political debate, one candidate continually avoids questions about the details of his policies. Instead, he focuses on pointing out problems that he knows worry people and reassures them with a warm smile that they will be " in good hands" if he is elected. This candidate is using the ______ route to persuasion in trying to garner votes. A. preconscious B. direct C. peripheral D. central

Eliseo knows Devo was a popular band during the 1980s, yet he cannot link the knowledge with any event in his life. This type of information that Eliseo can state without remembering when or where he learned it is an example of _______ memory A Procedural B. implicit C. semantic D. episodic

In a typical test of false-belief understanding, a child sees a doll, Maxi, put a candy bar in a blue cupboards. Then Maxi leaves the room and his mother comes in and moves the candy bar to a red cupboard. When Maxi returns to get his candy bar, the child is asked, "In which cupboard will Maxi look first?" What typically happens? A. Most 3- and 4- year-olds will answer "in the red cupboard' B. Most 3-year-olds will answer "in the blue cupboard" but most 4-year-olds will answer "in the red cupboard" C. Most 3-year-olds will answer "in the red cupboard" but most 4-year-olds will answer "in the blue cupboard" D. Most 3- and 4-year-olds will answer "in the blue cupboard"

Psychodynamic therapy has largely replaced psychoanalysis. which of the following is a characteristic of psychodynamic therapy that distinguishes it from psychoanalysis? A. psychodynamic therapy generally last longer than psychoanalysis leading to potentially greater changes B. psychodynamic therapy focuses on changing the person rather than relieving distress C. psychodynamic therapy looks at client problems while paying attention to the context of her social life D. trick question: psychodynamic therapy has the same basic tenets as psychoanalysis

Solving syllogisms by formal logic requires the use of A. analogy B. induction C. deduction D. insight

The __________ hypothesis suggests that humans have developed brains in order to better maintain larger in-groups A. social categorization B. psychosocial biology C. social brain D. social development

The vast majority of children are classified as ________ attached A. disorganized B. ambivalent C. securely D. avoidant

Correlation is not?

Causation

Soma

Cell body of a neuron that contains the nucleus and genetic information, and directs protein synthesis.

Retina

Cell layer in the back of the eye containing photoreceptors.

sexual oritentation

Chad is sexually attracted to women and has been his entire life. For the last few years, he has found that he is also attracted to men, and has had two relationships where he dated only a man. He finds that these relationships are equally fulfilling, and has come to describe his ______ as bisexual.

Sound waves

Changes in air pressure. The physical stimulus for audition.

corpus callosum

Charlise suffers from severe epilepsy and has several seizures a week. Her neurologist has tried several different medications to control the illness, all without success. Now she is concerned that Charlise will suffer brain damage if the seizures continue, and has recommend a split-brain procedure. She describes to Charlise that this surgery will involve severing the ______ to reduce electrical activity between the two hemispheres of her cerebral cortex.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical substance released by the presynaptic terminal button that acts on the postsynaptic cell.

Odorants

Chemicals transduced by olfactory receptors.

Tastants

Chemicals transduced by taste receptor cells.

Rudolph Dreikurs

Children of Challenge - Principles to guide a parent raising a child. Children are motivated by a desire to belong.

Theory of mind

Children's growing understanding of the mental states that affect people's behavior.

Jean Piaget

Cognitive Development Theory; created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation)

Adoption Study

Compares adopted children to both sets of parents

Hedonic well-being

Component of well-being that refers to emotional experiences, often including measures of positive (e.g., happiness, contentment) and negative affect (e.g., stress, sadness).

According to the Eagleman film we saw in class, in humans the period between birth and two years of age is characterized by the growth of ______________ in the brain.

Connections

Audience design

Constructing utterances to suit the audience's knowledge.

You have the option of studying with one of four friends, each of whom has a different study strategy. With whom should you study?

Cristina likes to create quizzes and quiz herself.

.While Lisa is working from home, her husband asks if she can empty the dishwasher before she goes to bed. Once Lisa finishes her work, she finds she cannot remember her husband's request, even though she nodded to let him know she was listening. Most likely, Lisa experienced: A. selective hearing B. Social tuning phenomenon C. inattentional blindness D. inattentional deafness

1. Which of the following is NOT a goal of psychological science? A. To describe B. To explain C. To predict D. To speculate

11. ______________ are part of descriptive research. a. surveys b. case studies/interviews c. observation d. all of the above

13. In the context of psychology's scientific method, the objective description of how a variable is going to be measured and observed in a particular study is referred to as the: A. hypothesis. B. theory. C. logical conclusion. D. operational definition.

9. Well-constructed ___________ let us talk about causality. a. Correlational studies b. Descriptive studies c. Non-experimental studies d. Experimental studies

A _________ involved giving a selection of normally small pictures of faces to eyewitnesses for the purpose of identifying a perpetratorA. in-vivo identification task B. Police lineup C. laboratory study D. photo spread

According to Freud, the most powerful sources of unconscious motivation are A. fear and insecurity B. hunger and the sex drive C. anxiety and guilt D. the sex drive and aggression

Four-year-old Sarah has seen her father wear several different kinds of hats. When her father bought a toupee and put it on in front of Sarah, she said. "Daddy's got a new hat". Sarah's understanding of the toupee illustrates Piaget's concept of: A. Object permanence B. accommodation C. operations D. assimilation

Galus is surveying his friends and asks them if the letter "V" appears more times as the first letter in a world or as the third letter in a world. His friends guess that it appears more times as the first letter than as the third letter because they can think of more "V" words than words with a "v" as the third letter. This is an example of: A. confirmation bias B. Scientific bias C. predictable- world bias D. availability bias

Harwinder is constantly worried that his romantic partner is being unfailthful. What kind of attachment style is this? A. interdependent B. avoidant C. secure D. anxious

Humans do not attend to everything in the environment at one time, some of that information is "blocked out". This is due to: A. Singular focus B. Divided Attention C. Cognitive vigilance D. Selective attention

In Milgram's original study on obedience, the majority of research participants stopped administering shocks: A. immediately after the "learner" started moaning B. when the "learner" stopped responding C. the the "learner: asked him or her to stop D. after all shocks up to the maximum had been delivered

Kyle is an average student and a good athlete. When he receives grades lower than an A, he blames the teacher for not recognizing his superior work and also gets angry when his coaches don't give him credit for the team's won games. Kyle could most likely have which personality disorder? A. Obsessive compulsive disorder B. borderline C. histrionic D. narcissistic

People who are exposed to tow langauges from birth and are fluent in both languages are called _____ bilinguals A. sequential B. succeeding C. successful D. simulaneous

Physically attractive people experience many benefits in life. Particularly, more physically attractive people have an easier time persuading others. Which characteristic is an example of why this occurs? A. physically attractive people are perceived as less successful B. physically attractive people are seen as unkind C. physically attractive people are seen as less intelligent D. physically attractive people are perceived as having higher moral character

Randy has a box of Smarties candies. Randy leaves the room, and while he is away. Michelle plays a trick on him. She removes the Smarties and replaces them with rocks. Their son, Zeven, notices this and starts laughing knowing that his Dad, Randy, will be tricked! Even has mastered: A. formal operations B. conventional reasoning C. secure attachment D. a theory of mind

Rashid's parents love him very much, are highly tolerant of his disruptive actions, and rarely exert any type of control over him Baumrind would classify Rashid's parents as: A. secure B. authoritative C. authoritarian D. permissive

Renee Baillargeon showed infants as 3-4 months a possible even (a solid screen obscuring a solid object) and an impossible event (a solid screen passing through a solid object). In contrast to Piaget's conclusion regarding the age at which physical principles are understood, Maillargeon's infants looked: A. longer at the possible than at the impossible event B. for the ball and tried to retrieve it in both conditions C. about equally long at both events D. longer at the impossible than at the possible event

The Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test are two prominent examples of _______ tests A. behavioral B. interview based C. objective D. projective

The most common method for treating ADHD is A. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors B. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulations C. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy D. Prescription stimulant medications

The president of a campus club holds a meeting to decide what they're going to do for the annual fundraiser. he will best guard against groupthink if he: A.does not let those who have different opinions speak B allows people who want to be his friend to speak C. expresses his views on the matter D. does not give his own opinion first

The strange-situation test developed by Mary Ainsworth is used to assess: A. Moral development B. styles of discipline C. gender segregation D. infant attachment

The word dogs consists of : A. 1 morpheme B. 1 phoneme C. 2 phonemes D. 2 morphemes

Weschler designed IQ tests that provide specific scores for different kinds of abilities. Performance items: A. test physical abilities such as han to eye coordination B. test physical abilities such as the speed of writing C. test nonverbal abilities such as arithmetic knowledge D. test nonverbal abilities such as the ability to copy block designs

What are the three criteria that characterize personality traits? A. continuity, stability, and interpersonal parallels B. consistency, flexibility, and individual differences C. continuity, flexibility, and interpersonal parallels D. consistency, stability, and individual differences

What is heuristic? A. A step-by-step process of solving a problem that guarantees a solution B. An assumption that people make about other's foundational personality traits C. A mental error that involves incorrectly attempting to use an ineffective past solution to a present problem D. A mental shortcut that enables a person to make decisions and solve problems quickly and efficiently

Whenever Marta is around an infant, she always finds herself speaking in very simple sentences in a high-pitched voice. Marta is demonstrating: A. under extension B. pidgin language C. creole language D motherese

Which is an accurate description of how often different types of people are helped in everyday life? A. Strangers are helped most of all, friends are helped quite a bit, and family (kin) are helped least of all B. There are no consistent patterns regarding who receives help from others C. Friends are helped most of all, with family (kin) and strangers helped very rarely D. Family (kin) are helped most of all, friends are helped quite a bit, and strangers are helped least of all

Which of the following assumptions is associated with client change in humanistic therapies? A. therapists must use specific treatment factors B. clients must pay for therapy in order to be invested in it C. clients must be passive and receptive to therapist input D. clients should experience anxiety

Which of the following is NOT a form of biological treatment for a person suffering from depression? A. electroconvulsive therapy B. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation C. deep brain stimulation D. functional magnetic resonance imaging

Which parenting style is associated with high warmth (warm, responsive) and high control (demanding, restrictive) A. permissive B. uninvolved C. authoritarian D. authoritative

Which statement most accurately reflects Freud's conception of unconscious motivation? A. People's behavior is not motivated by people's unconscious feelings except in the case of overtly sexual and aggressive behaviors B. People are often motivated by private motivations that they keep hidden from others by deliberately lying C. People are motivated by the energy that produces behavior and it comes from the unconscious mind, but the direction a behavior takes is based on conscious, rational thought D. People explain their behavior to themselves and others in plausible ways, although the real reasons for their own behavior are often hidden from them

A man named Ronald Cotton was imprisoned after being identified as the person who committed a rape. After more than 10 years, he was exonerated of the crime and released. What led to this reversal of his conviction?

DNA evidence

According to the code of ethics that governs research in psychology, which of the following statements regarding the use of deception is the most accurate?

Deception may be used when necessary, but must be followed by a debriefing after the research participation is complete.

The film Who is in Contol says that the majority of the following are controlled by parts of the brain to which you have no access.

Decision that you make Beliefs Actions you take

Sensory adaptation

Decrease in sensitivity of a receptor to a stimulus after constant stimulation.

Extinction

Decrease in the strength of a learned behavior that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or when the behavior is no longer reinforced (in instrumental conditioning). The term describes both the procedure (the US or reinforcer is no longer presented) as well as the result of the procedure (the learned response declines). Behaviors that have been reduced in strength through extinction are said to be "extinguished."

Fear conditioning

From the neuroscience point of view, genocide is related to which of the following psychological phenomena?

Dehumanization

one cannot manipulate human beings' genetics easily

Denzel is a psychologist who is interested in conducting research that examines the nature-nurture debate as it applies to people. He is trying to come up with a way to explore this issue using an experiment, but is having difficulty constructing a research plan. What would be the primary obstacle Denzel faces?

Meta cognition

Describes the knowledge and skills people have in monitoring and controlling their own learning and memory.

3 Research Methods: Descriptive, Correlational, Experiment

Descriptive: Writing about; researching online Correlational: Of or relating to something Experiment: Running test to make a conclusion

Cognitive development

Development of thinking across the lifespan

Arnold Gesell

Developmental Maturational Theory - Heredity plays a role in children's development (Nature vs Nurture)

Binocular disparity

Difference is images processed by the left and right eyes.

Intra- and inter-individual differences

Different patterns of development observed within an individual (intra-) or between individuals (inter-).

reproductive

Differential ______ success is the engine of evolution by natural selection.

Gender discrimination

Differential treatment on the basis of gender.

Discontinuous development

Which of the following was not listed as a basic emotion in the text.

Disgust

Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation?

Do teenagers spend more time on their cell phones in a shopping mall than do adults?

quasi-experiment

Dr. Crondall is studying who's happier - married or non-married couples. He uses people's current marital status as an independent variable because he can't randomly assign people to a married or single group. What kind of research strategy doesn't employ random assignment?

and adoptions study

Dr. Eplin is conducting a study with hundreds of children and the parents who raised them, but are not biologically related to the children. Dr. Eplin is curious whether genes or the household environment has a greater influence on children's behavior. What kind of study is Dr. Eplin conducting?

Do my conclusions generalize into the real world?

Dr. Gonzalez conducts research that allows her to draw conclusions about a small group of people: the participants in her study. She now wonders whether these conclusions will apply to the larger population from which her sample was drawn. Which of the following questions is most relevant to Dr. Gonzalez's current situation?

examiner expectation

Dr. Magill is conducting research on whether giving monkeys ice cold water in the morning will cause them to be less aggressive during the day. He has several graduate students observing the monkeys and he regularly comments to the students that ice water is "definitely making a difference." As a result, the graduate students are less likely to rate minor aggressive incidents as true aggression. The research in this example has been compromised by ______

Hypothesis

Dr. Miller-Lewis is conducting research aimed at understanding how elderly people can best thrive when residing in an assisted-living facility. She has several logical ideas that can be tested in her research. These ideas, which might be thought of as educated guesses, are called ______ .

cumulative

Dr. Morabian is conducting research that was inspired by studies published 10 years before he got his doctorate. He reads those studies, thinks about how they can be improved, and designs research that will extend their findings. Dr. Morabian's work demonstrates that science is:

longitudinal study

Dr. Zarski wants his department to put together a proposal for a program of research that will earn excellent grant funding from a variety of sources, including the federal government. He knows that the research he is conducting will take many years and cost upwards of several million dollars. Which type of research is Dr. Zarski probably proposing?

8. Correlational results do not imply ___________ in part because of _____________ . a. causality; significance b. causality; relationship problems c. significance; the third variable problem d. relationships; heuristics e. causality; the third variable problem

Daily Diary method

Each night before she goes to bed, Youngha's smartphone prompts her to log into a specific website and to answer several questions about her thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. She does this every day for one month as part of a research study she has volunteered for. Which method is the researcher employing?

Temperament

Early emerging differences in reactivity and self-regulation, which constitutes a foundation for personality development.

Which of the following are intrapersonal functions of emotions?

Emotions prepare the body for immediate action Emotions influence thoughts Emotions motivate future behaviors

______ are professional guidelines that offer researchers a path for making decisions that protect their participants from potential harm

Ethics

Top-down processing

Experience influencing the perception of stimuli.

The two most popular types of research

Experimental and Correlational

Confounds

Factors that can alter results of experimental data, like placebo effect

Confounds

Factors that undermine the ability to draw causal inferences from an experiment.

Fredrich Froebel

Father of Kindergarten - Play is a child's work. Toys are tools.

Myelin Sheath

Fatty tissue, that insulates the axons of the neurons; myelin is necessary for normal conduction of electrical impulses among neurons.

Emotions can described on two dimensions, Arousal Level and Valence. Please match the following emotions with their combinations of Arousal and Valence

Fear Aroused/Unplesant Happy Aroused/Plesant Calmness Not Aroused/Plesant Disgust Not Aroused/Unplesant

Maria Montessori

First female Italian physician who gained international fame for her philosophy of teaching, which allowed students to learn in a noncompetitive and relaxed atmosphere.

Which notable individual, who was a cousin of evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin, is credited with inventing the self-report questionnaire that allowed people to offer their own judgments or opinions on various matters?

Francis Galton

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): A neuroimaging technique that infers brain activity by measuring changes in oxygen levels in the blood.

Peripheral Nervous System

Gathers/send info

Generalize

Generalizing, in science, refers to the ability to arrive at broad conclusions based on a smaller sample of observations. For these conclusions to be true the sample should accurately represent the larger population from which it is drawn.

Differential susceptibility

Genetic factors that make individuals more or less responsive to environmental experiences.

Quantitative changes

Gradual, incremental change, as in the growth of a pine tree's girth.

Cohort

Group of people typically born in the same year or historical period, who share common experiences over time; sometimes called a generation (e.g., Baby Boom Generation).

Cohort

Group of people typically born in the same year or historical period, who share common experiences over time; sometimes called a generation.

Ingroup

Group to which a person belongs.

Outgroup

Group to which a person does not belong.

Theories

Groups of closely related phenomena or observations

Occurs when the response to a stimulus decreases with exposure.

Habituation

Ezra is currently experiencing a high level of activity in the superior temporal sulcus, or STS, of his brain. Which of the following is happening to Ezra at the moment?

He is thinking about physical motion.

Abram Maslow

Hierarchy of Needs- Our needs influence each person's development. Basic needs MUST be met before you can progress further.

The best method depends on the question being asked as well as the resources that are available to the researcher.

How does a researcher know which methods she should use to test her hypotheses in psychological research?

Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation?

How does race impact voting trends in a political election?

50%

How much of their genetic code do fraternal twins share?

Age identity

How old or young people feel compared to their chronological age; after early adulthood, most people feel younger than their chronological age.

Operational definitions

How researchers specifically measure a concept.

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Human Ecology Theory - Influences on parents and child are complex. Interactions with others and environments influence parent-child relations.

Alfred Binet

IQ tests

Debriefing

If a psychology study employs deception as part of its methods, the participants must be informed of that deception before their contribution is completed. This opportunity to educate research participants about the true nature of study is called ______ Blank .

In class we visited a Website that demonstrated a visual illusion called Motion Induced Blindness. Which of the following were suggested on that website as possible explanations for Motion Induced Blindness?

If you fixate steadily all structures are imaged on their same retinal locations leading to local adaptation on the retina. Adding additional temporal motion (rotation) effectively increases the background noise causing the disappearance to be more pronounced and /or happen faster.

intersexual selection

Imagine that men had a strong preference for women who are tall. As a consequence, the average height of women has increased with time. While this is not scientifically proven, what concept would this be an example of if it were true?

Occurs when we acquire information without intent that we cannot easily express. Learning to read, learning to talk,

Implicit learning

sexual selections

In a recent study, researchers using digitally enhanced photos of the same male college student discovered that women found him more attractive when he had a beard than when he did not. This is related to ______ .

internal

In a research study, ______ validity addresses the degree to which that study can lead to unambiguous causal inferences.

independant variable

In an experiment, the condition that is being manipulated or changed by the researcher is called the______ variable.

Conditioned compensatory response

In classical conditioning, a conditioned response that opposes, rather than is the same as, the unconditioned response. It functions to reduce the strength of the unconditioned response. Often seen in conditioning when drugs are used as unconditioned stimuli.

Unconditioned response (UR)

In classical conditioning, an innate response that is elicited by a stimulus before (or in the absence of) conditioning.

Blocking

In classical conditioning, the finding that no conditioning occurs to a stimulus if it is combined with a previously conditioned stimulus during conditioning trials. Suggests that information, surprise value, or prediction error is important in conditioning.

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that elicits the response before conditioning occurs.

Discriminative stimulus

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that signals whether the response will be reinforced. It is said to "set the occasion" for the operant response.

Ethics

In order to make sure that research is conducted in a way that protects the welfare and dignity of its participants, psychology has developed a code of ______ that governs all such exploration.

They developed hybrid agricultural crops and synthetic fertilizer that allowed us to produce adequate food for the planet.

In what way have scientists Fritz Haber and Norman Borlaug helped to save more than a billion human lives on our planet?

After watching many Olympic medal ceremonies, Barak finds himself humming along with the national anthem of Singapore even though he did not know it before and did not try to learn it. What is this an example of?

Incidental learning

Limbic System

Includes the subcortical structures of the amygdala and hippocampal formation as well as some cortical structures; responsible for aversion and gratification.

Successful aging

Includes three components: avoiding disease, maintaining high levels of cognitive and physical functioning, and having an actively engaged lifestyle.

Neurons

Individual brain cells.

Foreclosure

Individuals commit to an identity without exploration of options.

Identity achievement

Individuals have explored different options and then made commitments.

Global subjective well-being

Individuals' perceptions of and satisfaction with their lives as a whole.

Theory of Mind

Infants are aware at an early stage that people have different mental states, and this motivates them to try to figure out what others are feeling, intending, wanting, and thinking, and how these mental states affect their behavior

Common ground

Information that is shared by people who engage in a conversation.

Goal-directed behavior

Instrumental behavior that is influenced by the animal's knowledge of the association between the behavior and its consequence and the current value of the consequence. Sensitive to the reinforcer devaluation effect.

Habit

Instrumental behavior that occurs automatically in the presence of a stimulus and is no longer influenced by the animal's knowledge of the value of the reinforcer. Insensitive to the reinforcer devaluation effect.

Case Study

Intense examination of specific individuals

Heterogeneity

Inter-individual and subgroup differences in level and rate of change over time.

A memory template created through repeated exposure to a particular class of objects or events is known as a schema. What is the best example of a schema below?

Jessica knows that when going to a restaurant it is typical to be seated, given menus, time to order, and she will be expected to pay the bill after she finishes eating.

In Asch's classic study of conformity, what were research participants asked to do?

Judge the sizes of lines that were on a card held a few feet away from them.

Synapses

Junction between the presynaptic terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite, axon, or soma of another postsynaptic neuron.

intersexual selection

Karla has a very pretty face, a nice frame, and she is very intelligent and successful. As a result she has many offers for dates from a variety of men. The likelihood that these desired characteristics are more likely to get passed on to offspring because Karla has more opportunities than other women to date and mate is an example of:

Erik Erikson

Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development

Qualitative changes

Large, fundamental change, as when a caterpillar changes into a butterfly; stage theories such as Piaget's posit that each stage reflects qualitative change relative to previous stages.

Edward Thorndike

Learning Theory - responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation (the precursor to Operant Conditioning Theory)

Vicarious reinforcement

Learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement or punishment of another person.

Contralateral

Literally "opposite side"; used to refer to the fact that the two hemispheres of the brain process sensory information and motor commands for the opposite side of the body (e.g., the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body).

Which of the following titles of an academic paper best reflects the notion that science is democratic?

Look at the Data and Form Your Own Opinion.

Agnosia

Loss of the ability to perceive stimuli.

Anosmia

Loss of the ability to smell.

Ossicles

Malleus, incus, stapes A collection of three small bones in the middle ear that vibrate against the tympanic membrane.

Experimental Research

Manipulate Independent Variable with results as Dependent Variable, random assignment is key

white coat hypertension

Many students do quite well on practice quizzes or textbook exercises; however, on exam day they become anxious when their professor walks into the classroom. This phenomenon is very similar to ______ in research.

"How one's genes interact with their surroundings to determine intelligence."

Marilyn is a graduate student in psychology, and she has decided that she wants to study the influences of nature and nurture. What might be an appropriate title for her thesis?

confound

Maritza is in a study testing if almond milk slows the development of brittle bones. She's in the study for 3 months but doesn't know that her milk allergy is causing her body to block nutrients, so it doesn't help her. Maritza's allergy is an example of a(n):

participant's vision, in this case, Markus'

Markus is in a study examining the impact of vitamin C on vision. Some participants take 100mg. of vitamin C every day while others take placebo. Markus doesn't know which group he's in, but he is given eye exams measuring his vision each month. What is the dependent variable?

The sisters are as genetically similar as the twin brothers

Martha and Mary are sisters who were born 2 ½ years apart. Eric and Merrick are fraternal twin brothers who were born 8 minutes apart. What is an accurate statement regarding their genetic similarities?

survey

Mary is gathering data for her dissertation research, and has decided to use the internet to reach a large number of potential participants with a minimum of cost. She creates a list of questions and puts it on a website, and then sends the link out to many people in the hopes that they will go to her site. This inexpensive and rather efficient research design is called a(n)______

Average life expectancy

Mean number of years that 50% of people in a specific birth cohort are expected to survive. This is typically calculated from birth but is also sometimes re-calculated for people who have already reached a particular age (e.g., 65).

Average life expectancy

Correlation

Measures the association between two variables, or how they go together.

Mechanoreceptors

Mechanical sensory receptors in the skin that response to tactile stimulation.

False memories

Memory for an event that never actually occurred, implanted by experimental manipulation or other means.

Episodic memory

Memory for events in a particular time and place.

Working memory

Memory system that allows for information to be simultaneously stored and utilized or manipulated.

Which of the the following are true with regard to the relationship between violent media, aggression and/or violence.

Meta-analyses have found a relationship between playing violent games and increases in aggressive thoughts, angry feelings, and aggressive behaviors.

Signal detection

Method for studying the ability to correctly identify sensory stimuli.

Twin studies

Monozygotic (identical), dizygotic (fraternal), comparison between twins- role genetics vs environment plays

Which of the following visual illusions were shown and discussed in class?

Munker Illusion "Stepping Feet" Motion Illusion Benham's Top _ rotating black and white circle Motion Induced Blindness

Social network

Network of people with whom an individual is closely connected; provide emotional, informational, and material support and offer opportunities for social engagement.

Social network

Network of people with whom an individual is closely connected; social networks provide emotional, informational, and material support and offer opportunities for social engagement.

Social networks

Networks of social relationships among individuals through which information can travel.

Neuron diagram

Neutral Impulse

Correlational Designs

No active input, researchers are passively studying situations with only 2 variables

Is it really Nature vs Nurture?

No- cannot interpret behavior as solely nature/nurture: we cannot organize traits

What is the major difference between classical and operant conditioning and nonassociative learning?

Nonassociative learning involves a single stimulus and conditioning involves the pairing of two stimuli or a stimulus and a response.

Non-associative learning

Occurs when a single repeated exposure leads to a change in behavior.

Perceptual learning

Occurs when aspects of our perception changes as a function of experience.

Habituation

Occurs when the response to a stimulus decreases with exposure.

Sensitization

Occurs when the response to a stimulus increases with exposure

Implicit learning

Occurs when we acquire information without intent that we cannot easily express.

informed consent

Oladipo volunteers to be a participant in a research study. When he arrives at the laboratory, he is given a handout that describes the basic purposes of the research and explains that they are not obligated to participate in the study. This handout is related to the ethical consideration of ______.

Two-year-old Malia learns that if she says "more milk, please" she always gets milk, which leads her to say please more often. Which concept best describes Malia's learning process?

Operant conditioning

Olfactory epithelium

Organ containing olfactory receptors.

Somatotopic map

Organization of the primary somatosensory cortex maintaining a representation of the arrangement of the body.

Gender schemas

Organized beliefs and expectations about maleness and femaleness that guide children's thinking about gender.

Which of the following were described as Categorical Autonomic Responses studied in Psychophysiology

Orienting Defensive Startle

Under which of the following circumstances would you expect a person to demonstrate the highest level of conformity in Solomon Asch's research protocol?

Orlando has to give his choice out loud.

Binocular vision

Our ability to perceive 3D and depth because of the difference between the images on each of our retinas.

Chemical senses

Our ability to process the environmental stimuli of smell and taste.

Nociception

Our ability to sense pain.

Pinna

Outermost portion of the ear.

Phantom limb pain

Pain in a limb that no longer exists.

Diana Baumrind

Parenting Styles Theory- The way parents set limits and love their children. Permissive, Authoritarian & Authoritative

Psychological control

Parents' manipulation of and intrusion into adolescents' emotional and cognitive world through invalidating adolescents' feelings and pressuring them to think in particular ways.

Dendrites

Part of a neuron that extends away from the cell body and is the main input to the neuron.

Axon

Part of the neuron that extends off the soma, splitting several times to connect with other neurons; main output of the neuron.

Dr. Loftus has used a false feedback manipulation to persuade subjects to falsely remember having a variety of childhood experiences. Which of the following best describes this experimental technique?

Participants are deceived to believe a computer system has analyzed questionnaires they previously completed and concluded they had particular experiences years earlier.

Vestibular system

Parts of the inner ear involved in balance.

Ventral pathway

Pathway of visual processing. The "what" pathway.

Dorsal pathway

Pathway of visual processing. The "where" pathway.

Preoperational reasoning stage

Period within Piagetian theory from age 2 to 7 years, in which children can represent objects through drawing and language but cannot solve logical reasoning problems, such as the conservation problems.

Sensorimotor stage

Period within Piagetian theory from birth to age 2 years, during which children come to represent the enduring reality of objects.

Low Expectations/Control + High Warmth/Responsiveness

Permissive

refers to the description and investigation of first-person observations.

Phenomenology

Cones

Photoreceptors of the retina sensitive to color. Located primarily in the fovea.

Rods

Photoreceptors of the retina sensitive to low levels of light. Located around the fovea.

Concrete operations stage

Piagetian stage between ages 7 and 12 when children can think logically about concrete situations but not engage in systematic scientific reasoning.

Formal operations stage

Piagetian stage starting at age 12 years and continuing for the rest of life, in which adolescents may gain the reasoning powers of educated adults.

Positive vs. negative correlation vs. illusory correlation- be able to tell the difference

Positive: The more practice I put in the more I will succeed. Negative: The less I show up to shcool, the more I will struggle.

According to the Charlie Rose episode on Aggression and Violence there are four brain regions that are highly involved in aggression and violence.

Prefrontal Cortex Executive functions, decision making, character formation - damage or defects here increases aggression Ventral Striatum reinforcement, recruited in addiction and certain kinds of aggression Amygdala Orchestrator of emotion, both positive and negative Hypothalamus aggression and sexuality

Conservation problems

Problems pioneered by Piaget in which physical transformation of an object or set of objects changes a perceptually salient dimension but not the quantity that is being asked about.

Instrumental conditioning

Process in which animals learn about the relationship between their behaviors and their consequences. Also known as operant conditioning.

Ethics

Professional guidelines that offer researchers a template for making decisions that protect research participants from potential harm and that help steer scientists away from conflicts of interest or other situations that might compromise the integrity of their research

Ethics

confidentiality

Professor Brown is a psychologist who conducts intelligence research using students from his own courses as his participants. One day he comes into class and posts the results of intelligence tests on the board with each student's name. Professor Brown has forgotten to attend to which ethical obligation in research?

Auditory hair cells

Receptors in the cochlea that transduce sound into electrical potentials.

Taste receptor cells

Receptors that transduce gustatory information.

Renewal effect

Recovery of an extinguished response that occurs when the context is changed after extinction. Especially strong when the change of context involves return to the context in which conditioning originally occurred. Can occur after extinction in either classical or instrumental conditioning.

Spontaneous recovery

Recovery of an extinguished response that occurs with the passage of time after extinction. Can occur after extinction in either classical or instrumental conditioning.

Sexual orientation

Refers to the direction of emotional and erotic attraction toward members of the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes.

Longitudinal studies

Research method that collects information from individuals at multiple time points over time, allowing researchers to track cohort differences in age-related change to determine cumulative effects of different life experiences.

Cross-sectional studies

Research method that provides information about age group differences; age differences are confounded with cohort differences and effects related to history and time of study.

Participant observation

Researchers put themselves into situations to study the participants without them knowing

Syntax

Rules by which words are strung together to form sentences.

Quantitative genetics

Scientific and mathematical methods for inferring genetic and environmental processes based on the degree of genetic and environmental similarity among organisms.

Actually, about three-quarters of the world's population now has access to a mobile phone!

Shalva suggests that most people outside of industralized societies do not have telephones in their home. Loni disagrees, and would most accurately respond in which of the following ways?

Walking down the street, Areanna is approached by a police officer. The police officer encourages Areanna to be a Good Samaritan and put money in a parking meter that's about to expire on a stranger's car. What factors might lead Areanna to obey this police officer's order and help pay for the parking meter?

She views the police officer as an authority figure.

Quasi-Experimental Designs

Similar to experimental research, but random assignment not used. Reliance on existing group memberships (IV), causal inference is more difficult (can't draw same conclusions)

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Social Contract Theory - believed that man is good when in the state of nature but has been corrupted by the artificiality of society and the growth of social interdependence. The state of nature is a primitive and brutish condition, without law or morality, which humans deliberately left for the benefits and necessity of cooperation.

Lev Vygotsky

Socio-Cultural Theory - explicitly recognizes the involvement of social and cultural factors in learning and development & takes place through interactions with others that promote the acquisition of culturally valued behaviors and beliefs. He emphasizes socialization and the learning experiences that facilitate identity formation. (Nurture vs Nature) Scaffolding and Zone of Proximal Distance

an adaptation

Some have argued that people who live in areas that are constantly sunny have developed darker skin over many generations as a protective mechanism against the effects of all of that exposure to sunlight. From an evolutionary perspective, this solution to a problem that threatens survival is an example of:

systematic observation

Sometimes considered the core of science, ______ Blank refers to the careful monitoring (or watching) of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it.

Which of the following have been shown to be effective in reducing aggression and or violence.

Specific focused interventions with small children diagnosed as chronically aggressive. Punishement Cartharisis

Cochlea

Spiral bone structure in the inner ear containing auditory hair cells.

Moratorium

State in which adolescents are actively exploring options but have not yet made identity commitments.

Weber's law

States that just noticeable difference is proportional to the magnitude of the initial stimulus.

sex

Stephen and Amber have just had their first child. The child was born with two X-chromosomes, ovaries, and a vagina. They are thrilled to tell everyone "It's a girl!" In this case, Stephen and Amber are referring to the baby's ______

Context

Stimuli that are in the background whenever learning occurs. For instance, the Skinner box or room in which learning takes place is the classic example of a context. However, "context" can also be provided by internal stimuli, such as the sensory effects of drugs (e.g., being under the influence of alcohol has stimulus properties that provide a context) and mood states (e. g., being happy or sad). It can also be provided by a specific period in time—the passage of time is sometimes said to change the "temporal context."

gender role

Stuart and his wife, Maricella argue over who should take the trash out. Maricella says, "taking trash out is a man's job. Everyone knows that." Maricella's statement about what culture defines as "a man's job" is an example of a ______

Double Blind studies

Studies in which researcher and participants don't know what the participant condition is, helping eliminate experimenter expectations

Psychophysics

Study of the relationships between physical stimuli and the perception of those stimuli.

John Locke

Tabula Rasa - children are born with their mind a blank sheet of paper, a clean slate

Benevolent sexism

The "positive" element of ambivalent sexism, which recognizes that women are perceived as needing to be protected, supported, and adored by men.

Brain Stem

The "trunk" of the brain comprised of the medulla, pons, midbrain, and diencephalon.

Object permanence task

The Piagetian task in which infants below about 9 months of age fail to search for an object that is removed from their sight and, if not allowed to search immediately for the object, act as if they do not know that it continues to exist.

nervous

The ______system can be thought of a massive network of cells that allows for communication within the body.

Depth perception

The ability to actively perceive the distance from oneself of objects in the environment.

Gender constancy

The awareness that gender is constant and does not change simply by changing external attributes; develops between 3 and 6 years of age.

Occipital Lobe

The back most (posterior) part of the cerebrum; involved in vision.

Gender roles

The behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that are designated as either masculine or feminine in a given culture.

Empiricism

The belief that knowledge comes from experience.

Gender stereotypes

The beliefs and expectations people hold about the typical characteristics, preferences, and behaviors of men and women.

How does a researcher know which methods she should use to test her hypotheses in psychological research?

The best method depends on the question being asked as well as the resources that are available to the researcher.

Nervous System

The body's network for electrochemical communication. This system includes all the nerves cells in the body.

Systematic observation

The careful observation of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it. Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world

Systematic observation

Epigenetics

The change in gene expression, but not DNA: production of methyl groups inhibit different expressions, alters how genes react to the eivironment

Conscience

The cognitive, emotional, and social influences that cause young children to create and act consistently with internal standards of conduct.

Flavor

The combination of smell and taste.

Transduction

The conversion of one form of energy into another.

Gender

The cultural, social, and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity and femininity.

Internal validity

The degree to which a cause-effect relationship between two variables has been unambiguously established.

External validity

The degree to which a finding generalizes from the specific sample and context of a study to some larger population and broader settings.

Ecological Validity

The degree to which a study finding has been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday life.

Cerebellum

The distinctive structure at the back of the brain, Latin for "small brain."

Multimodal perception

The effects that concurrent stimulation in more than one sensory modality has on the perception of events and objects in the world.

action potential

The electrical part of a neural signal - the message that gets sent down an axon and toward the next neuron - is called a(n) ______.

Behavioral genetics

The empirical science of how genes and environments combine to generate behavior.

Nurture

The environments, starting with the womb, that influence all aspects of children's development.

Reinforcer devaluation effect

The finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable.

Superadditive effect of multisensory integration

The finding that responses to multimodal stimuli are typically greater than the sum of the independent responses to each unimodal component if it were presented on its own.

Principle of inverse effectiveness

The finding that, in general, for a multimodal stimulus, if the response to each unimodal component (on its own) is weak, then the opportunity for multisensory enhancement is very large. However, if one component—by itself—is sufficient to evoke a strong response, then the effect on the response gained by simultaneously processing the other components of the stimulus will be relatively small.

Working memory

The form of memory we use to hold onto information temporarily, usually for the purposes of manipulation.

Frontal Lobe

The front most (anterior) part of the cerebrum; anterior to the central sulcus and responsible for motor output and planning, language, judgment, and decision-making.

Schemas

The gender categories into which, according to gender schema theory, children actively organize others' behavior, activities, and attributes.

Nature

The genes that children bring with them to life and that influence all aspects of their development.

Homo habilis

The human brain has developed in numerous ways over the course of evolution. For example, ______ , an ancestor of the modern human that lived over 2 million years ago, had a larger brain volume than its own ancestors but far less than modern humans.

Encoding specificity principle

The hypothesis that a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the engram or memory trace.

Social brain hypothesis

The hypothesis that the human brain has evolved, so that humans can maintain larger ingroups.

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

The hypothesis that the language that people use determines their thoughts.

Preparedness

The idea that an organism's evolutionary history can make it easy to learn a particular association. Because of preparedness, you are more likely to associate the taste of tequila, and not the circumstances surrounding drinking it, with getting sick. Similarly, humans are more likely to associate images of spiders and snakes than flowers and mushrooms with aversive outcomes like shocks.

Law of effect

The idea that instrumental or operant responses are influenced by their effects. Responses that are followed by a pleasant state of affairs will be strengthened and those that are followed by discomfort will be weakened. Nowadays, the term refers to the idea that operant or instrumental behaviors are lawfully controlled by their consequences.

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

The inability to pull a word from memory even though there is the sensation that that word is available.

Goodness of fit

The match or synchrony between a child's temperament and characteristics of parental care that contributes to positive or negative personality development. A good "fit" means that parents have accommodated to the child's temperamental attributes, and this contributes to positive personality growth and better adjustment.

Lasana Harris found that participants viewed homeless individuals more as objects than people. According to his research, which brain area is more active when we interact with other people than with objects?

The medial prefrontal cortex

Semantic memory

The more or less permanent store of knowledge that people have.

Hostile sexism

The negative element of ambivalent sexism, which includes the attitudes that women are inferior and incompetent relative to men.

Encoding

The pact of putting information into memory. Initial experience of perceiving and learning events.

To discover the brain networks involved in feeling 'left out', brain activity was assessed in an fMRI while participants played a virtual game of catch with two other players. Which brain system was activated in participants when they were left out of the Cyberball game?

The pain matrix

Parietal Lobe

The part of the cerebrum between the frontal and occipital lobes; involved in bodily sensations, visual attention, and integrating the senses.

Temporal Lobe

The part of the cerebrum in front of (anterior to) the occipital lobe and below the lateral fissure; involved in vision, auditory processing, memory, and integrating vision and audition.

In Stanley Milgram's research examining obedience, the participant was able to discontinue the experiment only after what took place?

The participant stated that he/she did not want to continue participating 4 consecutive times.

Phantom limb

The perception that a missing limb still exists.

Tate aversion learning

The phenomenon in which a taste is paired with sickness, and this causes the organism to reject—and dislike—that taste in the future.

Retroactive interference

The phenomenon whereby events that occur after some particular event of interest will usually cause forgetting of the original event.

Sensation

The physical processing of environmental stimuli by the sense organs.

Central Nervous System

The portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

The rubber hand illusion demonstrates

The powerful connection between what we see and what we feel. Neural plasticity in that the brain is changing to accommodate the rubber hand as part of the body as the result of experience.

Eugenics

The practice of selective breeding to promote desired traits.

Which of the following is NOT part of the autonomic nervous system?

The prefrontal Cortex

Cue overload principle

The principle stating that the more memories that are associated to a particular retrieval cue, the less effective the cue will be in prompting retrieval of any one memory.

Distinctiveness

The principle that unusual events (in a context of similar events) will be recalled and recognized better than uniform (nondistinctive) events.

Classical conditioning

The procedure in which an initially neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus, or CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (or US). The result is that the conditioned stimulus begins to elicit a conditioned response (CR). Classical conditioning is nowadays considered important as both a behavioral phenomenon and as a method to study simple associative learning

Social referencing

The process by which one individual consults another's emotional expressions to determine how to evaluate and respond to circumstances that are ambiguous or uncertain.

Consolidation

The process occurring after encoding that is believed to stabilize memory traces.

Retrieval

The process of accessing stored information.

Chunk

The process of grouping information together using our knowledge.

Perception

The psychological process of interpreting sensory information.

Conditioned Response (CR)

The response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning has taken place.

behavioral genetics

The science of how one's genetic code and their environmental influences interact to affect their actions is called ______ .

quantitative genetics

The scientific discipline of ______ examines similarities between individuals and analyzes them based on how biologically related they are.

brain stem

The single most basic part of the human brain - a part that is seen in other, less-evolved animals - is the ______ . This essential area helps to regulate such critical functions as breathing, digestion, and the beating of your heart.

Numerical magnitudes

The sizes of numbers.

Absolute threshold

The smallest amount of stimulation needed for detection by a sense.

Differential threshold

The smallest difference needed in order to differentiate two stimuli. (See Just Noticeable Difference (JND))

Just noticeable difference (JND)

The smallest difference needed in order to differentiate two stimuli. (see Differential Threshold)

Deviant peer contagion

The spread of problem behaviors within groups of adolescents.

Storage

The stage in the learning/memory process that bridges encoding and retrieval; the persistence of memory over time.

sex; gender

The statement "that person is a male," refers to the _______ of the individual in question. The statement "that person is very masculine," on the other hand, refers to that individual's ________.

Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why some students who get very good grades in high school get bad grades in college?

The students lack the metacognition necessary to realize that the strategies they used to get good grades in high school may not be as effective in college.

Behaviorism

The study of behavior.

Cognitive psychology

The study of mental processes.

Social learning theory

The theory that people can learn new responses and behaviors by observing the behavior of others.

Corpus Callosum

The thick bundle of nerve cells that connect the two hemispheres of the brain and allow them to communicate.

corpus callosum

The thick bundle of neurons that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres is called the ______ . This structure allows those hemispheres to communicate with each other.

Processing speed

The time it takes individuals to perform cognitive operations (e.g., process information, react to a signal, switch attention from one task to another, find a specific target object in a complex picture).

Recoding

The ubiquitous process during learning of taking information in one form and converting it to another form, usually one more easily remembered.

Independent variable

The variable the researcher manipulates and controls in an experiment.

Dependent Variable

The variable the researcher measures but does not manipulate in an experiment.

Information processing theories

Theories that focus on describing the cognitive processes that underlie thinking at any one age and cognitive growth over time.

Sociocultural theories

Theory founded in large part by Lev Vygotsky that emphasizes how other people and the attitudes, values, and beliefs of the surrounding culture influence children's development.

Rudolf Steiner

Theory of Anthroposophy- the idea that a child's moral, spiritual and creative sides need as much attention as their intellect. Created the Waldorf School

Howard Gardner

Theory of Multiple Intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic

Life span theories

Theory of development that emphasizes the patterning of lifelong within- and between-person differences in the shape, level, and rate of change trajectories.

Life course theories

Theory of development that highlights the effects of social expectations of age-related life events and social roles; additionally considers the lifelong cumulative effects of membership in specific cohorts and sociocultural subgroups and exposure to historical events.

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

Theory proposed to explain the reduction of social partners in older adulthood; posits that older adults focus on meeting emotional over information-gathering goals, and adaptively select social partners who meet this need.

Opponent-process theory

Theory proposing color vision as influenced by cells responsive to pairs of colors.

Trichromatic theory

Theory proposing color vision as influenced by three different cones responding preferentially to red, green and blue.

Shape theory of olfaction

Theory proposing that odorants of different size and shape correspond to different smells.

Piaget's theory

Theory that development occurs through a sequence of discontinuous stages: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages.

Convoy Model of Social Relations

Theory that proposes that the frequency, types, and reciprocity of social exchanges change with age. These social exchanges impact the health and well-being of the givers and receivers in the convoy.

Albert Bandura

Theory:"Social (or Observational) Learning Theory". Bandura found that children learn by observing others. In a classroom setting, This may occur through modeling or learning vicariously through others' experiences.

Which of the following are true concerning neurons in the hypothalamus that are associated with mating and fighting

There are some neurons that are associated exclusively with fighting There are some neurons that are associated exclusively with mating About 25% of the neurons are associated with mating and fighting.

central

There is a very popular fighting-oriented video game in which characters often kill each other at the end of their match. One character's finishing move is to grab his opponent and tear his spine out. His final stance is to stand up holding the opponent's brain and spinal cord up high in a victorious pose. In biological terms, this combatant is holding his opponent's ______ nervous system.

These days, researchers find that about ______ Blank percent of homes across the world have a television, demonstrating the ease with which information can be transmitted to populations.

In what way have scientists Fritz Haber and Norman Borlaug helped to save more than a billion human lives on our planet?

They developed hybrid agricultural crops and synthetic fertilizer that allowed us to produce adequate food for the planet.

Why can patients with amnesia get better at some tasks with practice even though they do not remember completing the tasks?

They have implicit memories of how to complete the tasks.

Tympanic membrane

Thin, stretched membrane in the middle ear that vibrates in response to sound. Also called the eardrum.

Why do many individuals know the names of celebrities' children even though they have never learned about them in school or in a textbook?

This likely occurred via incidental learning due to exposure to the names via television and online media.

Gender schema theory

This theory of how children form their own gender roles argues that children actively organize others' behavior, activities, and attributes into gender categories or schemas.

Social learning theory

This theory of how children form their own gender roles argues that gender roles are learned through reinforcement, punishment, and modeling.

Smallpox

To demonstrate the enormous contributions that science has made to social and technological changes over the past century, your text author cites the work of Dr. Edward Jenner. Sometimes called the "father of immunology," Jenner's work directly led to the development of a vaccine that led to the eradication of ______ Blank .

Categorize

To sort or arrange different items into classes or categories.

ecological validity

To study cheating habits, Dr. Martin creates a study that asks participants to take an exam in a room where there is an open textbook on a desk, while being watched and videotaped. Because this study doesn't mirror everyday life, it would be particularly low in which quality?

The purpose of psychology

To study how people think, feel, act

Longitudinal study

Track people over time

Auditory canal

Tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear.

Crystallized intelligence

Type of intellectual ability that relies on the application of knowledge, experience, and learned information.

Fluid intelligence

Type of intelligence that relies on the ability to use information processing resources to reason logically and solve novel problems.

Recognition

Type of memory task where individuals are asked to remember previously learned information with the assistance of cues.

Recall

Type of memory task where individuals are asked to remember previously learned information without the help of external cues.

Cerebrum

Usually refers to the cerebral cortex and associated white matter, but in some texts includes the subcortical structures.

Continuous development

Ways in which development occurs in a gradual incremental manner, rather than through sudden jumps.

Individual differences

Ways in which people differ in terms of their behavior, emotion, cognition, and development.

According to the Eagleman video, which of the following is true about our construction of sentence we are about to say.

We don't consciously form the grammatical structure. In fact, you sort of know the gist of what your are going to say but you don't know precisely what you are going say until you say it. We don't consciously pick the words that we're going to use.

What age children is most likely to have recently determined for the first time that their gender is constant and cannot change simply by altering their external features?

an experiment involves random assignment and a quasi-experiment does not

What distinguishes an experiment from a quasi-experimental research design?

it provides a series of sound bites that, when put together, can give an acoustic diary of the participant's day

What is an accurate statement regarding the use of an electronically activated recorder, or EAR, in a research study?

Do teenagers spend more time on their cell phones in a shopping mall than do adults?

What is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation?

How does race impact voting trends in a political election?

What is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation?

a football player is born with the genes to be very tall, very fast, and quite muscular

What is an example of nature on one's success?

when a research participant behaves in a way that she/he thinks the experiment wants them to behave

What is participant demand?

these designs do not allow one to determine causality

What is the biggest problem associated with the use of a correlational design in psychology research?

it eliminates the burden of collecting data repeatedly over the course of a given day

What is the primary advantage of the day reconstruction method (DRM) in psychology research?

the laboratory experiment

What is traditionally considered to be the "gold standard" in psychology research?

Correlation

What kind of research allows us to passively observe exactly two variables to determine a relationship between them without drawing cause-and-effect conclusions?

correlation

What kind of research would be most useful in investigating whether saving for retirement improves with age?

a participant's total score on a statistically valid depression inventory

What serves as an appropriate operational definition of depression in a research study about mood disorders?

child adoption studies

What type of study is the easiest opportunity to see the way in which genes and one's environment work together to influence behavior?

monozygotic twins

When Paula and Paulette were first conceived, they were the result of a single fertilized egg splitting into two different zygotes. They share all of their genetic code, and can be thought of as natural clones. What kind of twins are they?

natural selection

When an animal passes along traits to its offspring that are favorable for survival this represents "differential reproductive success" _______ is the gradual process by which these traits become more common.

Stimulus control

When an operant behavior is controlled by a stimulus that precedes it.

Misinformation effect

When erroneous information occurring after an event is remembered as having been part of the original event.

there are virtually no significant differences between boys and girls

When many studies are combined and analyzed together - a process called meta-analysis - what fact about the differences between boys and girls emerges?

Which of the following are true with regard to gender, aggression and/or violence

When men do use physical aggression, they are more likely than women to cause serious injuries and even death to their partners. At all ages, males tend to be more physically aggressive than females. Among heterosexual partners, women are actually slightly more likely than men to use physical aggression.

When do infants become securely attached?

When parents respond sensitively to them, giving them confidence that the parents will support whenever

Participant demand

When participants behave in a way that they think the experimenter wants them to behave.

Placebo effect

When receiving special treatment or something new affects human behavior.

Experimenter expectations

When the experimenter's expectations influence the outcome of a study.

Prediction error

When the outcome of a conditioning trial is different from that which is predicted by the conditioned stimuli that are present on the trial (i.e., when the US is surprising). Prediction error is necessary to create Pavlovian conditioning (and associative learning generally). As learning occurs over repeated conditioning trials, the conditioned stimulus increasingly predicts the unconditioned stimulus, and prediction error declines. Conditioning works to correct or reduce prediction error.

theories

When we develop ______ (groups of closely related phenomena or observations) in science, we must do so in a way that can be tested. Otherwise there is no way to prove (or disprove) them.

privacy

Which ethical guideline would a scientist be breaking if they talked to police to find out personal information about individuals without those individuals' consent?

Francis Galton (1822-1911)

gene reproduction (or replication)

Which of the following is the foundation of all processes in modern evolutionary theory?

Seratonin

Which of the following neurotransmitters is known to have an impact on such functions as sleep, hunger, and mood?

Look at the Data and Form Your Own Opinion.

Which of the following titles of an academic paper best reflects the notion that science is democratic?

D. Medulla

Which of the following would NOT be considered a structure that is part of the limbic system? A: pituitary gland B: the hypothalamus C: the amygdala D: the medulla E: thalamus

nature-nurture debate

Which question has caused more controversy than any other in the history of psychology?

synaptic gaps

While driving to the beach for a vacation, your family gets stuck in traffic for over an hour. Each car sits very close to the one in front of it and the one behind it, but there is a small space that separates each car. In a system of neurons, such gaps between cells would be called ______ .

because the system is electrical within a neuron, but chemical between neurons

Why would it be accurate to say that neural communication is an electrochemical process'?

Lexicon

Words and expressions.

You have two weeks until your next exam. Which of the following is the best way to plan your study time to maximize the amount you remember?

You should study one hour every other day for ten days before the exam.

Your friend is considering renting an apartment close to the train tracks and is worried that the train noises will bother her. What might you say, based on research, to reassure her?

You will likely adjust to the noises and not notice them after a while.

Adaptations

______ are evolved solutions to problems that historically contributed to reproductive success.

Ethics

______ are professional guidelines that offer researchers a path for making decisions that protect their participants from potential harm.

intrasexual competition

______ is a process of sexual selection by which members of one sex compete with each other, with the victors gaining enhanced mating access to members of the opposite sex.

external validity

______ is the degree to which a study ensures that potential findings apply to settings and samples other than the ones being studied.

Empirical

______ methods in psychological research are approaches to data-gathering that are tied to actual measurement and observation.

Example of social comparison,

a boy who is not athletic may feel unworthy of his football playing peers and may revert to shy-behavior, isolating himself and avoid conversations

In a 1978 study by Loftus, Miller, & Burns, participants were asked what they saw during a slideshow depicting which of the following events?

a car driving and hitting a pedestrian

What kind of research would be most useful in investigating whether saving for retirement improves with age?

a correlational design

a descriptive norm

a longitudinal study

Which of the following would serve as an appropriate operational definition of depression in a research study about mood disorders?

a participant's total score on a statistically valid depression inventory

a quasi-experiment

Which is the best definition of mindfulness?

a state of heightened conscious awareness

When a person makes an assumption that all members of a specific group of people must share some common attribute, ability, or feature, (s)he is engaging in ________.

a stereotype

Based on what you know about dental hygiene and health which of the following would be the best description of the correlation between variable A (the number of times a day one brushes their teeth) and variable B (the number of cavities one has when they go to the dentist)

a strong negative correlation

An article headline claimed that "Drugs Cause Homelessness" due to a positive relationship found between homeless populations and drug use. Educated psychologists thought this might be flawed, because they thought unemployment was influencing both drug use and homelessness. This is an example of:

a third variable problem

Parent's communication and practice of values contributes to children's ____

academic achievement, moral development, and activity preferences

According to one model, stress is the result of systemic activation of the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the ________. The result of these series of activations is the release of a hormone called ________

adrenal gland; coritsol

Being accepted by other children is an important source of

affirmation and self-esteem but rejection can foreshadow later behavior problems

Being accepted by other children is an important source of ?

affirmation, and self esteem

Charlie Rose consciously perceived visual stimulus

all but the wave dies away

According to Daniel Simons of the University of Illinois we

all of the above

According to driving research we discussed in class

all of the above

Which of the following are true about emotional responses?

all of the above

With regard the the juvenile brain in humans David Eagleman said the following:

all of the above

In the film we saw on memory, which of the following are true about the study conducted by Julia Shaw

all of the above were true for the study described by Julia Shaw

Concepts of stimulus response specificity

all of them

What distinguishes an experiment from a quasi-experimental research design?

an experiment involves random assignment and a quasi-experiment does not

Psychologists often explore questions related to abstract concepts (e.g., satisfaction, happiness, spirituality) when conducting research but those concepts may be hard to quantify. What must be clearly stated at the beginning of the research of such a concept?

an operational definition of the concept

Ethan is 6 years old, but is already developing moral judgment and the ability to have strategic social interactions. What is the foundation for these skills?

appreciating the workings of other people's minds

High Expectations/Control + Low Warmth/Responsiveness

authoritarian

less-constructive parent results from

authoritarian, uninvolved, or permissive parenting styles

High Expectations/Control + High Warmth/Responsiveness

authoritative

When Surita sees a man walking around the shopping mall in December and notices that he is very robust, has a long white beard, and wears thin rimmed eyeglasses, she immediately assumes that he is a Santa Claus actor taking a break; she is engaging in a(n) _________ process.

automatic

Shawna comes home from school absolutely furious. She complains to her sister Loretta about an awful exam she took. Loretta finds herself feeling very angry as well. This is an example of

automatic empathy

Preconvential Stage 1:

avoidance of punishment punishment (ex, "I would cheat if Iknew I wouldnt get caught"

avoidant baby

baby doesnt trust parent and baby doesnt care/phased. Which seems good but when the parent comes back the baby still doesnt care, as an adult they'll just not care to be in relationships

Why is social comparison important

bc children evaluate their skills, knowledge, and personal qualities, but it may cause them to feel down

In our book, violence is defined as

behavior intended to cause extreme physical harm (e.g., injury, death).

If a person was in an accident in which she suffered mild brain damage to her visual cortex but still received visual signals through V5 activation she might suffer from "cortical blindness." Her symptoms could include:

being able to see but not having any conscious awareness of sight

as children reach adolescent, the parent child relationship increasingly becomes one of coregulation

both parent and child recognizes child's growing competence and autonomy and together they rebalance

As children reach adolescence, the parent-child relationship increasingly becomes one of coregulation in which

both parents and child recognizes the child's growing competence and autonomy and together they rebalance authority relations (We often see evidence of this as parents start accommodating their teenage kids' sense of independence by allowing them to get cars, jobs, attend parties, and stay out later.)

Central Nervous System

brain and spinal cord

Monitoring the EEG while pictures of people who belong to different social groups has shown

brain changes occur whether or not the person is asked to place people in social groups that grouping people is an automatic process people do not have to intend to group people into social groups for it to happen in the brain

With increasing age children confront challenges of

bullying, peer victimization, and pressures

Eric Kandel discovered that memory is encoded in the brain

by the creation of a matrix of new connections between neurons

How to understand the social and personality development ?

by three prespective 1. social context in which child lives, like relationships that provide security, guidance and knowledge 2. biological maturation that supports developing social and emotional competencies 3. developing representations of oneself and the world

Little Albert

ca. 1920; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles: Studies: Little Albert-generalization of fear

strange situation

caregiver is instructed to leave the child alone for a short time then return and greet the child, depending on the level of attachment he or she may reject the parent, cling or welcome the parent

As described in class, paradoxical responding can occur under conditions of

ceiling effects and floor effects

Despite the title, the video of Magic Singh is actually a demonstration of

change blindness

The failure to notice the difference between what is there right now and what was there a moment ago is known as.

change blindness

The study where the person asking for directions is momentarily hidden and then replaced is a study of

change blindness

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

children can first identify their own gender, at what age?

why is Social comparison with peers is an important ?

children evaluate their skills, knowledge, and personal qualities, but it may cause them to feel that they do not measure up well against others

ambivalent baby

completely distress when caregiveer leaves so when caregiver comes back they're too drained and upset to reconcile

confidentiality

confound

Conscience

consists of the cognitive, emotional, and social influences that cause young children to create and act consistently with internal standards of conduct

David eagleman across the human life span the experience of being me is?

constantly changing over time.

Most of the unconscious activity of the brain is devoted to_______________.

controlling the physical body

Which kind of research allows us to passively observe exactly two variables to determine a relationship between them without drawing cause-and-effect conclusions?

correlational research

Qualitative designs

cover hard to study topics in 3 main ways: participant observation, case study, narrative analysis

cumulative

Judith Langlois

dates ?; Field: developmental; Contributions: social development & processing, effects of appearance on behavior, origin of social stereotypes, sex/love/intimacy, facial expression

David Rosenhan

dates?; Field: social psychology; Contributions: proved that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, your care would not be very good in a mental health setting; Studies: Hospital experiment-checked into hospital to check diagnosis

debriefing

According to the Eagleman film we saw in class, in humans after the age of two the acquisition of new skills results in _______________________ in the brain.

decreasing

Family Stress Model

describes how financial difficulties are associated with parents' depressed moods, which leads to marital problems and poor parenting contributes to poorer child adjustment

david klhar (information processing theories)

describing the cognitive processes that underlie thinking at any one age and cognitive growth overtime

continuous development

development is gradual

discontinuous development

development occurs in a series of distinct stages

Piaget's Stage Theory

development occurs through a sequence of discontinuous stages; the sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages

social, biological, and representational influences

developmental outcomes that matter to children, parents and society

Clinical Psychologist

diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances

Annie conducts a correlational research study and calculates that the variables in question have a correlational coefficient of -.81. In this statistic, the negative sign gives us information about the ______ Blank of the relationship between the two variables.

direction

Cultural ________ rules are norms regarding the management and modification of emotional expressions based on cultural standards.

display

Which type of instrument would be useful for measuring the electrical activity that is generated by the brain's neurons?

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Preconvential

elementary; junior high, few high school students

When a person unwittingly mimics another person's expressions and feels the other person's emotions they are engaged in automatic ________.

empathy

Which of the following is a strong deterrent for aggression.

empathy

lev vygotsky (sociocultural theories)

emphasized how other people, and the attributes, values, beliefs of surrounding culture influence children's development

methods in psychological research are approaches to data-gathering that are tied to actual measurement and observation.

empirical

In order to make sure that research is conducted in a way that protects the welfare and dignity of its participants, psychology has developed a code of . that governens all such exploration

ethics

Sometimes good ideas seem to happen spontaneously. This is known as:

eureka experience

Affective Neuroscience

examines how the brain creates emotional responses.

Preconvential Stage 2:

exchange of favors (ex, "I'll let you copy mine if you my homework"

experimenter expectations

Change Blindness

failing to notice changes in the environment

Inattentional Blindness

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Which of the following outcomes are likely for children who are diagnosed as chronically physically aggressive.

failure in school criminality during adulthood drug abuse

Mental illness is causatively associated with an increase in aggression and violence.

false

Using a hands free headset removes all of the negative effects of talking on the phone while driving.

false

Researchers had an infant crawl toward their mother across a table, and then the mother was instructed to make a face expressing a specific emotion. The response of the infants demonstrated an awareness of the mothers' emotions. Which emotional expression led to the child refusing to crawl to her in all instances?

fear

Conventional

few older elementary childron, junior high, many high school students

consciousness

first person experience of event including memory and emotions

If Gina remarks, "It feels cold in here" but her two friends disagree with her and one point to the thermometer showing it is a record day for heat, Gina's comment is a reflection of her:

first person perspective

Educational Psychologist

focuses on how effective teaching and learning take place

The development of conscience is an early foundation

for moral development

Where do young kids learn about gender?

from parents, peers, and other in society then they develop their own conceptions of the attributes associated with male or female

Which type of brain imaging technique measures changes in the oxygenation of blood flowing in the brain?

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Conventional Stage 3

good child, verbal praise (ex, "i'm not going to tell because I want her to like me"

Which of the following are examples of relational aggression.

gossiping withdrawing affection to get what you want, giving someone the "silent treatment"

quantitative changes

gradual, incremental change (like tree)

Behavioral genetics

how genes and the environment combine to generate behavior

What do kids learn in peer relationships?

how to initiate and maintain social interactions with other kids, learn skills for managing conflict, compromise, bargaining (like turn-taking, compromise, bargaining)

According to the Eagleman film we saw in class the period of neonatal infants is longest for

humans

hypotheses

The failure to notice something that is fully obvious that is right there in front of you when you attention is engaged on something or someone else is known as

inattentional blindness

The study were you were asked to attend to the conversation of two women talking was a study of

inattentional deafness

In an experiment, the condition that is being manipulated or changed by the researcher is called the______ Blank variable.

independent

Interaction can be observed in the earliest relationships between

infants and their parents in the first year

"How have I become the kind of person I am today?"

influence of parents, peers, temperament, moral compass, strong sense of self, critical life experiences

Dopamine

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

Nora has decided to visit the new community recreation center for a swim. As she enters the change room she notices both of the two other people present put their shoes into a locker. Before she walks out to the pool she does the same. What concept helps explain her actions?

informational influence

informed consent

Having an appreciation for the workings of another person's mind is considered a prerequisite for all but which of the following?

intellectual development

A student who reviews his notes every day after class is engaging in ____________ learning.

intentional

The effects that one's emotions have on other people refer to the _________ functions of emotions.

interpersonal

In the Eagleman film we saw in class Sigmund Freud was described as on of the 20th Century's most influential thinkers because

introduced the idea that people often have little understanding of the real reasons they do the things they do. he introduced a new way of thinking about why people behave the way they do. introduced the idea that the unconscious mind controls much of people's behavior.

Patients become mediators of their children's ___

involvement with peers and activities outside the family

In the Eagleman film we saw, hitting a baseball was given as an example of an activity

is a mixture of conscious and unconscious processes that is completed before the conscious mind is aware of what the body has done

Hermione and Ron are on a tropical vacation. Hermione points out to sea and says "I think I saw a whale tail over there." Ron cranes his head over so that he is looking from approximately Hermione's point of view. They are engaged in __________.

joint attention

Stages of Moral Development

kohlberg gave these to white european adolescent kids, not free of bias

qualitative change

large fundamental change (like caterpillar changing into butterfly)

Conventional Stage 4

law and order, appears in high school (ex, "You cant do that because the teacher said no"

Observational learning

learning by observing the behavior of others.

Autobiographical memory

memory for the event of one's life

Quantitative genetics

methods for inferring genetic/environmental similarity among organisms based on biological relation

Dr. Rjinteck is interested in false eyewitness reports. She is conducting a study to see if a participant's judgment can be influenced if he/she is making decisions in a group of people versus alone. However, the other group members are not participants. Instead, they are research assistants who are "in on the study" and simply acting or playing the part of witnesses in the study. These pretend research subjects are known as _____________ in a study.

mock witnesses

anxious/avoidant children

more likely to become bullies, or have difficulty building and maintaining friendships

secure children

more likely to interact with peers, to be evaluated favourably by teachers, and persist with diligence in challenging tasks

The fact that you now smell milk before drinking it after accidentally drinking a cup of spoiled milk several months ago demonstrates how emotions can

motivate future behaviors.

Know the difference between naturalistic observation, case study, survey method

naturalistic observation: Watching an environment w/o disturbing anything case study: research ahead of time; one - one interview survey method: Conducting a survey of a variety of people

insecure attachments are the results of

not necessarily deliberately bad parenting but are often a byproduct of circumstances, like an overworked mother tired at the end of the day and some are poorly emotionally equipped

Steps of the Scientific Method

observation, hypothesis, experiment, collect data, analyze, conclude.

B.F. Skinner

operant conditioning—techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior. Also created the Skinner box.

Which of the following is NOT part of the Dark Triad of Personality?

paranoid schizophrenia

participant's vision, in this case, Markus'

A __________ involves giving a selection of normally small pictures of faces to eyewitnesses for the purpose of identifying a perpetrator.

photo spread

placebo effect

Which ethical guideline would a scientist be breaking if they talked to police to find out personal information about individuals without those individuals' consent?

privacy

Heritability Coefficient

produced by Quantitative Genetics, measures role of genetics in explanation of differences among individuals- difficult to interpret

developing a theory of mind which of these would be the most complex

projection

Heritability of Trait

property of trait in context of genes/ the envioonment

With the approach of adolescence, peer relationships become focused on what?

psychological intimacy, involving personal disclosure, vulnerability, and loyalty (or its betrayal)—which significantly affects a child's outlook on the world

Postconventional

rarely seen before college, people who see fault in rules

Surveys

reaches the largest number of people, typically used for correlational research

Social referencing

reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

Which of the following is the best definition of priming?

recent exposure to a stimuli increasing accessibility to the traits associated with that stimuli

Narrative Analysis

researchers analyze person's testimony: how they said it. Included themes, structure, and dialogue

According to David Eagleman, the conscious mind is necessary to

respond to unexpected events and decide if they are a threat or an opportunity. resolve internal conflict between the many subsystems of the brain assess new events in the environment and make sense of the situation

Cultural display rules are:

rules that are learned early in life that specify the management and modification of emotional expressions according to social circumstances.

Chronically aggressive children have problems synthesizing the neurotransmitter __________________.

serotonin

smallpox

Postconventional Stage 5

social contract (ex, "I'm in this case, the rule may be wrong")

Young Lilah is taken to a family dinner and she meets an uncle who she has never met before. As he reaches to her for a hug, Lilah looks to her mother with an uncertain look on her face. As she sees her mother nodding and smiling, Lilah looks back to the uncle and gives him a warm hug. Lilah has used ________ to determine how to act in this situation.

social referencing

social and personality development is built from

social, biological, and representational

Stimulus response specificity

specific combination of emotions and automatic response

The fanciest restaurant in town-The Upper Crust-has a "no children" policy. When Jeanette and Bryon complain they are informed by the manager that children are "loud, dirty, and difficult to control." These descriptions are examples of a(n) ________.

stereotype

Biological Psychologist

study the link between biology and behavior

Which of the following is not an example of low awareness?

studying

Authoritative Parents

supportive, show interest in kids activities and allow them to make constructive mistakes; they are not overbearing and allow them to make constructive mistakes

survey

Paris has just found out that her company is downsizing their staff and that she is highly likely to lose her job at any moment. Her heartbeat is increasing, she feels warm, and she has to take several deep breaths to try to calm down. The part of her body that is currently 'speeding her up' is called the ________ nervous system.

sympathetic

Sometimes considered the core of science, ______ Blank refers to the careful monitoring (or watching) of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it.

systematic observation

Effortful Control

temperament quality that makes kids more successful in self-regulation

Dr.Reddy wants to examine potential prejudice against women. He shows participants images of men and women and has them rate each picture as "competent" or "incompetent," and measures the time it takes to create these judgments. He is using __________.

the Implicit Associations Test (IAT)

Which of the following doesn't influence conformity

the age of the group

Sex

the biological differences that distinguish males from females

Social and Personality Development

the continuous interaction between social, biological and representational aspects of psychological development

Selective Attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

If drugs that disrupt the growth of neuronal connections are given at the time a memory is recalled

the memory that was recalled will be degraded and may be lost completely

Ben is an expert marksman. He fires a shot and hits just outside the bulls-eye. Most people would describe Ben's action as intentional because he has ___________.

the skill to perform the action

When small children get frustrated at school they sometimes cry. A teacher might say, "calm down" or "use your words to tell how you feel." This process of learning appropriate emotional behavior would be an example of _______.

the social or cultural function of emotion

When we develop ______ Blank (groups of closely related phenomena or observations) in science, we must do so in a way that can be tested. Otherwise there is no way to prove (or disprove) them.

theories

Lawrence Kohlberg

theorist who claimed individuals went through a series of stages in the process of moral development.

Which of the following represents the biggest problem associated with the use of a correlational design in psychology research?

these designs do not allow one to determine causality

parent-child relationship; preschool and grade school kids

they are more capable, have their own preferences, and refuse or seek to compromise with parent expectations

Attachments have evolved in humans because _______

they promote children's motivation to stay close to those who care for them and benefit from the learning, security, guidance, warmth, and affirmation that close relationships provide

IQ Test

they represent the test - taker's performance relative to the average performance of others the same age. This average performance is arbitrarily assigned a score of 100, and about two - thirds of all test-takers fall between 85 and 115.

how can researchers study the nature of attachment

they use a standard lab procedure called strange situation

"Moral Self"

think of themselves as people who want to do the right thing, who feel badly after misbehaving, and who feel uncomfortable when other misbehave

Security of Attachment

those who are securely attached have stronger relationships more emotional understanding

According to Pinker (2011) the good news is that the level of violence in the world is decreasing overtime—by millennia, century, and even decade

true

According to our book, all violent acts are aggression, but not all aggressive acts are violent.

true

According to the one video we saw inattentional deafness can occur when we focus on something visual, like reading a book, or playing a video game.

true

Following trauma some people have positive changes and show resilient growth.

true

Research that was described in the film Memory Hackers were memories were recorded from the brains of genetically modified mice and lasers. Those recorded memories can then be activated at will with laser light.

true

The growth of new connections between neurons not only occurs when the memory is originally formed but also happens each time the memory is recalled.

true

Low Expectations/Control + Low Warmth/Responsiveness

uninvolved

Postconventional Stage 6

universal ethical principle (ex, "You shouldnt lie because it violates the Golden Rule)

Selective Inattention

what we are not focused on, what we do not notice

What is participant demand?

when a research participant behaves in a way that she/he thinks the experiment wants them to behave

When do infants become insecurely attached?

when care is inconsistent or neglectful; they response avoidantly, resistantly, or in disorganized manner

Participant demand

when participants alter attitudes or actions in order to behave in a way they think would fit the experimenter's demand

Sigmund Frued

who developed the idea of id, ego, and superego? - Psychoanalytic Theory

conscience emerges from

young children's experiences with parents, particularly in the development of a mutually responsive relationship that motivates young children to respond constructively to the parent's request and expectations.

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