Test chapter 17 and 18

In 1877, President Rutherford Hayes addressed the American approach to dealing with Native Americans, saying, "Indians must be removed from tribes in order to progress as a nation." "No matter the cost, we must kill the Indian in order to save the man." "If we kill the bison, we control the Indians and open the way to western expansion." "I am indifferent toward the events of the Indian wars. Regardless of what occurred, we must move forward." "Many, if not most of our Indian wars have had their origin in broken promises and acts of injustice on our part."

"Many, if not most of our Indian wars have had their origin in broken promises and acts of injustice on our part."

Which of the following came to be hallmarks of upholding the Jim Crow system? "whites only" or "colored only" signs above restrooms and water fountains the issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation the initial passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 churches in which people of many races prayed together the formation of Native American reservations in the West

"whites only" or "colored only" signs above restrooms and water fountains

The first great cattle town was Abilene, Kansas. St. Louis, Missouri. Denver, Colorado. Butte, Montana. Fort Worth, Texas.

Abilene, Kansas.

What was the "grandfather clause"? Written in response to several events marked by racial discrimination, it stated that segregation and voter suppression were against the law and that offenders of all generations would be fined. Introduced as part of the Mississippi Plan, it granted the right to vote to black men if they could prove that their fathers or grandfathers had been white. Proposed as part of the federal government's Reconstruction efforts, it afforded protections for elderly African Americans who were unable to make a living as tenant farmers. Created as part of the Jim Crow laws, it placed men and women back into traditional slavery if they were convicted of a felony and their fathers or grandfathers had been a slave. Added to many southern states' constitutions, it allowed illiterate whites to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867, when blacks were still disenfranchised.

Added to many southern states' constitutions, it allowed illiterate whites to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867, when blacks were still disenfranchised.

Which of the following statements is true of the Ghost Dance movement? Crazy Horse introduced it to the Great Plains during battle as a major fighting technique that involved large amounts of weapons. It directly led to the Sand Creek Massacre, leading the federal government to first dispatch troops to the West. It sparked a series of brutal Indian attacks upon U.S. military outposts out of anger the United States had adopted their culture as their own. Alarmed, the Indian Bureau banned it on reservations, but Native Americans defied the order as legend had it that it brought prosperity and peace. Christian missionaries introduced it to Lakota reservations as a way to bridge a cultural divide and persuade the Native Americans.

Alarmed, the Indian Bureau banned it on reservations, but Native Americans defied the order as legend had it that it brought prosperity and peace.

Which of the following statements accurately describes foreign immigration in the West in the last quarter of the nineteenth century? While there were many immigrants in the West, different nationalities tended to settle in regions so far apart from one another that intermingling was rare and their cultures remained untouched. Chinese and Mexican immigrants traveled to the western United States in the largest numbers, with immigration from northern Europe having largely occurred in previous centuries. Although immigrants formed a large part of the population in the West, discrimination was still pervasive, such as the denial of citizenship rights to Chinese immigrants. Foreign immigration to the West plummeted to low levels after the Civil War because most settlements had been destroyed by the war and would need to be rebuilt. Immigration was uncommon in the West because immigrants needed to pass through eastern cities such as New York and could not afford to make the journey all the way across the country.

Although immigrants formed a large part of the population in the West, discrimination was still pervasive, such as the denial of citizenship rights to Chinese immigrants.

What was one of the downsides of the state of the railroad industry? As the railroad industry was experiencing a boom, not nearly enough railroads were built to meet the public demand, and other competing transportation technologies sprang up in the meantime. As the railroad industry was in a state of decline, there were not enough supplies or a process in place for moving employees from one part of the country to another. As the railroad industry was in a state of decline, companies rarely hired many employees and instead relied on intense animal labor. As the railroad industry was experiencing a boom, companies often cared more about money than preventing dangerous work conditions for their laborers. As the railroad industry was, for a time, experiencing a boom, successful companies tended to refuse to engage in lobbying and, thus, missed the chance to form relationships in Washington.

As the railroad industry was experiencing a boom, companies often cared more about money than preventing dangerous work conditions for their laborers.

Why was the expansion of railroads significant to the growth of the cattle industry? The railroads increased the industry's profit margin by eliminating the need for cowboys, and ranches were converted to modern-day factory farms. Cowboys from the eastern states could now travel to the West to apply their expertise and teach new settlers their ways. The railroads enabled the meat of eastern cattle to be shipped west in order to feed the region's growing population. As the railroads increased the ability to ship huge numbers of southern cattle, more cow towns were established in the West. The railroads opened up Mexico as a market for American meat and eliminated the need to maintain cattle ranches in the United States.

As the railroads increased the ability to ship huge numbers of southern cattle, more cow towns were established in the West.

Which of the following statements accurately describes child labor in Gilded Age America? Child laborers often received an education funded by their employers. Child laborers suffered many more accidents relative to adult workers. Child laborers were hurt more often in farm roles than industrial roles. Child laborers tended to go to work against the will of their parents. Child labor laws at the federal and state levels regulated how long children could work per week.

Child laborers suffered many more accidents relative to adult workers.

Which of the following was a result of the Sand Creek Massacre in which Colorado militiamen slaughtered a large number of peaceful Native Americans? All military captains and colonels destroyed any evidence of the massacre, refused to testify, and grew more unified than ever. Native American tribes such as the Arapaho and Sioux celebrated what had befallen the Cheyenne and joined forces with the militiamen. Congress and the army launched investigations that concluded that the Native Americans had been murdered in cold blood. Colonel John M. Chivington became the leading voice for Native American rights following the Civil War. The central plains remained peaceful for the next several years because so few Native Americans were left.

Congress and the army launched investigations that concluded that the Native Americans had been murdered in cold blood.

Six states were created from the western territories in the years 1889-1890. These states were NOT admitted before 1889 because the cattle ranchers lobbied for continued open range as regulated by the territorial legislatures. states such as Oklahoma and Arizona that were first admitted a century earlier had proven unsuccessful investments. Democrats in Congress were reluctant to create states out of territories that were heavily Republican. the lawlessness of many western towns discouraged Congress from admitting the territories as states. if large mining firms had been forced to pay state taxes, they would have had to close down for good.

Democrats in Congress were reluctant to create states out of territories that were heavily Republican.

How did African Americans tend to respond to white supremacy in the South at the end of the nineteenth century? Whereas middle-class African American men had many opportunities to lash out, middle-class African American women lacked their own social clubs and opportunities to show leadership. Despite great adversity, many African Americans embraced their own lively culture and the new economic opportunities that segregation had ironically opened up in terms of black businesses. Most African Americans completely surrendered to the challenges brought by white supremacy, as they faced a life devoid of economic opportunities with no incentive for activism. Most African Americans refused to adjust to the realities of white supremacy and segregation and defied these systems every day with total disregard for the possibility of punishment. Angry about having achieved true freedom only to see it slip away, most African Americans turned away from religion entirely and formed atheist organizations as a means of coping.

Despite great adversity, many African Americans embraced their own lively culture and the new economic opportunities that segregation had ironically opened up in terms of black businesses.

Why is the conventional explanation that the buffalo disappeared from the plains due to overhunting by whites in the West more complicated than it seems? Whites actually hunted very few buffalo and focused solely on cattle drives due to better familiarity and the resources available. Estimates of the buffalo population decline have since been shown to be greatly exaggerated based on improved algorithms. It ignores the natural annual migration of buffalo to Mexico and Canada during the coldest and hottest months of the year. Environmental factors, such as changes in climate and competition with other animals, also came into play. The buffalo never disappeared from the plains and simply evolved through their ability to escape detection by humans.

Environmental factors, such as changes in climate and competition with other animals, also came into play.

Which of the following occurred as railroads brought piles of lumber to the West? The lumber industry experienced a shortage of lumber in the East. Farmers in the West could upgrade their houses into more comfortable homes. Farmers protested this development because lumber would overtake agriculture. Native Americans protested the arrival of this commodity due to loss of trade opportunities. Local lumber companies protested because this was an essential western industry.

Farmers in the West could upgrade their houses into more comfortable homes.

Who developed the first alternating current electric system? George Westinghouse Thomas Edison John D. Rockefeller Alexander Graham Bell Andrew Carnegie

George Westinghouse

Why did W. E. B. Du Bois disagree with what he called the Atlanta Compromise? He argued that Booker T. Washington's ideas aimed to satisfy powerful whites, thereby giving credence to the idea that African Americans were inferior. He argued that the civil rights strategy that Booker T. Washington advocated was too militant and dangerous. He argued that the education of blacks should be strictly vocational because training new black leaders would lead to backlash. He argued that because it was a piece of legislation written by white men, it would not make a difference in everyday lives of African Americans. He argued that it focused too much on political and social equality for blacks and not enough on economic prosperity and assimilation.

He argued that Booker T. Washington's ideas aimed to satisfy powerful whites, thereby giving credence to the idea that African Americans were inferior.

What was Joseph Glidden's claim to fame? He perfected the invention of barbed wire, which sparked "range wars" as well as the loss of Native American lands. He led the sheep ranchers against the cattlemen for control of western grazing lands but suffered a dramatic defeat. He was a railroad man who reaped great profits from the early cattle drives and became the richest figure in the West. He called for the regulation of bonanza farms because he believed they were unethical and harmed farmers. He became a renowned buffalo hunter, slaughtering thousands of the animals and making them more important to the United States than cattle.

He perfected the invention of barbed wire, which sparked "range wars" as well as the loss of Native American lands.

Who was Benjamin Singleton? He became the first African American elected to Congress. He won a Congressional Medal of Honor for his capture of Sitting Bull. He invented the refrigerated railroad car. He was an early promoter of black migration to the West. He was elected governor of Virginia in 1879.

He was an early promoter of black migration to the West.

The major champion of the New South gospel was C. Vann Woodward. J. L. M. Curry. Edmund Ruffin. Henry W. Grady. John Ruffin Green.

Henry W. Grady.

Who was the first African American to file a suit challenging such discrimination as being denied a seat on a railroad car, went on to become a journalist, and helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People? Homer Plessy Benjamin Singleton Henry Grady Ida B. Wells Booker T. Washington

Ida B. Wells

Which of the following is true of the Pennsylvania oil rush? It ended the monopoly in petroleum production that Oklahoma had enjoyed for half a century. In terms of economic importance, it outweighed the California gold rush of a decade before. It illustrated to many Americans that a dependence on oil might prove problematic in the future. It had little impact on everyday tasks because oil could not yet be refined for cooking and heating. It gave J. Pierpont Morgan his start in business and helped establish him as a tycoon.

In terms of economic importance, it outweighed the California gold rush of a decade before.

Why was hydraulic mining so damaging to the environment? It entailed the removal of entire mountain ranges, which killed wildlife and changed the climate. It caused tons of dirt and debris to clog rivers, kill fish, and pollute downstream farmland. It relied on sifting gold dust and nuggets out of riverbeds by means of "placer" mining, or "panning." It used up what little water resources existed in the West and put a stop to western migration. It caused the migration of wildlife like raccoons, bears, and deer into nearby big cities.

It caused tons of dirt and debris to clog rivers, kill fish, and pollute downstream farmland.

Why was the development of the alternating current electric system significant? It was J. Pierpont Morgan's first successful investment. It powered the transcontinental railroad. It was safer than direct current electrical transmission. It was essential for Edison to invent the lightbulb. It enabled electricity to be transmitted across long distances.

It enabled electricity to be transmitted across long distances.

How was the Knights of Labor unique as a labor group? It formed a successful political party that greatly influenced the topics and outcomes during the campaigns of Gilded Age presidential elections. It grew rapidly, even as trade unions collapsed during the depression of the 1870s, and continued advocating the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism. It celebrated the current version of the wage system and capitalism in general, believing they were beneficial to laborers so long as they could get health insurance through unions. It organized members strictly by their particular trade, allowed only men to join, and sought to ensure that men would continue to receive higher pay than women. It encouraged doctors, lawyers, and bankers to join its ranks because the elite nature of its membership would make positive legislation more likely to be passed.

It grew rapidly, even as trade unions collapsed during the depression of the 1870s, and continued advocating the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism.

Which of the following statements accurately summarizes an impact of the urban-industrial revolution at the dawn of the twentieth century? Despite irreparable economic setbacks after the Civil War, it enabled the United States to start slowly inching toward a modernized economy and jumpstarted a regulated capitalist economy. It shrank the country's population because the industrialized economy required fewer workers, and the number of overall jobs plummeted, leading Americans to emigrate in response. Because they tended to be formed by agricultural workers, unions became a relic of a bygone era in which the majority of the workforce was centered on farming. It had brought about the decline of the middle class, as nearly all Americans became either extravagantly wealthy or stricken by poverty. It had transformed the size, scope, and power of the American economy such that only governmental intervention could restore economic fairness and social stability.

It had transformed the size, scope, and power of the American economy such that only governmental intervention could restore economic fairness and social stability.

What was the guiding philosophy behind the Ladies' Home Journal? It promoted middle-class values of the time and the idea that women had a domestic role in life. It advocated for women's equality with men and at first was circulated in secret among women readers. It was a muckraking newspaper that predominantly published stories about the exploits of millionaires. It focused solely on social movements as a means to help draw readers to the work of unions and other groups. Jane Addams and other female writers edited it to provide a woman's perspective on science and politics.

It promoted middle-class values of the time and the idea that women had a domestic role in life.

What was the effect of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877? It was the last nationwide labor uprising because it convinced other workers that such events were fruitless and that the government did not care enough even to send troops. It won higher wages for railroad workers due to the participants' persistence and the sympathy of influential individuals who had followed the events in the newspapers. It was not taken seriously because only white working men participated, having failed to convince the large numbers of women and minority laborers to join the protesters. It revealed how polarizing the relationship between the working poor and executives had become and ended when the workers, who lacked organized bargaining power, returned to work. It demonstrated that immigrants, especially those from China, had reached such numbers that they were becoming highly influential in compromising with executives to meet their needs.

It revealed how polarizing the relationship between the working poor and executives had become and ended when the workers, who lacked organized bargaining power, returned to work.

Which of the following is true of the Mississippi Plan? It guaranteed African Americans their voting rights in the face of intense voter suppression efforts and established Mississippi as a haven in the South for former slaves. It stripped African Americans of their voting rights, especially those who moved around as tenant farmers or were illiterate, and set a pattern of disenfranchisement that other states would follow. It followed the lead of several other southern states in guaranteeing black civil rights as part of recognizing the important role former slaves had played in making King Cotton possible. It granted confiscated land to African Americans because white southern legislators were desperate to see signs of African American financial success in order to ease the South's economic problems. It removed the poll tax because unlike other regulations that hurt just poor African Americans, it also hurt many whites, signaling the decline of the new wave of racism.

It stripped African Americans of their voting rights, especially those who moved around as tenant farmers or were illiterate, and set a pattern of disenfranchisement that other states would follow.

What was the American Federation of Labor (AFL)? It was a union that grew rapidly because it only comprised larger manufacturing industries such as steel, textiles, and tobacco. It started out as industrial unions that joined with craft unions to increase their bargaining power and adopt a unified identity. It was established in response to the thriving organized labor movement signaled by the Homestead Steel strike and Pullman strike. It was a group of separate national unions organized by delegates from craft unions and primarily concerned with securing concrete economic gains. It was a governmental organization initiated by Congress to get a better sense of workers' needs before passing legislation.

It was a group of separate national unions organized by delegates from craft unions and primarily concerned with securing concrete economic gains.

Which of the following is true of the Workingmen's Party of California? It was based on anti-Chinese sentiment, which came to be a national issue. It folded when Grant sent the military to occupy the mines. It campaigned on increasing immigration to provide a larger workforce. It was the political wing of the National Labor Union. It ended when the 1877 railroad strike ushered in better working conditions.

It was based on anti-Chinese sentiment, which came to be a national issue.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the National Labor Union? It was less concerned with political and social problems than with bargaining with employers. It was influential in getting Congress to enact an eight-hour workday for federal employees. It developed in response to and was helped by the decreasing power and size of corporations. It opposed the printing of paper money to inflate the currency and thereby relieve debtors. It opposed reforms such as cooperatives and equal rights for women and blacks.

It was influential in getting Congress to enact an eight-hour workday for federal employees.

What was the purpose of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)? It would serve largely as a mediator, bringing all rival socialist parties together under one mission and prioritizing compromise over any sectarian disputes. It was a labor union geared toward middle-class white workers, as they had a difficult time identifying with the immigrants and migrants of typical unions. It was a labor union that focused solely on the practical details of writing policy affecting workers, rather than bringing in more emotional topics such as human rights. It was intended to be one giant labor union that would take back the means of production and, unlike the AFL, would include unskilled workers. It was an organization that had originated in Europe and that spread to the United States with the chief goal of improving international trade

It was intended to be one giant labor union that would take back the means of production and, unlike the AFL, would include unskilled workers.

In what way did King Cotton survive beyond the Civil War in the 1880s? It continued to expand due to the growth of its export market from wartime alliances. It thrived like never before because the U.S. government now gave farmers new subsidies. It persisted but was only used for luxury items, as synthetic materials were invented in the 1880s. It lingered, although the amount produced was far less than prior to the war. It was still a major southern crop despite never regaining the huge profitability of the 1850s.

It was still a major southern crop despite never regaining the huge profitability of the 1850s.

Which of the following best accounts for the success of Standard Oil? It was one of the first companies to invest heavily in advertising. It bought out the Erie Railroad in order to keep transportation charges of goods low. Its scientists found new technical processes for refining oil more efficiently. Rockefeller was lucky to find the highest-quality oil on his Ohio farm and sell it for profit. Its eventual corporate structure, known as vertical integration, allowed it to grow tremendously.

Its eventual corporate structure, known as vertical integration, allowed it to grow tremendously.

During the Gilded Age, which of the following could be said of the wealthy in America? As the rich got richer, the standard of living in the United States plummeted such that living there became less enticing to potential immigrants. The number of millionaires actually decreased significantly, but they were far wealthier than they had been previously. Rags-to-riches stories abounded in such a way that this trajectory became the new norm for most Americans. The gap between rich and poor was in many ways beginning to close, as most wealthy individuals engaged in important philanthropy projects. Many of the newly rich engaged in "conspicuous consumption," such as through elaborate parties, making class divisions appear more pronounced.

Many of the newly rich engaged in "conspicuous consumption," such as through elaborate parties, making class divisions appear more pronounced.

Which of the following accurately describes the events surrounding the Lattimer Massacre? Violent protests led by anarchists broke out near an important harvesting machine company, and amid the confusion, an individual threw a bomb into the crowd, maiming or killing dozens. The federal government figuratively killed all major laws that effectively benefited Big Business in response to a series of unusually fatal mining accidents in Pennsylvania. White miners brutally murdered fellow African American miners out of fear that they would take their jobs, but a landmark court case resulted in sentencing the perpetrators to life in prison. Swayed by unions, several elite factory owners dramatically resigned from their positions, and for the first time, a widespread public uproar ensued in response to poor working conditions. Many workers, especially immigrants from central or eastern Europe, were killed while peacefully protesting dangerous mining conditions, and all of those accused of the killings were acquitted.

Many workers, especially immigrants from central or eastern Europe, were killed while peacefully protesting dangerous mining conditions, and all of those accused of the killings were acquitted.

What was one of the main tensions experienced by middle-class women in Gilded Age America? Because of the state of the economy following the Civil War, most middle-class women were forced to work exclusively outside the home; however, the women's movement of the time resisted this as it prized the domestic sphere. Middle-class women had advanced greatly in terms of the breadth of the roles they played in society, partly because of their responsibilities during the Civil War, so that by the time the Gilded Age arrived, the sole issue was women's voting rights. Due to the lack of women's colleges or co-ed institutions, few middle-class women entered the workforce, which contributed to the great struggle most middle-class families at the time faced in being able to afford their lifestyles. More middle-class women were gaining access to higher education, helping lead to their growing presence in the workforce, but social expectations still kept many tied to the home or steered toward so-called home economics-type courses. Middle-class women were entering professions once exclusively held by men, such as doctors and lawyers, in record numbers; however, they were denied the proper schoolin

More middle-class women were gaining access to higher education, helping lead to their growing presence in the workforce, but social expectations still kept many tied to the home or steered toward so-called home economics-type courses.

Helen Hunt Jackson's book A Century of Dishonor was influential in describing the United States' exploitation of eastern European immigrants. women. Native Americans. African Americans. Chinese immigrants.

Native Americans.

Was the crop-lien system successful? Why or why not? Yes, it was an effective system because it developed close and trusting bonds between those who worked the farms and their landlords, as they received a consistent share of the proceeds. No, it was self-destructive because overplanting tobacco and cotton led to the terrible erosion of farmland and was a post-Civil War version of economic slavery for poor white and black people. No, it was self-destructive because most farmers owned the land on which they worked and, thus, took good care of it to meet their own needs, rather than paying back the former landlord. Yes, it was an effective system because landowners tended to encourage sharecroppers and tenants to grow their own vegetable gardens, thereby allowing them to feed themselves. Yes, it was an effective system because due to the availability of fertile land, the farms were large and generated considerable amounts of income for both landlord and sharecropper.

No, it was self-destructive because most farmers owned the land on which they worked and, thus, took good care of it to meet their own needs, rather than paying back the former landlord.

A transcontinental railroad had not been built before the Civil War because the Appalachian Mountains presented great engineering problems. Many southern states used the states' rights argument to reject federal aid for railroads. The technologies for building tunnels through the Rockies did not yet exist. North-South sectional differences prevented Congress from selecting a route. Congress refused to consider federal subsidies for a private railroad.

North-South sectional differences prevented Congress from selecting a route.

What was the Haymarket Riot of 1886? It was a days-long demonstration for railroad workers' rights that angered the government, but because it remained peaceful in nature, none of the events' leaders could be prosecuted. It was a fight for child labor rights started by the Knights of Labor and, because so many people were sympathetic toward children, improved public opinion of unions in general for years to come. It was an insurrection led by miners that evolved into a productive meeting between workers and management, ushering in an era of improved relations in industries across the nation. Primarily a demonstration for African American rights in the workplace, it resulted in government officials emerging as martyr figures, as several of them got hurt trying to stop the demonstrators. Occurring amid a strike in favor of the eight-hour workday, it was what journalists called America's first terrorist bombing and was blamed on anarchist leaders despite a lack of evidence.

Occurring amid a strike in favor of the eight-hour workday, it was what journalists called America's first terrorist bombing and was blamed on anarchist leaders despite a lack of evidence.

The 1896 Supreme Court decision in ________ legitimized racial segregation as constitutional by affirming the idea of "separate but equal." McCullough v. Maryland Marbury v. Madison Dred Scott v. Sanford Plessy v. Ferguson Eugene v. Debs

Plessy v. Ferguson

What was the significance of the American Tobacco Company? Run by the Duke family and controlling the majority of the nation's cigarette production, it contributed to the dramatic rise of the tobacco industry in the post-Civil War South. The first such government-owned company in the United States, it came to represent the federal government's approach to rebuilding the nation's economy and agriculture after the Civil War. Bankrupt soon after its founding after the Civil War, it demonstrated the often insurmountable economic difficulties due to the South's ongoing dependence on plantations over factories. Contrary to many companies in the North that joined forces with their competitors, it remained a tiny but successful family owned business and offered a model for the rest of the South. The North's largest industrial employer, it greatly helped revamp the nation's economy after the Civil War and brought migrants to New England in massive numbers.

Run by the Duke family and controlling the majority of the nation's cigarette production, it contributed to the dramatic rise of the tobacco industry in the post-Civil War South.

The Indian tribe that defeated Custer and put up the greatest resistance to U.S. domination was the Crow. Sioux. Blackfeet. Apache. Comanche.

Sioux.

Which of the following is true of the first transcontinental railroad? The Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads built it along a north-central route. The route ran south through Texas and the Arizona and New Mexico territories. Little competition took place during the process thanks to major government subsidies. The passage of the Pacific Railway Act of 1862 indefinitely postponed its construction. Only one company built it, winning a contest to get to work on the project.

The Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads built it along a north-central route.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the significance of post-Civil War inventions to women in particular? Because women had made immense strides as nurses during the Civil War, they were entrusted with using important new medical inventions and often went on to become doctors. Employment opportunities from new inventions were closed to immigrants, especially immigrant women, because inventors worried they would bring back blueprints to their home countries. The invention of the typewriter and sewing machine opened up new employment possibilities to many women, although often on the basis of the idea that women would work for lower pay. New inventions spurred the creation of sweatshops, which largely turned away women applicants because the cramped, stifling conditions were deemed unfit for them. Advances in technology reaffirmed that the use of all new inventions would be reserved strictly for men and that women of all classes would be expected to remain inside the home.

The invention of the typewriter and sewing machine opened up new employment possibilities to many women, although often on the basis of the idea that women would work for lower pay.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the conditions affecting the industrial development of the United States during the second half of the nineteenth century after the Civil War?* The rising tide of immigrants at the time created a large workforce willing to work for low pay as well as a market of consumers. In response to the horrific practices of slavery, federal and state regulation prioritized the creation of safe workplaces and fair business practices across industries. The United States experienced fierce competition with foreign manufacturers resulting from strong wartime alliances, which ultimately slowed domestic growth. The end of the slave labor system following the war irreparably disrupted the national economy in such a way that for the rest of the century, the standard of living declined. The intense fighting and movement during the war had resulted in the debilitating depletion of natural resources across the country, such as minerals, oil, coal, and iron ore.

The rising tide of immigrants at the time created a large workforce willing to work for low pay as well as a market of consumers.

Which of the following occurred from the end of the Civil War to the turn of the century?* The value of manufactures increased sixfold. Farm production declined. Fewer women and children worked. Innovation in business remained stagnant. The nation's population greatly decreased.

The value of manufactures increased sixfold.

Why was there a growth of craft unions during the Civil War? The American education system expanded dramatically during that period. Unskilled laborers were constitutionally prohibited from unionizing. The war sparked an increased demand for skilled labor. The end of slavery flooded the labor market with workers. Craft unions would not have to admit the freedmen.

The war sparked an increased demand for skilled labor.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Molly Maguires? They aimed to right the perceived wrongs against Irish coal workers by engaging in intimidation, beatings, and killings. They accomplished their goals of better wages and working conditions for miners through peaceful arbitration. They were named for the daughter of George Maguire, the owner of a Pennsylvania coalfield, to show their support for the industry. They were a women's rights organization that focused on attaining the right to vote and opening women's colleges. They were predominantly cooks and maids and organized the first large-scale strike of domestic workers in New York City.

They aimed to right the perceived wrongs against Irish coal workers by engaging in intimidation, beatings, and killings.

What was one main reason electric motors were significant to the industrialization of the late nineteenth century? They freed factories to locate wherever they wished, not just by waterfalls and coal deposits. They were used in the first automobiles, which made personal travel much easier. They forced railroads to abandon the use of steam power. They eliminated the need for oil during the industrial revolution. They powered the first lightbulbs, which allowed people to work at nigh

They freed factories to locate wherever they wished, not just by waterfalls and coal deposits.

What was the significance of the railcars connected to Pullman cars during the Pullman strike? They greatly increased the likelihood that Pullman would accept Eugene V. Debs's initial plea for a negotiated settlement. They were a bargaining tool that Eugene V. Debs used to successfully avoid prison and go on to enjoy a private life out of the spotlight. They were used as justification for a federal intervention, as President Cleveland claimed that the strike must be ended because it interfered with the mail. They allowed the strikers to create as big a disruption as possible, as they set railcars on fire and derailed whole trains. They allowed union leaders throughout the country to exchange correspondence during the strike, greatly shifting the odds in their favor.

They were used as justification for a federal intervention, as President Cleveland claimed that the strike must be ended because it interfered with the mail.

Why was the battle at the Little Bighorn River in 1876 significant? Thousands of Indians led by Crazy Horse annihilated a detachment of Custer's soldiers, leading Congress to prepare for "total war." Sioux and Cheyenne Indians won a large chunk of the Montana Territory, which they kept for fourteen years. Chief Sitting Bull scouted for the United States against his own people because Grant and Congress promised to establish a peace policy. General George Custer's troops defeated the Cherokee and Seminole Indians, leading to greater prosperity for the Native Americans on the Dakota Reservation. Although Chief Red Cloud was captured and murdered, his death boosted Sioux morale and ensured they would win the war.

Thousands of Indians led by Crazy Horse annihilated a detachment of Custer's soldiers, leading Congress to prepare for "total war."

How did unions often fare in organizing labor around the years 1860-1900? Conditions were so terrible in the various work environments that unions experienced no trouble with recruiting members, growing unimpeded. Immigrants from many different ethnic groups were far more likely to join unions than white Americans. Only middle-class Americans had the means to join unions, which resulted in the exclusion of the working poor. A defining principle of unions was that they refused to engage in violence of any sort, so they had a difficult time getting through to executives. Unions faced significant obstacles, such as the so-called blacklisting of union organizers to keep them from getting hired.

Unions faced significant obstacles, such as the so-called blacklisting of union organizers to keep them from getting hired.

At the turn of the century, ________ argued that the black response to racial prejudice should be one of "ceaseless agitation" directed toward achieving political and social equality. Booker T. Washington James Plunkett W. E. B. Du Bois Alfred Waddell Henry Smith

W. E. B. Du Bois

What was the significance of the Homestead Steel strike? Although it grew violent, it established a precedent in which the government would refuse to send the militia or military to labor demonstrations in order to maintain everyday people's trust. It greatly improved the public reputations of business tycoons such as Carnegie and Rockefeller, as their reluctance to dissolve unions made them appear more moral and compassionate. It was the first major strike that took place in the Far West on settlers' homesteads, signifying that labor unions were sure to not only survive but thrive despite the tests of time and space. It showed that in terms of putting down labor demonstrations, business leaders were strongly at odds with local, state, and national officials and rejected the idea of working together. Waged against a Carnegie company, it represented a test of strength for the organized labor movement and resulted in the elimination of a prominent union of iron and steel workers.

Waged against a Carnegie company, it represented a test of strength for the organized labor movement and resulted in the elimination of a prominent union of iron and steel workers.

Which of the following statements describes the experiences of industrial workers in Gilded Age America? Working and living conditions remained dangerous. Government regulations provided a safe work environment. A forty-hour workweek was the standard. Forging a work permit for children was seen as taboo. Real wages fell because of rising prices.

Working and living conditions remained dangerous.

What was neurasthenia? a condition with symptoms such as hysteria and depression, often diagnosed by male physicians to force women back into the cult of domesticity a widespread post-traumatic stress disorder that affected soldiers who had fought in and experienced the horrors of the Civil War a resistant strain of cholera that grew into an epidemic due to the terrible, unsanitary conditions of tenements in cities during the Gilded Age a crippling malady miners faced due to exposure to unclean air that led the federal government to pass sweeping legislation guaranteeing the health of workers an illness caused by the sudden spread of sugary foods and beverages, which greatly increased the caution the public displayed toward the rise of consumerism

a condition with symptoms such as hysteria and depression, often diagnosed by male physicians to force women back into the cult of domesticity

Which of the following did Thomas Alva Edison invent?* a long-lasting electric lightbulb the air brake for trains the mechanized cotton textile weaver the telephone the airplane

a long-lasting electric lightbulb

What was the post-Civil War marketplace increasingly becoming over the years 1860-1900? a truly national marketplace for the sale and distribution of goods and services, in large part thanks to the expansion of transportation systems and instantaneous communication networks a collaborative marketplace, as leaders of Big Business sought to increase competition because it would lead to a greater diversity of goods and services and better working environments a transparent marketplace that strongly discouraged lobbying out of fear that, in response, the small pool of consumers would grow distrustful of corporations and only support small businesses a constrained marketplace due to the loss of the cotton economy in the South and the resulting long-term blow to the North's main industries, including textiles and oil essentially a replica of the European marketplace, as the United States acquired the capital to model goods and services after European businesses without enough left over to allow for ingenuity

a truly national marketplace for the sale and distribution of goods and services, in large part thanks to the expansion of transportation systems and instantaneous communication networks

Violence in the mining towns was largely instigated by cattlemen due to conflict over livestock ownership. perpetrated entirely by Native Americans due to conflicts over land. widespread due to the perpetual lack of mass-production industry in the West. never very prominent because settlers led such simple lifestyles. as common as ethic prejudice toward groups such as Mexicans and Chinese.

as common as ethic prejudice toward groups such as Mexicans and Chinese.

J. Pierpont Morgan is similar to business leaders Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller because he supported unions in order to gain trust among workers. had a rags-to-riches story. came from an elite, privileged background. believed in freewheeling capitalism but hated competition. was an immigrant living in New York City.

believed in freewheeling capitalism but hated competition.

Buffalo soldiers were Indian scouts who helped the United States army against the Plains tribes during the Indian wars. black soldiers, most of whom had been Civil War veterans, fighting in the West against the Indians. European immigrants from the North who had little experience fighting but joined the army in the West. white hunters who killed millions of buffalo in the West, resulting in its extinction in the United States. Jamaican immigrants who joined the United States army after the Civil War in exchange for citizenship.

black soldiers, most of whom had been Civil War veterans, fighting in the West against the Indians.

Proponents of the New South believed that the South should form a separate nation from the North. once again be dominated by planter aristocrats. encourage immigration to provide cheap labor. eliminate agriculture and focus solely on industrialization. build a society of small farms as well as industrialize.

build a society of small farms as well as industrialize.

What does the term "economies of scale" describe?* the ability of the economy to respond to changes in supply and demand from year to year without disturbing investor confidence government efforts to develop the economy on solid investments and produce goods carefully without concern for cost Edison's development of small parts that could be interchanged between machines manufactured in his labs the sort of economy that capitalists feared would result from too much government regulation business enterprises that produced large quantities of product cheaply thanks to large workforces and machines

business enterprises that produced large quantities of product cheaply thanks to large workforces and machines

The postwar South suffered from an acute shortage of domestic help. cotton. water. capital. labor.

capital

Violence erupted during the Homestead strike when* Andrew Carnegie fired chief executive Henry Frick, who was sympathetic to the organizers. police attempted to break up a secret protest meeting organized by homesteaders. Andrew Carnegie announced his plans to sell the plant to J. P. Morgan. chief executive Henry Frick tried to break the strike by bringing in Pinkerton agents. it became clear that Carnegie's profits had been slashed in half and he was close to bankruptcy.

chief executive Henry Frick tried to break the strike by bringing in Pinkerton agents.

What were so-called bonanza farms that spread across the country during the second half of the nineteenth century? farms that were fertilized using new chemical compounds developed in labs farming communities established in Kansas by African American migrants from the South corporate-owned farms that were run like factories farms that were fortunate enough to have large deposits of oil discovered on them socialist farming collectives established in unorganized western territories

corporate-owned farms that were run like factories

In what came to be called the Civil Rights Cases of 1883, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was endorsed by the Democratic party as a means to help end racial discrimination in the South and bring blacks and whites together to help rebuild the economy. declared unconstitutional due to the ruling that the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments did not give Congress the authority to pass laws dealing with racial discrimination. declared constitutional due to the ruling that whether public facilities should be segregated was a matter of federal law only and did not rest with the states. upheld because white supremacists had little influence on matters of state law and tended to only discriminate against African Americans behind the scenes. replaced by a new version of the Civil Rights Act that gave stronger protections to African Americans and ensured them the right to vote.

declared unconstitutional due to the ruling that the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments did not give Congress the authority to pass laws dealing with racial discrimination.

What are holding companies? corporations that produce and sell their own goods firms that control the stock of other companies a means of focusing on a smaller segment of an industry a prominent business structure that illustrated the effectiveness of the Sherman Act firms in which union membership was required by all of its participants

firms that control the stock of other companies

As part of the crop-lien system, which of the following services did "crossroads" merchants provide in exchange for the pledge of a portion of participants' future crops? legal assistance food, clothing, seed, and other items "on credit" livestock and jobs in the cattle industry loans to purchase land medical services

food, clothing, seed, and other items "on credit"

Jane Addams is best associated with promoting the International Workers of the World. leading the Molly Maguires. joining the Knights of Labor. publicizing the work of Mother Jones. founding Hull House.

founding Hull House

What contributed to Eugene V. Debs's success as leader of the American Railway Union? his anti-immigrant sentiment his genuine goodness and nonviolent approach his detachment from anything related to politics his resolve not to negotiate at all costs his opposition to labor radicalism

his genuine goodness and nonviolent approach

What is the name for the business strategy in which a dominant corporation buys or forces out most of its competitors? vertical integration tariffs horizontal integration laissez-faire economies of scale

horizontal integration

Proponents of creating a "New South" argued that the Confederacy lost the Civil War because the southern elite were soft and undisciplined. its military leadership was inept. it relied too much upon King Cotton. the Union embraced more desirable cultural values. slavery was unsustainable.

it relied too much upon King Cotton.

Why was Birmingham, Alabama, named the "Pittsburgh of the South"? It was Andrew Carnegie's birthplace. It lacked racial segregation. It lacked natural resources. It had the same population size. It was an iron center.

it was an iron center

The rise of the cattle industry saw the decline of the railroad. also saw a dramatic rise in international trade. made Chicago the fastest-growing city in the nation. made San Francisco the fastest-growing city in the nation. was also the decline of the agricultural industry.

made Chicago the fastest-growing city in the nation.

The Comstock Lode refers to a settlement in the Rockies that marked the end of territorial governments in the West. large reservation set aside for Native Americans in Texas. cattle drive that ran through Ohio and ended in Wyoming. mining discovery of gold and silver in Nevada that was the most profitable at that point. black disenfranchisement plan promoted by southerners who moved West.

mining discovery of gold and silver in Nevada that was the most profitable at that point.

The fight for survival in the trans-Mississippi West made men and women come to an understanding that women would play solely a subservient role on the frontier. follow a very nomadic lifestyle, as farming and mining communities were so rare. more equal partners than were their eastern counterparts, as farming required a lot of help. enjoy all the same legal protections, such as the ability to buy and sell property. face the reality that there would be far more women than men due to dangerous men's work.

more equal partners than were their eastern counterparts, as farming required a lot of help.

Following the 1867 "Report on the Condition of the Indian Tribes," Congress decided that the best way to end the Indian wars was to persuade the Indians to live on out-of-the-way reservations. allow Indians to follow old traditions such as the Ghost Dance. "Americanize" the Indians by offering them an education at the white man's schools. systematically kill most of the buffalo because the fight over them had caused so much conflict. send in the army, under men such as George Custer, to break the morale of the Indians.

persuade the Indians to live on out-of-the-way reservations.

Sears, Roebuck and Company was a pioneer in incorporating far more middlemen in the retail process. selling goods by mail order, thereby helping transform rural towns. opening a chain of grocery stores across the United States. selling luxury items to the social elite. providing electric power for New York City.

selling goods by mail order, thereby helping transform rural towns.

President Grover Cleveland's response to the Pullman strike was to* appoint Eugene Debs to his cabinet. declare his sympathy for the strikers. order George Pullman to restore his workers' wages. socialize the industry by allowing the government to manage the company. send federal troops to keep the trains running.

send federal troops to keep the trains running.

The "open range" meant animals were protected from ranchers and hunters. small ranchers could graze their cattle anywhere. land ownership had to be approved by Congress. land was owned by the Indians. land was open to mining.

small ranchers could graze their cattle anywhere.

What industry did Andrew Carnegie dominate by 1900? oil railroads lumber coal steel

steel

In much of the nineteenth century, women in Texas were legally prohibited from getting any education. suing and serving on juries. settling in mining communities. getting married. farming.

suing and serving on juries.

The principal accomplishment of the South's industrialization after the Civil War was the dramatic growth of the ________ industry. coal lumber steel textile automobile

textile

Of which of the following was Mary "Mother" Jones a member ? the Republican party the Socialist party the Democratic party the Whig party the Tea party

the Socialist party

George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla invented which device that revolutionized American industry? the internal combustion engine the dynamo, or electric motor the lightbulb the telephone the telegraph

the dynamo, or electric motor

What was the first industry to contract with "investment banks" to raise capital by selling shares of stock to investors? the textile industry the electric motor industry the oil industry the railroad industry the agriculture industry

the railroad industry

After the capture of many of his people by U.S. soldiers, Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Indians gave a speech saying that a massive alliance of Indians offered one last chance to turn back American settlement. he would commit suicide before agreeing to surrender. white Americans offered a superior way of life, especially in terms of public schools. his people should resist white settlement to their very last man, woman, and child. the time had come to stop fighting and put a stop to his people's needless deaths.

the time had come to stop fighting and put a stop to his people's needless deaths.

"Exodusters" migrated to the West often because southerners had passed legislation banishing them to live in the desert because they were still vengeful after the Civil War. Radical Republican rule had been reinstated and they were worried about losing their southern plantations. they wanted to spread their beliefs in Christianity and convert Native Americans from coast to coast. they were making their exodus from the South in search of a place devoid of racism and poverty. there was an abundance of houses, stores, and water in the West, especially around Kansas homesteads.

they were making their exodus from the South in search of a place devoid of racism and poverty.

Why did Congress pass the Homestead Act? to build militias in Indian country in anticipation of full-out war to place Native American tribes on reservations to encourage settlement of the western lands to encourage the railroads to build a transcontinental road out of the North to appease big ranchers who had lobbied for it

to encourage settlement of the western lands

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was provoked by the deaths of four children in an explosion at Pullman's factory. worker demands for paid vacations. concerns over workplace safety. the railroad's refusal to hire blacks and women. wage cuts that followed a depression.

wage cuts that followed a depression.

Trusts, like Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust, were vulnerable because they were often too large to earn a profit. were forced to spend great sums of their money on philanthropic endeavors. controlled companies that had nothing to do with one another. were appealing targets for prosecution on the grounds of monopoly or restraint of trade. paid their various subsidiaries enormous and unjustified profits.

were appealing targets for prosecution on the grounds of monopoly or restraint of trade.

What export crop spurred growth in agriculture in the West during the late nineteenth century? corn cotton rice cattle wheat

wheat

Redeemers tended to be fierce advocates for women's suffrage. members of the Republican party. white Democrats who were pro-business. former slaves "redeemed" by emancipation. southerners against the idea of the New South.

white Democrats who were pro-business.

The redeemers emphasized the restoration of publicly funded education. black political activity. Republican rule. white supremacy. slavery.

white supremacy.

The Sand-Lot Incident refers to* Chinese workers protesting poor working conditions. white workers attacking a group of Chinese workers. the growth of baseball as a spectator sport. white workers refusing to work on the railroads. a women's movement event that made voting rights more likely.

white workers attacking a group of Chinese workers.

Mother Jones promoted workers' rights and unions. the free press. laissez-faire economics. alternating current electricity. temperance.

workers' rights and unions.

The railroads were key in helping the United States to emerge as a world power. model in workers' rights. country on the brink of war. largely socialist government. racially integrated nation.

world power