Test-Topic 15: Postwar America

The drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was guided by

. Eleanor Roosevelt.

What was a major outcome of the Korean War (1950-1953)?

. Korea continued to be a divided nation.

Why would many isolationists have argued that the Neutrality Act of 1939 was not actually "neutral"?

. They thought material support of the Allies was, indirectly, acting against the Axis Powers.

In an effort to both distinguish himself from Truman's policy of containment and eliminate the expense of maintaining a large conventional army, Eisenhower pursued a foreign policy collectively known as

. massive retaliation

In 1957, the Eisenhower Doctrine expanded the principles of the Truman Doctrine by extending Middle East military assistance in order to

. offset communist influence in the region

Why was the end of the Korean War considered a stalemate?

.The north and south were still divided

What two countries did Hitler occupy without opposition from France and Great Britain? *

Austria and Czechoslovakia

During the postwar era, all minorities faced problems stemming from

discrimination in housing and employment.

Which decision did President Truman make that most significantly altered the course of the war? *

dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Which of the following had the largest role in increasing consumer consumption during the 1950s?

ease in obtaining credit

Hitler ended Germany's depression, economic woes, and unemployment by

implementing public works projects and a rearmament program.

"The time is past when a boy's chief possession was his bike and a girl's party wardrobe consisted of a fancy dress worn with a string of dime-store pearls. . . . Today's teenagers surround themselves with a fantastic array of garish and often expensive baubles and amusements. They own 10 million phonographs, over a million TV sets, 13 million cameras." —LIFE, August 31, 1959 This text underlies what growing phenomenon of the 1950s?

increased consumption

In the 1950s, middle class prosperity and the abundance of inexpensive goods had the unexpected effect of

inspiring rock n' roll music.

The change in the nation's attitude toward membership in the League of Nations and membership in the United Nations shows the contrast between

isolationism and involvement

Which group of American citizens were forcibly denied their rights and civil liberties during the War? *

japanese

Mussolini's Fascist government attempted to control its citizens through

mass propaganda.

The turning point in the Pacific Theatre was

midway

The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

ended war in the Pacific.

Why was the German strategy of "blitzkrieg" so successful?

Blitzkrieg relied on small, rapid military forces that assassinated the leaders of the nation under attack.

The Eisenhower Doctrine promised aid to any Middle Eastern nations threatened by communism. Why was this doctrine inspired in part by the Suez Canal Crisis?

Britain and France had tried to regain the canal with Soviet help.

During the 1950s, how did the Republican Party hope to support a balanced federal budget and counter communist countries?

By relying on nuclear weapons

"The undersigned, the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, on the one hand, and the Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army and the Commander of the Chinese People's Volunteers, on the other hand, in the interest of stopping the Korean conflict, with its great toil of suffering and bloodshed on both sides, and with the objective of establishing an armistice which will insure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved, do individually, collectively, and mutually agree to accept and to be bound and governed by the conditions and terms of armistice set forth in the following articles and paragraphs, which said conditions and terms are intended to be purely military in character and to pertain solely to the belligerents in Korea..." The text above is from an agreement that

established a cease-fire in Korea.

What was a significant turning point in the Korean War?

China's entry into the war

Who were the Big Three in this picture?

Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin

What are the "Four Freedoms"? *

Freedom from Want Freedom of Worship Freedom from Fear Freedom of Speech

SEC. 100. The Veterans' Administration is hereby declared to be an essential war agency and entitled, second only to the War and Navy Departments, to priorities in personnel, equipment, supplies, and material under any laws, Executive orders, and regulations pertaining to priorities, and in appointments of personnel from civil-service registers the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs is hereby granted the same authority and discretion as the War and Navy Departments and the United States Public Health Service: Provided, That the provisions of this section as to priorities for materials shall apply to any State institution to be built for the care or hospitalization of veterans This text is from an act otherwise known as the

GI Bill

What two countries faced war crimes, for their war atrocities in WWII? *

Germany and Japan

What two nations held "ethnic" prisoners in camps during WWII?

Germany and United states

Hitler wanted to dominate other countries because he believed that

Germany's people were superior to everyone else.

The "final solution" was

Germany's plan to exterminate all Jews in Europe

The Axis refers to the alliance of

Germany, Italy, Japan

What does this picture represent? *

Hitler invading Poland

With the battle of Midway *

If the Germans were forces out, it would ease the way to invading Italy.

Operation Barbarossa refers to Hitler's

Invasion of the Soviet Union

How was the economy affected by corporate expansion in the 1950s?

It boomed as the middle class grew.

Iwo Jima was important to the Allies because

Japan used airfields on the island to support its naval forces.

"The truth of the matter is that Europe's requirements for the next 3 or 4 years of foreign food and other essential products—principally from America—are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help, or face economic, social, and political deterioration of a very grave character. The remedy lies in breaking the vicious circle and restoring the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole. The manufacturer and the farmer throughout wide areas must be able and willing to exchange their products for currencies the continuing value of which is not open to question." - The text outlines the basis for the

Marshall Plan.

". . . The American people are sick and tired of being afraid to speak their minds lest they be politically smeared as 'Communists' or 'Fascists' by their opponents. Freedom of speech is not what it used to be in America. It has been so abused by some that it is not exercised by others.The American people are sick and tired of seeing innocent people smeared and guilty people whitewashed. But there have been enough proved cases to cause nationwide distrust and strong suspicion that there may be something to the unproved, sensational accusations. . . ." When Senator Smith spoke these words, she was reacting to

McCarthyism

How did World War II change the employment situation for women?

More women were able to find jobs in manufacturing and other fields not traditionally considered to be women's work.

"When an epidemic of physical disease starts to spread, the community approves and joins in a quarantine of the patients in order to protect the health of the community against the spread of the disease. . . . War is a contagion, whether it be declared or undeclared. It can engulf states and peoples remote from the original scene of hostilities. We are determined to keep out of war, yet we cannot insure ourselves against the disastrous effects of war and the dangers of involvement." —President Franklin Roosevelt, Quarantine speech, October 5, 1937 What sentence best expresses President Roosevelt's message?

No nation can be completely isolated from other nations.

D-Day refers to the American invasion of

Normandy

Which of these action is an example of checks and balances?

President Truman vetoed the Taft-Hartley Act

France was defeated by Germany

Quickly (several weeks)

The Rape of Nanking

Refers to the brutal treatment of Chinese civilians by Japanese soldiers

One consequence of World War II was that the United States

Remain deeply involved in world affairs

President Roosevelt created the War Refugee Board in 1944 to aid and rescue Jewish refugees. What other action, if taken, did some feel might have helped save more people?

Safe havens for Jewish refugees in other European countries.

Which of the following is INCORRECT: The Lend-Lease Act allowed the USA to

Secretly help fight the war against Germany without declaring war

During WWII, African Americans soldiers

Served in an all black unit of fighter pilots called the "Red Tails"

Which of the following illustrates the fact that the Allies approached Germany from all sides?

Seventeen million people died in battle, and an estimated 20 million civilians died as well some say even 60 million all together.—

The automobile and the expansion of roadway systems in the 1950s led to the growth of

Suburban areas

What led to the success of Operation Overlord? *

The Allies convinced Hitler that the invasion would happen in Calais, causing him to order important forces away from the invasion site at Normandy.

What was the result of the Battle of Britain?

The British air force rebuilt its strength.

What does the map suggest about the Soviet Union's role in World War II?

The Soviets suffered significant losses fighting Axis forces

Why didn't the West launch a military operation to end the Berlin blockade?

The distance from West Germany to Berlin would make a military operation difficult.

The Bataan Death March was

The march of POWs, who were bayoneted in the back for moving to slow

The rapid growth in personal income in the decade after World War II contributed to

expansion of the middle class

The GI Bill affected American society after World War II by

extending educational and housing opportunities

Why did Germany attack the Soviet Union, its former ally?

fear that the Soviet Union would support Britain

To address labor shortages during the war, Japan *

forced Korean and Chinese into becoming laborers.

The purpose of bombing cities in World War II was to

frighten civilians and weaken morale.

The United States carried on an "island-hopping campaign" in order to

get close enough to mainland Japan to take over.

Harry S. Truman authorized dropping the atomic bomb on Japan because

he thought an invasion would kill too many U.S. troops.

The immediate impact of the 1957 launch of Sputnik I was that it

heightened the space race as a form of Cold War competition

"The launching by the Soviet Union of the first earth satellite is an event of considerable technical and scientific importance. However, that importance should not be exaggerated. What has happened involves no basic discovery and the value of a satellite to mankind will for a long time be highly problematical. That the Soviet Union was first in this project is due to the high priority which the Soviet Union gives to scientific training and to the fact that since 1945 the Soviet Union has particularly emphasized developments in the fields of missiles and of outer space... The Soviets [have concentrated] upon developments in this field with a use of resources and effort not possible in time of peace to societies where the people are free to engage in pursuits of their own choosing and where public monies are limited by representatives of the people. Despotic societies which can command the activities and resources of all their people can often produce spectacular accomplishments. These, however, do not prove that freedom is not the best way." According to Dulles, why did the Soviets launch a satellite before the Americans?

Their government dictated that the necessary resources be utilized.

Hitler's main goal in the Battle of Britain was

To destroy the British air force

Why did the U.S. presence in Guam and the Philippines prior to the war create tension between Japan and America? *

U.S. presence threatened Japan's ability to establish itself as the most powerful nation in the region.

The 38th parallel was the basis of

a cease-fire in the conflict between North and South Korea.

The Neutrality Act of 1939 helped the Allies in World War II by

agreeing to sell arms to the Allies if they paid cash and transported them themselves.

The United States carried out the idea expressed in this late 1940s cartoon by. forming

airlifting supplies to West Berlin

Stalin's Five-Year Plans were intended to transform the Soviet Union into

an industrial society.

How did many citizens of Soviet-dominated countries in Eastern Europe interpret Khrushchev's talk of "peaceful co-existence" in the mid 1950s?

an opportunity to gain a degree of political autonomy

The National Defense Education Act was passed amidst fears that

arts were being funded more than science and math.

The "second front" on the beaches at Normandy in France allowed the Allies to

attack Germany from the west at the same time as from the east.

Which event led the United States to enter World War II?

bombing of Pearl Harbor

Secretary of State Dulles's approach to war can best be described as

brinkmanship

McCarthyism in the early 1950s resulted from

charges that Communists had infiltrated the United States government

The Truman Doctrine was established because of fears that

communism would spread to other countries.

". . . Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty. . . ." This statement by President Kennedy suggests a continued commitment to the foreign policy of

containment

The goal of President Harry Truman's Fair Deal was to

continue reforms begun during Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency

Hitler was confident that the Western states that had signed the Treaty of Versailles would

not mobilize their militaries to enforce it.

The reasoning behind the U.S. military's island-hopping strategy was to

only engage enemy forces on islands that offered a direct route to Japan.

"You usually will know where the front is by the sound of gunfire, and that's the direction you should proceed. Now, suppose you lose a hand or an ear is shot off, or perhaps a piece of your nose, and you think you should walk back to get first aid. If I see you, it will be the last . . . walk you'll ever take." —General George S. Patton, Jr., addressing his junior officers Based on this quote, which word best describes General Patton?

persistent

The fact that 1950 saw the greatest increase in the production of televisions is an indication of

postwar prosperity.

Presidents Truman and Eisenhower both provided strong leadership in the 1940s and 1950s by

promoting social welfare programs while reducing defense budgets.

Which foreign policy decision by President Harry Truman is an example of the policy of containment?

providing military aid to Greece and Turkey

Before WWII, how did Joseph Stalin come to power?

purging people he thought were a threat.

Hitler's political theories were based on

racism and nationalism.

The Nazis encouraged radio listening because

radio could be used for political purposes.

The main foreign policy objective of the Marshall Plan (1948-1952) was to

rebuild the economies of European nations

Information provided by the graph indicates that the Marshall Plan tried to prevent the spread of communism in Europe by

restoring economic stability throughout Western Europe

The main goal of the Truman Doctrine was to

restrict the spread of communism.

The Smith Act was passed because of concerns that

some might advocate government overthrow.

The primary goal of the United States foreign policy of containment was to

stop communist influence from spreading

The Eisenhower administration transformed the American landscape forever by

strengthening national defense.

"The West has won! I say this quite deliberately in such a crass way because you wanted to know how I felt emotionally. The West—well, we have succeeded. And the West has won and the others have not!" In this text, Barowsky was discussing how the Berlin Airlift

succeeded in showing that the Soviet Union could be challenged.

This cartoon showing Hitler between two tanks was most likely drawn around the time of

the Allied invasion of Germany.

"The United States troops have done almost all the fighting and have suffered almost all the losses. They have suffered losses almost equal to those of both sides at the Battle of Gettysburg. . . . [it] will, I believe, be regarded as an ever-famous American victory. —Winston Churchill, Address to the House of Commons, January 18, 1945 In this address, Prime Minister Churchill is referencing

the Battle of the Bulge.

Which of the following had the biggest impact on post-war economic prosperity in the United States?

the GI Bill of Rights

"I saw more planes coming in, passing over Battleship Row dropping bombs. I remember very clearly what looked like a dive-bomber coming in over the Arizona and dropping a bomb. I saw that bomb go down through what looked like a stack, and almost instantly it cracked the bottom of the Arizona, blowing the whole bow loose. It rose out of the water and settled. I could see flames, fire, and smoke coming out of that ship, and I saw two men flying through the air and the fire, screaming as they went." —Corpsman James F. Anderson In this text, Corpsman Anderson is describing

the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Why was the North African campaign so important to the Allies?

the Japanese moved into an offensive position.

Supporters of the Neutrality Act of 1939 believed that *

the United States should send aid the democracies of Europe.

The U.S. experience was quite different from that of the other major powers because

the United States was not fighting on its own territory.

Which event ended the war in the Pacific?

the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

The Battle of Stalingrad was a crushing defeat for Germany because

the entire Sixth Army, considered the best of the German troops, was lost.

"Soviet created Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe" "Mao Zedong Leads Successful Revolution in China" "North Korean Invasion of South Korea Leads to War" Which development is reflected in these headlines?

the post-World War II expansion of communism

During the Korean War, President Harry Truman removed General Douglas MacArthur from command because MacArthur

threatened the constitutional principle of civilian control of the military

"We have reached complete agreement as to the scope and timing of the operations to be undertaken from the east, west and south. The common understanding which we have here reached guarantees that victory will be ours. . . . No power on earth can prevent our destroying the German armies by land, their U Boats by sea, and their war planes from the air." —Declaration of the Three Powers, December 1, 1943 What was the purpose of this declaration, which was issued after a meeting of the leaders of the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union?

to show that the Allies were unified in their efforts to defeat Germany

What was the primary challenge faced by Hispanic immigrants since the 1940s?

unfair treatment by employers

What was a key reason that the Allies were able to stop the German and the Japanese forces?

unity of purpose among the Allies

The Germans increased their workforce by

using slave labor from conquered countries.

Erwin Rommel, who led the German forces in northern Africa, later *

was charged with trying to assassinate Adolf Hitler.

What was the main factor that allowed military leaders to assume power in Japan in the 1930s?

weak economy

The first serious disagreements between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II occurred over Soviet activities in

Eastern Europe.

The victims of the Holocaust included large numbers of *

European Jews.