TExES Social Studies 7-12 (232) Texas History & Government

The Law of April 6 1830

The year the Mexican government forbid further American colonists from settling in TexasVoided the empresario contracts that did not comply with Mexican law. The law further curtailed immigration from the United States and the bringing of slaves into Mexico, and provided military forts to police the borders. This law was unpopular among not only American settlers but also Mexican political leaders who believed that American immigration into Texas only strengthened their economic viability.

1835

The year the Texas Revolution officially began

Spanish Missions

Their purpose was to convert and civilize Native Americans

Comanche, Apache, Kiowa

These Native American tribes lived on the plains

Follow Mexican laws, convert to Catholicism

These were part of the agreement with American colonists to settle in Texas

Francisco Javier Vanegas and General Felix Maria Calleja

They had Hidalgo's army on retreat toward northern provinces. At Monte de las Cruces, at the gates of Mexico City, 80,000 insurgents under Hidalgo and Ignacio Allende defeated the royalists on October 30, 1810. There was panic in Mexico City. However, in a moment of apparent indecision, Father Hidalgo ordered a retreat toward Valladolid where these two pursued and ultimately decimated the insurrection.

Comanches

They migrated to Texas from Wyoming during the 1600s. By the late 1600s, they acquired horses by raiding Pueblo villages. They were the most skilled tribe in terms of horse breeding and training. They were feared and respected for their great mobility, horsemanship, and ferocity during warfare.

Lipans

They were one of the most important subgroups of the Apaches in Texas. Initially, they had made serious trouble by raiding tribes for food and plunder. They were mainly a nomadic group subsisting on hunting-gathering and raiding other tribes. They gained horses after raiding Spanish and Pueblo settlements, which made them even more formidable.

Tejanos

They were opposed to the dictatorship of Santa Anna and joined the Anglo-American colonists in battle

Franciscan monks from Spain

They were responsible for setting up numerous missions throughout Texas and the American Southwest

Caddoes

This American Indian tribes inhabited present day Texas and is best known for construction of ceremonial mounds

Coahuiltecans

This Native American tribe lived along the Gulf

Plan de Iguala

This is a revolutionary proclamation promulgated on 24 February 1821, in the final stage of the Mexican War of Independence from Spain. This called for a constitutional monarchy, maintaining the rights and lands for the Catholic Church, and equality between the criollos and peninsulars.

General Juan Manuel Zambrano

This man forcefully removed Casas from office after rebelling against the governor of Spanish Texas during the Mexican War of Independence. He was the subdeacon of San Antonio, who led a counter-insurgency against Casas. He and his royalists marched on the government house, captured and arrested Casas and Ignacio Aldama, (Hidalgo's ambassador to the United States). Las Casas surrendered without a fight, just 39 days after taking over. where he reestablished royalist control of the province

Incas

This tribe lived along the Andes Mountains and of South America and Peru

Aztecs

This tribe lived in present day Mexico

Legalized slavery

This was permitted under the Texas Constitution being the major difference with the US Constitution

Quartering

This was permitted under the Texas Constitution rebuffing the Third Amendment to the US Constitution

Freedonian Rebellion

This was the first attempt by Anglo settlers in Texas to secede from Mexico. The settlers, led by Empresario Haden Edwards, declared independence from Mexican Texas and created this Republic near Nacogdoches. The short-lived republic encompassed the land the Mexican government had granted to Edwards in 1825 and included areas that had been previously settled. Edwards's actions soon alienated these established residents, and the increasing hostilities between them and settlers recruited by Edwards led the Mexican government to revoke Edwards's contract.

Battle of Gonzales

This was the site of the first conflict of the Texas Revolution

Criollos

Those born in New Spain who had longed for a greater say in local government, promoted a provisional government that supported deposed King Ferdinand

Destroy French settlement at Ft. St. Louis

To preserve the Spanish claims to land in Texas in the 1680s, Alonso de León was sent on several expeditions to

Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon

Took over the Mexican War of Independence after the execution of Miguel Hidalgo. He was more organized and politically savvy, and had a clearer plan for the future of Mexico. Unfortunately for the insurgents, he was executed.

Juan Bautista de las Casas

Unseated Governor Manuel Salcedoe of Texas in January 22, 1811 during the Mexican War of Independence but was later captured by Zambrano an overthrown.

Mexican Land Grants

Upon its independence from Spain, Mexico offered these in an attempt to recruit colonists for Texas

Treaties of Velasco

War between Mexico and Texas ended on May 14, 1836 with these treaties in which Mexico would recognize Texas as an independent nation.The treaties were intended, on the part of the Texans, to provide a conclusion of hostilities between the two belligerents and offer the first steps toward the official recognition of the breakaway Republic's independence. It set the southern boundary of Texas at the Rio Grande, including the Nueces Strip. The two treaties were signed by Santa Anna one in secret the other public

Aztecs and Incas

Both of these tribes had advanced agriculture

Aztecs and Incas

Both of these tribes had advanced trading networks

Aztecs and Incas

Both of these tribes had numerous craftsmen and merchants

Aztecs and Incas

Both of these tribes had writing systems, calendars, advanced mathematics, and medical advances

General Joaquin de Arredondo

Defeated the rebels at the Battle of Medina.

Santa Anna

Deposed the centrist government in Mexico City and eliminated provisions in the law of April 6, 1830 that restricted immigration into Texas. General during the Mexican and Texas Revolution.

Convention of 1836

During this event, Texas declared its independence from Mexico and appointed Sam Houston as the major general of the Texas Army.

Coronado

Earliest known European to have explored the Americas Spanish explorer. He led an expedition through what is now the southwestern United States including North Texas.

Lt. Alonso Alvarez de Pineda

Earliest known European to have sailed along the Texas coast in 1519. He was sent on a mission by the Spanish governor of Jamaica in search of resources. His expedition established that Florida was a peninsula, established the boundaries of the Gulf of Mexico, and disproved a sea passage to Asia.

The Constitution of 1824

Established a republican government for Mexico. Despite the best of intentions, it failed to define the rights of Mexican states within the republic including Texas. In addition, it was incredibly vague on slavery, which was active mainly in Texas.

Goliad Massacre

Fannin surrendered here, hoping the army would be treated as honorable prisoners of war. However, Santa Anna had the entire Goliad army executed on March 1836 despite reassurances of eventual release.

Jose de Escandon

First Spanish governor of Nuevo Santander, which extended from the Panuco River to the Guadalupe River in present-day Texas. He was known as the Exterminator of the Pames of Queretaro for his barbaric behavior toward Native Americans.

Cavalier and La Salle

He claimed Matagorda Bay for France and ended up establishing Fort St. Louis on the Texas coast

Stephen F. Austin

He received a land grant to colonize the region along the Brazos River

Coronado

He searched for the Seven Cities of Cibola

John Bell Hood

He transferred to the 2nd U.S. Cavalry in Texas, was commanded by Col. Albert Sidney Johnston and Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee where he saw action against the Comanches. Upset over his home states neutrality in the Civil War he decided to serve his adopted state of Texas. He joined the Confederate army as a cavalry captain, but by September 30, 1861, was promoted to be colonel of the 4th Texas Infantry. Hood became the brigade commander of the unit that was henceforth known as Hood's Texas Brigade part of the Confederate Army of the Potomac, and was promoted to brigadier general on March 3, 1862. Leading the Texas Brigade as part of the Army of Northern Virginia in the Peninsula Campaign, he established his reputation as an aggressive commander, eager to lead his troops personally into battle, and the Texans quickly gained a reputation as one of the army's elite combat units. At the Battle of Eltham's Landing, his men were instrumental in nullifying an amphibious landing by a Union division. The Texas Brigade was held in reserve at Seven Pines. At the Battle of Gaines's Mill on June 27, Hood distinguished himself by leading his brigade in a charge that broke the Union line, which was the most successful Confederate performance in the Seven Days Battles.

Stephen F. Austin

He was responsible for actively recruiting Americans from southern states to settle in Texas

Cabeza de la Vaca

He was shipwrecked and explored Texas and traded with Native Americans

Isaac Burnet

He was the interim president during the New Republic and called for an election in order to accomplish four things: approve the constitution, authorize the amendment of the constitution, and elect a president, and consider annexation to the United States.

Great Plains

Include the Texas panhandle, Llano Estacado, Edwards Plateau, Toyah Basin, and Llano Uplift.

Basin and Range Province

Includes the Sand Hills, Stockton Plateau, desert valleys, wooded mountain slopes, and desert grasslands.

Cultural Assimilation

Occurred when Native Americans began to adapt to the Hispanic Culture in Texas. This assimilation initially happened through intermediaries, but eventually from the Spanish themselves.

Jose de Urrea

On March 9, 1836, this Mexican general was heading toward Goliad. After many victories, he captured General James Fannin and the Goliad army.

Irrigation

One of the most important ways that both Native Americans and Spanish settlers altered the geographic landscape of Texas.

Writing or many scientific advances

Only a few of the Native American tribes had these

Goliad and Nacgdoches

Other well known Spanish missions set up in Texas were known as these

Slavery

Outlawed in Mexico Southern Americans ignored this angering the Mexican government

General Colonization Law of 1824

Permitted any head of household to claim land in Mexico regardless of race or immigration status.

Battle of San Jacinto

Texas forces either killed or captured the entire Mexican army including Santa Anna in eighteen minutes here. Santa Anna ordered his second-in-command, General Vincente Filisola to remove his army from Texas.

Bicameral legislature three branch government

Texas government modeled after the US included these elements

Peninsulars

The ruling class born in Spain, supported the viceroy government in New Spain.

1821

The year that Mexico gained its independence from Spain and the beginning of American settlement in Texas

Alamo

The most well known mission in Texas set up in San Antonio

Jack Coffee Hays

A captain in the Texas Rangers and a military officer of the Republic of Texas. He served in several armed conflicts from 1836-1848, including against the Comanche people in Texas and during the Mexican-American War. Rode with an Apache Chief named Flacco who led the charge into every battle with him. The duo led and inspired the Rangers. In 1840 Tonkawa Chief Placido and 13 scouts joined with the Rangers to track down a large Comanche war party, culminating at the Battle of Plum Creek. Later, he commanded the force against the invasion from Mexico of 1842. During the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), he commanded the First Regiment of Texas Rangers at the Battle of Monterrey, established six companies along the northern and western frontier of Texas, and commanded the Second Regiment of Texas Rangers in Winfield Scott's Mexico City campaign. The Rangers excelled during this conflict, gaining nationwide fame.

James Fannin

A military figure on the Texas Army and leader during the Texas Revolution of 1835-36. After being outnumbered and surrendering to Mexican forces at the Battle of Coleto Creek, he and nearly all his 344 men were executed soon afterward at Goliad, Texas, under Santa Anna's orders for all rebels to be executed.

Estevanico

African slave who was shipwrecked with de la Vaca and served as interpreter since he was gifted in learning new languages

Pedro Garibay

After arresting many criollo leaders and shipping Iturrigaray back to Spain, he was made the new viceroy during New Spain's period of unrest with the Spanish Crown during the Napoleonic Wars.

Spanish Missions

After the establishment of several missions, the conversion of many Native American Tribes as well as the establishment of towns such as San Antonio , Goliad, and Nacogdoches was possible. Because of Native American attacks, the population was very small until 1785 when a peace agreement with the Comanches was drawn up.

Juan N. Seguin

Alamo survivor. Spread the message "Remember the Alamo", which became a rallying cry for Texas independence.

Lived off the land

All Native American tribes did this to survive

Tools

All Native Americans were resourceful in constructing these

Ignacio Elizondo

Ambushed the insurgents during the Mexican War of Independence capturing many of their important leaders including Father Hidalgo.

State Colonization Law of March 24, 1825

An attempt to bring people to the states of Coahuila and Texas, encourage agriculture, and assist commerce. Although Americans were allowed to settle in these states, Mexicans would receive first choice of lands. Americans were given a temporary pass of taxation but had to agree to take an oath to obey federal and state constitutions, practice the Christian faith, and behave with high morals. In exchange for these vows, these settlers would become citizens of Mexico.

Mary Maverick

An early Texas pioneer and author of memoirs which form an important source of information on daily life in and around San Antonio during the Republic of Texas through Civil War periods.They provide an engrossing and vivid picture of life on the Texas frontier and mid-19th-century San Antonio, including household management, child-rearing and family life, medical practices, and social and political observations. The writings, in particular her eyewitness account of the Council House Fight in San Antonio in 1840, are often cited in studies of Texas pioneer life.

Bravos River

Austin received a land grant to colonize here in Texas

Kiowas

Known as the "main people", migrated from western Montana to the Black Hills during the early 1700s. At this time, they obtained horses, which drastically improved their mobility and led to a lifestyle that was rather typical of the other Plain groups who hunted buffalo and lived in tepees. In contrast, they had several characteristics similar to the Aztecs such as drawing pictographic calendars to record tribal events and worshiping similar stone idol. By the 1790s, they had migrated to present-day southern Kansas and Oklahoma, becoming powerful allies of their Comanche and Apache neighbors.

Missionary period

Known as this, it prospered from 1716-1789

Moses Austin

Leader in the American lead industry and the first American to obtain permission to settle in Texas in 1820. Father of Stephen Austin. After his death, his son Stephen took his place as the leader of the enterprise. In January 3, 1823 his son received a grant to colonize near the Brazos River.

William B. Travis

Led Texan militants when Mexican troops were sent North. He captured Anahuac on June 30, 1835. He was commissioned as a lieutenant colonel of the Legion of Cavalry; and, he became the chief recruiting officer for a new regular Texan army. Governor Henry Smith ordered him to raise a company of professional soldiers to reinforce the Texans who were then under the command of James C. Neill at the Alamo Mission in San Antonio. He responded with 18 regulars as reinforcements. His claim to fame is the Victory or Death letter from the Alamo in which he died fighting until the end.

Coahuiltecans

Lived near the Rio Grande. They survived on roots, herbs, and cactus plants. Due to their relatively remote location, decimation from disease, and inter-tribal warfare, this tribe became extinct at an early date.

Karankawas

Lived on the gulf between the current sites of Galveston and Corpus Christi. They were nomadic hunter-gatherers who relied on small game and fish for sustenance. They were known for being tall and muscular, wearing very little clothing. They were also famous for practicing ceremonial cannibalism in which they would consume parts of conquered enemies.

Caddoes

Located in Northern Texas. They were the most culturally advanced group in the region. They had matrilineal society, tracing their lineage through the maternal instead of the paternal line. They were successful agriculturalists who grew maize, beans, watermelons, figs, tobacco, and squash. They were mentioned by the Spanish explorers as "Tejas", which means "friend" in the native language.

Tonkawas

Located in central Texas. They were a mobile tribe much like the Comanches and hunted bison, deer, and an assortment of smaller game. They had early contact with the Spanish resulting in the tribe obtaining horses by the mid-1500s. They were the traditional enemy of the Apaches, often siding with whoever fought against them.

Agustin de Iturbide

Negotiated with the Mexican revolutionary leader Vincente R. Guerrero for independence in the Plan de Iguala on February 24, 1821.

Battle of the Alamo

Occurred on March 6, 1836 when the Mexican army defeated the Texas army decisively. Although this was a victory for Mexico, the cost was incredibly high as Santa Anna lost nearly 600, or one-third of his troops.

Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Priest that denounced the ruling class in 1810, which began the Revolution. In addition to restricting economic activities in Mexico, Spanish mercantile practices caused misery for the native peoples. A drought in 1807-1808 caused a famine in the Dolores area, and, rather than releasing stored grain to market, Spanish merchants chose instead to block its release, speculating on yet higher prices. Hidalgo lobbied against these practices and soon took to preaching against this garnering large support and followers. He marched across Mexico and gathered an army of nearly 90,000 poor farmers and Mexican civilians who attacked and killed both Spanish Peninsulares and Criollo elites, even though Hidalgo's troops lacked training and were poorly armed. These troops ran into a clan of 6,000 well trained and armed Spanish troops, and most fled or were killed at the Battle of Calderón Bridge on 17 January 1811, Hidalgo was executed by a firing squad on 30 July 1811 at Chihuahua, Chihuahua.

Guerrero Decree

Prohibited slavery in Mexico. Inhabitants of Texas vehemently denounced this law, and Guerrero quickly succumbed to pressure excluding Texas from the decree.

Gulf Coast

Reaches from the Gulf of Mexico to the Balconies Fault and Eastern Cross Timbers inland.

Joshua Houston

Sam Houston's personal servant and friend. An educated slave, he met some of the most influential men in Texas. In 1862, Sam Houston freed him even though it was technically illegal.

Battle of Medina

Secured Texas for the Royal Crown during the Mexican War of Independence was fought approximately 20 miles south of San Antonio de Bexar (modern-day downtown San Antonio in the U.S. state of Texas) Spanish troops led by General José Joaquín de Arredondo defeated republican forces (calling themselves the Republican Army of the North), consisting of Tejano-Mexican and Tejano-American revolutionaries participating in the Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition, under General José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois.

Louis Juchereau de St. Denis

Sent to east Texas to help set up Missions such as Mission San Francinsco de los Tejas and Mission Santisimo Nombre de Maria. These missions were abandoned in 1693 due to hostilities with Native Americans who blamed the Spanish for a smallpox outbreak. These missions were paramount because they led to the permanence of the European occupation of Texas.

Juan O'Donoju

Signed a treaty granting Mexico its independence on August 24, 1821

Fray Damian Massanet

Spanish Franciscan priest who co-founded the first mission in New Spain in 1683 with Francisco Hidalgo, the College of Santa Cruz de Queretaro. In April 1689, he accompanied Alonso De León, the governor of Coahuila, on his fourth and final expedition in search of Fort St. Louis, which had been abandoned by the French by that time.For over a decade the priests tried to establish missions in east Texas, but could not obtain proper support from New Spain.

Cabeza de la Vaca

Spanish explorer who explored most of the region that would eventually be known as Texas. He wrote detailed accounts of his dealings with many Native American tribes in the region in La Relacion.

Interior Lowlands

Stretch from Caprock Escarpment in the west, the Edwards Plateau in the south, and the Eastern Cross Timbers to the east.

Acequias

Supplied water to seven missions near San Antonio. The first crop that was grown using irrigation was corn, but soon other crops were successfully grown.

Viceroy Jose de Iturrigaray

Supported the criollo but was removed from office in a coup by the peninsulars during a period of great unrest in New Spain.

Casas Revolt

Swung the Mexican War of Independence back in favor of the rebels when Governor Manuel Antonio Cordero y Bustamante had 700 troops defect in January 1811 after being confronted by 7,000 rebel troops in Coahila.

Goliad Campaign of 1835

Texans defeated Mexican forces during this campaign in the Texas Revolution. The victory not only provided the rebel Texans with valuable weapons but cut off the Mexican army from the gulf, which prevented them from rearming.

Two consecutive terms

The Texas Constitution forbade presidents from this, a departure from the US Constitution at the time

Lorenzo de Zavala

The constitution of the Republic of Texas was written by him.

Stephen F. Austin

Working at first to recruit settlement in Texas for Mexico, he turned against Mexico becoming an advocate for American settlement and independence in Texas

George Childress

Wrote the Texas Declaration of Independence. The Texas Declaration of Independence was modeled after the U.S. Declaration of Independence.

Texas Constitution

this was modeled after the US Constitution with only slight differences