T/F Answers
"Flow" (as described by Csikszentmihalyi) is most likely to occur in areas where students are challenged and perceive themselves as having a low degree of skill.
False
A person's intelligence can be evaluated directly when a variety of intelligence tests are used.
False
A student's style of learning is typically consistent across schools, grades, and subjects.
False
A very small part of preinstruction assessment is informal observation.
False
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, for an individual at the conventional level, morality is completely internalized and not based on external standards.
False
According to Piaget, language plays a major role in influencing a child's cognitive development.
False
According to Vygotsky's theory, the culture in which a student lives has minimal influence on the knowledge, skills, and beliefs of students.
False
According to a recent survey, the "best teachers" expect too much from students.
False
According to recent research, girls and boys enter first grade with roughly equal levels of self-esteem, but by the middle school years, boys' self-esteem is significantly lower than is girls'.
False
Adolescents who have their activities and behaviors monitored by their parents often become delinquents.
False
Although signs of ADHD are often present at birth, children with ADHD are not usually classified until the preschool years.
False
An example of relational aggression would be one child yelling at his/her friend.
False
Application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation are best assessed using multiple-choice and true-false questions.
False
As long as a teacher possesses expert knowledge in a particular subject area, she will be an effective teacher in transferring content information.
False
Atkinson and Shiffrin claimed that the length of time that information is held in the short-term memory has little influence on the chance that this information will make it into long-term memory.
False
Behaviorism is the view that behavior should be explained by mental processes rather than observable actions
False
Boys are equally likely as girls to be diagnosed with an autistic disorder.
False
Case studies are typically used when controlled research is conducted in the laboratory.
False
Children of authoritarian parents tend to be self-reliant and have high self-esteem.
False
Constructivist teaching in science emphasizes the learning of facts and concepts.
False
Creative thinking is directly correlated to intelligence.
False
Critics of learner-centered instruction argue that it gives insufficient attention to the process of learning and too much attention to academic content.
False
Diagnostic testing is a group of individualized subject matter tests designed for a particular level of students.
False
Direct instruction is a structured, student-centered approach that is characterized by low teacher expectations for student progress, minimizing the time students spend on academic tasks.
False
Discrimination refers to one's ability to distinguish between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus.
False
During parent-teacher conferences, the teacher's primary responsibility is to share the student's grades.
False
Early adulthood involves the transition from childhood to adulthood.
False
Effective teachers fail to help students become self-motivated to learn.
False
Effective teachers only use assessment to document their students' performance after instruction.
False
Everything we know is learned
False
For many students, anxiety decreases across the school years.
False
For most students, discovery learning is least effective when guided.
False
Giftedness is dependent upon innate ability, not family support or time spent in training and practice.
False
Girls and boys are equally likely to be involved in instances of bullying
False
Girls are equally likely as boys to be classified as having a learning disability.
False
Grades help to establish how students measure up and determine whether they meet graduation criteria. This refers to the "informational" aspect of grading.
False
If teachers want to effectively incorporate writing into the curriculum, they should focus on free-writing assignments and forgo more formal assignments, as students may get overwhelmed.
False
If the results of correlational research indicate that two traits are highly correlated, then one trait most likely is the cause of the other.
False
In 2006, 20 percent of female-headed families lived in poverty
False
In a recent analysis of state-by-state comparisons of academic standards, most states have set the bar high with rigorous standards.
False
In promoting concept formation it is more effective to present the entire concept map to students than to risk students making errors by completing one on their own.
False
In the United States, females are equally likely as males to drop out of high school, and dropout rates among all races are equal.
False
Individuals in collectivistic cultures typically develop successfully even if they lack a positive sense of self and a sense of connectedness to others.
False
Ineffective teachers possess commitment and motivation.
False
It is rarely successful to involve students when making classroom rules because students have a tendency to come up with ridiculous ideas.
False
Low-road transfer occurs most often with novel skills.
False
Metacognitive functioning in mathematics is facilitated when the focus is on whether students' answers are right or wrong.
False
Most experts agree that genetics (rather than environment) determines a child's intelligence.
False
Most experts agree that intelligence is best defined as a person's verbal ability and problem-solving skills.
False
Motivation experts worry that No Child Left Behind's emphasis on testing and accountability encourages mastery rather than performance motivation.
False
Multiple-choice items cannot be used to engage students in higher-level, critical thinking.
False
Network theories describe how information is transformed from short-term to long-term memory
False
Of students with disabilities, the most common disability is serious emotional disturbance.
False
Pedagogical content knowledge refers to comprehensive knowledge about content of a particular discipline.
False
People who have general intelligence do not have specific intellectual abilities.
False
Phonology, the sound system of a language, plays a minor role in the early development of reading skills.
False
Piaget believed that children who engage in "private speech" are more socially competent than children who do not.
False
Recent research supports the idea that the brains of males and females are far more different in structure than they are similar.
False
Regardless of his or her field of expertise, an expert has a better memory than a novice when presented with a new and unfamiliar topic
False
Rehearsal involves learning new things by adding personal meaning to the information.
False
Researchers have found that it takes English-language learners approximately three years to develop speaking and reading proficiency, and most bilingual programs last this long.
False
Schools are spending more time on performance-based assessment because of the increase in high-stakes tests that use these testing methods.
False
Self-regulatory learning consists of imposing external factors to control the student's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
False
Since the turn of the 20 th century, children's scores on IQ tests have decreased dramatically.
False
Students in the "action zone" should be discouraged from participating in class discussions.
False
Students who are good problem solvers are usually afraid to make mistakes; therefore, they are more likely to hold out for the right answer.
False
Teachers can safely assume that students who show creative thinking skills in mathematics will also exhibit these skills in language and art.
False
Teachers who demonstrate that they care about students as individuals are less likely to gain student cooperation because this behavior undermines the teacher's authority.
False
The Montessori approach to early childhood education emphasizes student rights and parent participation.
False
The achievement level of individuals in one's peer group has little influence on the achievement level of the student.
False
The behavioral perspective emphasizes the student's motivation with respect to internal incentives, while the cognitive perspective emphasizes the importance of external incentives.
False
The cells in the brain responsible for processing information stop dividing early in childhood. Brain development is not influenced by outside experiences or actions
False
The exosystem refers to the culture in which students and teachers live, including the society's values and customs.
False
The first step in solving a problem is to develop good problem-solving strategies.
False
The fourteen Learner-Centered Principles (American Psychological Association Board of Educational Affairs) can be classified into the following four main categories: cognitive and metacognitive, motivational and emotional, socioeconomic and environmental, and teaching and learning styles.
False
The phonics approach to reading emphasizes decoding skills and therefore reflects the social constructivist view of reading.
False
Thinking about personal associations with information can be distracting, thus making it more difficult for students to remember.
False
Validity is the extent to which a test produces similar results when administered on multiple occasions, but not the accuracy with which a test measures what it is intended to measure.
False
Very few state-mandated tests have criterion-referenced scoring.
False
When a middle-class, white, male student takes a nationally standardized test, his final score is computed on the basis of a norm group of similar middle-class, white, male students.
False
When a student creates a poster, we can observe his or her mental processes.
False
When asking questions during class, it is best to ask questions that can be answered with a yes or no.
False
When communicating test results to parents, it is best to avoid discussion of the student's strengths, weaknesses, and overall progress.
False
When parents emphasize academics or extracurricular activities in the elementary years, there is little to no impact on a child's desire to continue participating in similar activities in adolescence.
False
When speaking with students, teachers should use vocabulary that is just beyond the level of understanding for their particular grade level.
False
When you give a multiple-choice test to students in the first through fourth grades, it is best to ask students to write their answers on a separate sheet of paper.
False
If a teacher plans effectively, he or she need not keep all the details of the lesson in mind all of the time; thus the teacher is free to focus on dialog and immediate interactions.
True
If students know that they will be held accountable for their work, they are more likely to use class time efficiently.
True
In a recent study, high school students who were encouraged to organize their own experiments demonstrated more care and interest in their laboratory work than their counterparts who were given detailed instructions.
True
In grades 3 through 5, mathematics instruction should address multiplicative reasoning, equivalence, and computational fluency.
True
In some instances, extrinsic rewards can undermine learning.
True
In the most recent Gallup Poll, the American public rated "lack of discipline" as the second most important problem in schools, after "lack of financial support."
True
Kohlberg believed that a child's moral thinking can be advanced through discussions with others who reason at the next higher stage.
True
Lacking friends has been linked to depression and lower grades in middle school children.
True
Learning involves a relatively permanent influence on behavior, which comes about through experience
True
Memory and thinking are central to the cognitive information-processing approach.
True
Most persons who are avid readers indicate that they have at least one other person to talk with about reading and what to read next.
True
Motivation and emotion are also important aspects of learning.
True
Nonverbal communication is an important part of active listening.
True
Nonverbal cues are more appropriate forms of intervention for minor misbehavior than moderate, repetitive, or severe misbehavior.
True
Norm-referenced grading refers to the policy of comparing students' performance to that of their peers.
True
One message conveyed by self-regulatory learning is that learning is a personal experience that requires active and dedicated participation on the part of the student.
True
One of the major figures in shaping the field of educational psychology was E. L. Thorndike.
True
One way to improve transfer is to give students representations or models, such as matrices or checklists that help them structure a problem-solving activity.
True
Our ability to learn new things depends considerably on what we already know about them.
True
Parents and teachers can enhance the development of a child's intelligence by exposing the child to an enriching environment.
True
Piaget's stages of cognitive development are an example of discontinuity in development in which the individual undergoes a qualitative change when progressing from one stage to the next.
True
Planning, problem solving, revising, and metacognitive strategies are important to enhancing students' writing skills according to the cognitive approach to writing.
True
Poor classroom managers are likely to be distracted by behaviors that do not require attention.
True
Recent research (Chiu, 2007) shows that science achievement is linked to a student's family support and access to resources.
True
Recent research shows that, when learning a second language, adolescents and adults learn new vocabulary easier than new sounds or grammar while very young children are better able to pronounce words with a native-like accent.
True
Relationships among students from different cultural backgrounds typically improve when students share personal worries, successes, failures, interests, and other information about themselves.
True
Reliable measures are stable, dependable, and relatively free of errors of measurement.
True
Research suggests that participation in cooperative groups helps increase students' motivation to learn.
True
Researchers have found that collaborative teaming often results in gains for children, as well as improved skills and attitudes for teachers.
True
Response cost refers to taking away a certain positive reinforcer when a student displays an undesirable behavior. It usually involves some type of penalty or fine.
True
Rewards that are used to control students' behavior are unlikely to promote self-regulation and responsibility.
True
Schema theories state that when we construct information, we fit it into information that already exists in our minds
True
Social cognitive theory states that social and cognitive factors, as well as behavior, play important roles in learning.
True
Social views of gender argue that children's gender development is shaped by families, schools, peers, and the media.
True
Some critics of the constructivist approaches in science argue that too much attention is given to inquiry skills and not enough is given to discipline-specific information.
True
Some research suggests that children with poor peer relations are more likely to drop out of school and display delinquent behavior when they reach adolescence.
True
Standardized tests can be used to help teachers diagnose students' strengths and weaknesses.
True
Students show improved achievement when a framework is established for new material. This helps orient students toward learning the material.
True
Students who are gifted are often underchallenged and may become disruptive, skip classes, and lose interest in achieving.
True
Subgoaling, a strategy used in problem solving, involves setting intermediate goals that put the student in a better position of attaining the desired goal.
True
The chronosystem refers to a student's sociohistorical conditions, such as whether he or she attended preschool.
True
The concept of person-situation interaction states that the best way to characterize an individual's personality is not in terms of personal traits or characteristics alone, but also in terms of the situation involved.
True
The decision to place a student in a class for students who are mentally retarded should not be based on the results of a single group intelligence test.
True
The humanistic perspective emphasizes an individual's capacity for personal growth.
True
The impulsive student has trouble locating relevant information from a field of irrelevant information.
True
The more extensively a student processes new information, the more likely it is that the student will remember it
True
The whole-language approach to reading focuses on becoming immersed in the natural world of print and should be integrated with other skills and subjects.
True
Though teachers cannot think for their students, teachers can help guide students to construct their own thinking.
True
Though, on average, white American school children score 10 to 15 points higher on IQ tests than African American children, approximately 20 percent of African American children score higher than do half of all white school children.
True
Transfer occurs when a person's previous experiences and knowledge affect learning or problem solving in a new situation
True
True/false items are useful for outcomes where there are only two possible alternatives.
True
Two effective nonverbal strategies for handling minor problem behavior include (1) making eye contact and (2) moving closer to the student(s).
True
Vygotsky believed that private speech represents an early transition in becoming more socially communicative.
True
Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development has stimulated considerable interest in the view that knowledge is situated and collaborative.
True
When administering a standardized test to students, it is important for the teacher to communicate a positive attitude and to describe the nature and purpose of the test.
True
When assigning children to groups, it is best to have approximately equal numbers of boys and girls.
True
When students teach something to others, such as during cooperative learning or peer tutoring, they tend to learn it more deeply.
True
When taking standardized tests, students should be encouraged to skip difficult items and return to them later.
True
When they are not having a seizure, children with epilepsy exhibit normal behavior.
True
William James is responsible for writing the first psychology textbook, Principles of Psychology, in 1890.
True
With early intervention and extensive support by the child's family and professionals, many children with Down syndrome can grow into independent adults.
True
With the increase of inclusion, the regular classroom teacher is responsible for providing more of the education of children with disabilities than in the past.
True
Emotional and behavioral disorders may involve relationships, aggression, depression, or fears associated with personal or school matters
True
Examples of external incentives that teachers can use include stars, grades, displaying of work, and compliments.
True
Failure syndrome refers to having low expectations and giving up at the first sign of difficulty.
True
From the social constructivist perspective, it is important that students participate in a writing community to understand author/reader relationships.
True
Gender bias is present in classrooms, as evidenced by boys being more likely than girls to be identified as having learning problems and problem behavior.
True
Good interviews and surveys involve concrete, specific, and unambiguous questions.
True
Good tutoring involves scaffolding by providing students only the assistance they need given their level of performance at the time.
True
Group rewards are one of the most important conditions for effective cooperative learning.
True
Highly educated parents are likely to believe that their involvement in their children's education is important.
True
Howard Gardner is considering including existential intelligence, which involves concern and reasoning about meaning in life.
True
"People, places, and environments" is an instructional theme proposed by the National Council for the Social Sciences.
True
A child's skills and work habits when entering kindergarten are among the best predictors of academic motivation and performance in both elementary and secondary school.
True
A learning target consists of what the students know and should be able to do.
True
A metacognitive activity occurs when students use self-awareness to adapt and manage strategies during actual problem solving and thinking.
True
A standardized test often allows a student's performance to be compared with that of other students at the same age or grade level, in many cases on a national basis.
True
A survey battery is a group of individualized subject matter tests designed for a particular level of students.
True
According to No Child Left Behind , if underperforming schools don't improve after four years, states are required to implement major staff and curriculum changes in the schools, and if progress is not made after five years, states must close the schools.
True
According to both Piaget and Vygotsky, teachers should play the role of facilitator rather than director.
True
Adolescents are more skillful at many aspects of inductive reasoning than are children, including analogies, but not as good as young adults.
True
An important teaching goal is to help students master the main concepts in a subject rather than just memorizing facts.
True
As children grow, their capacity for self-regulation increases.
True
Attention is the focusing of mental resources
True
Because of the potential for bias in standardized tests, it is important to assess students using a variety of methods.
True
Bronfenbrenner's theory has been instrumental in bringing to attention the importance of looking at children's lives in more than one setting.
True
Children benefit when their parents and teachers actively engage them in conversation, ask questions, and emphasize interactive rather than directive language.
True
Children with disabilities must be educated in a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have the disability are educated.
True
Complaints of earaches, colds, and allergies could be a sign that the child has a hearing impairment
True
Constructivist learning is best supported by curricular focus rather than pure discovery.
True
Critics of state-mandated testing argue that such testing encourages teachers to teach for the test, thus focusing specifically on material expected to be on the exam rather than presenting a wider variety of material that teachers might think is worthwhile.
True
Dejohn is a high-achieving student who is also a self-regulatory learner. Dejohn most likely sets specific learning goals and uses more learning strategies as compared to his low-achieving peers.
True