TFN
Personal cleanliness
"Just as it is necessary to renew the air round a sick person frequently to carry off morbid effluvia from the lungs and skin, by maintaining free ventilation, so it is necessary to keep pores of the skin free from all obstructing excretions." "Every nurse ought to wash her hands very frequently during the day."
Ventilation and Warming
"Keep the air he breathes as pure as the external air, without chilling him." -The importance of room temperature was also stressed by Nightingale. The patient should not be too warm or too cold. The temperature could be controlled by an appropriate balance between burning fires and ventilation from windows.
Nursing (Nightingale)
"What nursing has to do... is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him"
Nightingale Environmental theory
"the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery." It involves the nurse's initiative to configure environmental settings appropriate for the gradual restoration of the patient's health, and that external factors associated with the patient's surroundings affect life or biologic and physiologic processes, and his development.
Florence Nightingale
(born 12 May 1820 - 13 August 1910) she was a nurse who contributed in developing and shaping the modern nursing practice and has set examples for nurses which are standards for today's profession. She is the first nurse theorist well-known for developing the Environmental Theory that revolutionized nursing practices to create sanitary conditions for patients to get care. She is recognized as the founder of modern nursing. During the Crimean War, she tended to wounded soldiers at night and was known as "The Lady with the Lamp."
Faye Glenn Abdellah
(born March 13, 1919 - present) is a pioneer in nursing research who developed the "Twenty-One Nursing Problems." Her model of nursing was progressive for the time in that it refers to a nursing diagnosis during a time in which nurses were taught that diagnoses were not part of their role in health care.
Environment
(situation), internal and external surrounds that affect the client.
Health (Henderson)
, health was taken to mean balance in all realms of human life. It is equated with the independence or ability to perform activities without any aid in the 14 components or basic human needs. Nurses, on the other hand, are key persons in promoting health, prevention of illness and being able to cure. According to Henderson, good health is a challenge because it is affected by numerous factors such as age, cultural background, emotional balance, and others.
Theory
-belief, policy or procedure followed as the basis of action. A logical group of gen. proposition used as principles of explanation. - used to describe,predict or control phenomena
nursing theory
-organized body of knowledge to define what nursing is, what nurses do and why they do it. - provides a way to define nursing as discipline
Paradigm
-pattern of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world, worldwide view or widely accepted value system.
Physiological Components of Need theory
1. Breathe normally
Psychological Aspects of Communicating and Learning
10. Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions
Spiritual and Moral
11. Worship according to one's faith
Sociologically Oriented to Occupation and Recreation
12. Work in such a way that there is sense of accomplishment
Sociologically Oriented to Occupation and Recreation
13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation
Psychological Aspects of Communicating and Learning
14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the available health facilities.
Physiological Components of Need theory
2. Eat and drink adequately
Physiological Components of Need theory
3. Eliminate body waste
Physiological Components of Need theory
4. move and maintain desirable postures.
Physiological Components of Need theory
5. Sleep and rest
Physiological Components of Need theory
6. Select suitable clothes - dress and undress
Physiological Components of Need theory
7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying environment
Physiological Components of Need theory
8. Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument
Physiological Components of Need theory
9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others
Florence Nightingale
Environmental theory
Chattering hopes and advice
Florence Nightingale wrote in her Environmental Theory that to falsely cheer the sick by making light of their illness and its danger is not helpful. She encouraged the nurse to heed what is being said by visitors, believing that sick persons should hear the good news that would assist them in becoming healthier
Health- Abdellah
Health, or the achieving of it, is the purpose of nursing services. Although Abdellah does not give a definition of health, she speaks to "total health needs" and "a healthy state of mind and body." Health may be defined as the dynamic pattern of functioning whereby there is a continued interaction with internal and external forces that results in the optimal use of necessary resources to minimize vulnerabilities
Application of need theory
Henderson's Needs Theory can be applied to nursing practice as a way for nurses to set goals based on Henderson's 14 components. Meeting the goal of achieving the 14 needs of the client can be a great basis to further improve one's performance towards nursing care. In nursing research, each of her 14 fundamental concepts can serve as a basis for research although the statements were not written in testable terms.
Person (Nightingale)
Human beings are not defined by Nightingale specifically. They are defined in relation to their environment and the impact of the environment upon them.
Restorative care needs
It include the acceptance of the optimum possible goals in light of limitations, both physical and emotional; the use of community resources as an aid to resolving problems that arise from illness; and the understanding of the role of social problems as influential factors in the case of illness.
Environmental theory of nursing
It is a patient-care theory. It focuses on the alteration of the patient's environment in order to affect change in his or her health. Caring for the patient is of more importance rather than the nursing process, the relationship between patient and nurse, or the individual nurse. In this way, the model must be adapted to fit the needs of individual patients. The environmental factors affect different patients unique to their situations and illnesses, and the nurse must address these factors on a case-by-case basis in order to make sure the factors are altered in a way that best cares for an individual patient and his or her needs.
Philosophy
It is a statement, sometimes written, that declares a nurse's beliefs, values, and ethics regarding their care and treatment of patients while they are in the nursing profession
Phenomena
It is defined as concepts, constructs, nursing diagnoses, human responses to actual or potential illness, life processes, behaviors (signs), or experiences (symptoms)
Science
It is the application of theory to practice. The educational foundation of baccalaureate nursing (BSN) education includes liberal arts and sciences. ... Through science, nurses bring forward knowledge of anatomy & physiology, chemistry, microbiology, psychology, and sociology.
Knowledge
It is the means by which the whole purpose of caring for patients is achieved because it underpins what we actually do. It is what defines us as nurses as opposed to similar professions such as doctors or physiotherapists, and helps to differentiate us from lay carers or care support workers.
Sustenal Care need
It is to facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body cells; facilitate the maintenance of nutrition of all body cells; facilitate the maintenance of elimination; facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance; recognize the physiological responses of the body to disease conditions; facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions; and facilitate the maintenance of sensory function.
Remedial care needs
It is to identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings, and reactions; identify and accept the interrelatedness of emotions and organic illness; facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and non-verbal communication; promote the development of productive interpersonal relationships; facilitate progress toward achievement of personal spiritual goals; create and maintain a therapeutic environment; and facilitate awareness of the self as an individual with varying physical, emotional, and developmental needs.
conceptual model
It provides a coherent, unified and orderly way of envisioning related events or processes relevant to a discipline
Light
Nightingale believed that second to fresh air, the sick needed light. She noted that direct sunlight was what patients wanted.
Nutrition and taking food
Nightingale noted in her Environmental Theory that individuals desire different foods at different times of the day and that frequent small servings may be more beneficial to the patient than a large breakfast or dinner. She urged that no business be done with patients while they are eating because this was a distraction.
Bed and bedding
Nightingale noted that an adult in health exhales about three pints of moisture through the lungs and skin in a 24-hour period. This organic matter enters the sheets and stays there unless the bedding is changed and aired frequently. She believed that the bed should be placed in the lightest part of the room and placed so the patient could see out of a window. She also reminded the caregiver never to lean against, sit upon, or unnecessarily shake the bed of the patient.
Social Considerations
Nightingale supported the importance of looking beyond the individual to the social environment in which he or she lived.
Virginia Avenel Henderson
Nov 30 1897 - March 19 1996
Process
Series of organized steps,changes or functions intended to bring about the desired result.
Nightingale
She became known as "The Lady with the Lamp." During the Crimean War, she initially made her rounds on horseback and at night used an oil lamp to light her way, then reverted to a mule cart and finally a carriage with a hood and curtains
Nursing (Henderson)
She defined nursing as "the unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible." The nurse's goal is to make the patient complete, whole, or independent. In turn, the nurse collaborates with the physician's therapeutic plan.
Person- abdellah
She describes the recipients of nursing as individuals (and families), although she does not delineate her beliefs or assumptions about the nature of human beings.
variety
She discussed the need for changes in color and form, including bringing the patient brightly colored flowers or plants. She also advocated rotating 10 or 12 paintings and engravings each day, week, or month to provide variety for the patient. Nightingale also advocated reading, needlework, writing, and cleaning as activities to relieve the sick of boredom.
Virgina Henderson
She known as "The First Lady of Nursing," "The Nightingale of Modern Nursing," "Modern-Day Mother of Nursing," and "The 20th Century Florence Nightingale."
Nightingale
She stated that "nature alone cures."
Noise
She stated that patients should never be "waked intentionally" or accidentally during the first part of sleep. She asserted that whispered or long conversations about patients are thoughtless and cruel. She viewed unnecessary noise, including noise from female dress, as cruel and irritating to the patient.
Faye Abdellah
She views nursing as an art and a science that mold the attitude, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help individuals cope with their health needs, whether they are ill or well. She used Henderson's 14 basic human needs and nursing research to establish the classification of nursing problems.
Need theory - hierarchy of needs
Since there is much similarity, Henderson's 14 components can be applied or compared to Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Components 1 to 9 are under Maslow's Physiological Needs, whereas the 9th component is under the Safety Needs. The 10th and 11th components are under the Love and Belongingness category and 12th, 13th and 14th components are under the Self-Esteem Needs.
Concepts
The building blocks—the primary elements—of a theory
BASIC NEEDS
The individual patient are to maintain good hygiene and physical comfort; promote optimal health through healthy activities, such as exercise, rest and sleep; promote safety through the prevention of health hazards like accidents, injury or other trauma and through the prevention of the spread of infection; and maintain good body mechanics and prevent or correct deformity.
Rozzano Locsin
The middle-range theory, "Technological Competency as Caring in Nursing"
Metaparadigm
The most general statement of discipline and functions as a framework in which the more restricted structures of conceptual models develop. Much of the theoretical work in nursing focused on articulating relationships among four major concepts: PERSON,HEALTH ENVIRONMENT, NURSING
Environment (Nightingale)
The physical environment is stressed by Nightingale in her writing. In her theory, Nightingale's writings reflect a community health model in which all that surrounds human beings is considered in relation to their state of health.
21 Nursing Problems (17-21)
To create or maintain a therapeutic environment To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying physical, emotional, and developmental needs To accept the optimum possible goals in the light of limitations, physical and emotional To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems that arise from illness To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors in the cause of illness
21 Nursing Problems (6-11)
To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition for all body cells To facilitate the maintenance of elimination To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance To recognize the physiologic responses of the body to disease conditions—pathologic, physiologic, and compensatory To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function
21 Nursing prob (1-5)
To maintain good hygiene and physical comfort To promote optimal activity: exercise, rest, sleep To promote safety through prevention of accident, injury, or other trauma and through prevention of the spread of infection To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct deformity To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body cells
Virginia Henderson
Wrote *Basic Principles of nursing care*; (20th century equivalent to Notes on Nursing)
conceptual framework
a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts
Needs of patients: divided into 4 categories
basic to all patients, sustenal care needs, remedial care needs, and restorative care needs.
Health
degree of wellness and well being that client experiences
Need Theory
emphasizes on the importance of increasing the patient's independence and focus on the basic human needs so that progress after hospitalization would not be delayed.
5 environmental factors of nursing theory
fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness or sanitation and light or direct sunlight.
Nightingale
her best authored works was published, "Notes on Nursing," (1860)
21 Nursing Problems (12-16)
identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings, and reactions To identify and accept interrelatedness of emotions and organic illness To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and nonverbal communication To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationships To facilitate progress toward achievement and personal spiritual goals
Person (Henderson)
individuals have basic needs that are component of health and require assistance to achieve health and independence or a peaceful death. According to her, an individual achieves wholeness by maintaining physiological and emotional balance. She defined the patient as someone who needs nursing care but did not limit nursing to illness care. Her theory presented the patient as a sum of parts with biopsychosocial needs and the mind and body are inseparable and interrelated.
Virginia Henderson
known for her Need Theory and defining nursing as: "The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge."
Environment (Henderson)
maintaining a supportive environment conducive for health is one of the elements of her 14 activities for client assistance. Henderson's theory supports the tasks of the private and the public health sector or agencies in keeping the people healthy. She believes that society wants and expects the nurse's service of acting for individuals who are unable to function independently.
Domain
perspective or territory of a profession or discipline
Person
recipient of nursing care
Health (Nightingale)
she did not define health specifically. She stated, "We know nothing of health, the positive of which pathology is negative, except for the observation and experience. Given her definition that of the art of nursing is to "unmake what God had made disease," then the goal of all nursing activities should be client health.
14 Components of the need theory
shows a holistic approach to nursing that covers the physiological, psychological, spiritual and social needs.
proposition
statements that describes the relationship between concepts.
Nursing
the attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse providing care on behalf of, or in conjunction with, the client
Health of Houses
"Badly constructed houses do for the healthy what badly constructed hospitals do for the sick. Once ensure that the air is stagnant and sickness is certain to follow."
