The Big AVC Test

Cold War

" War of words and threats" between the US and USSR from 1945-1990. It was a political and economic stuggle between these nations.

Equality of All Persons

"All men are created equal"-----meaning all men have equality of opportunity and equality before the law.

14th Amendment

"Equal Protection under the law" Declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels. This amendment was ratified July 9, 1868. A reaction to the passage of Black Codes in the South.

Gregory I

"Gregory the Great"; broadened the authority of the papacy, or pope's office, beyond spiritual role; papacy became secular power involved in politics

principle of exclusion

"It is mine, you cannot use it"

Star Wars (The Movie)

"Star Wars is an American epic space opera film series created by George Lucas." The release of this film revolutionized movie making and added new ideas and words to the American lexicon

Islam

"Submission to the will of Allah"

Jacques Cartier

(1491-1557) was a French navigator and explorer who first described and mapped the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named Canada.

Two Treatises of Government

(1689)(John Locke) book that talked of natural rights and the people's right to rebel if government does not protect these rights

Battle of Vincennes

(1779) Revolutionary war battle in the West (modern day Illinois) in which the Patriots took the fort near Vincennes, Vincennes was a mostly French town along along the Wabash River. The fort was later retaken by the British when the Americans were unable to reinforce the troops at the fort.

Second Punic War

(218-202 BCE) began when Carthage built up its troops and invaded Italy/ during the war Hannibal won battle after battle against Rome but eventually Hannibal was defeated because he was forced to return to Carthage to defend the city against a Roman counterinvasion/ the battle of Zama in 202 BCE was a clear Roman victory, and Carthage was forced to give up most of its extensive holdings in Africa and Spain

Cincinnatus

(519-430 BC) Roman political figure sometimes served as dictator; given temporary power during troubles; when troubles were over he went back to his farm

Agamemnon

(Greek mythology) the king who lead the Greeks against Troy in the Trojan War

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

Nebuchadnezzar II

(Old Testament) king of Chaldea who captured and destroyed Jerusalem and exiled the Israelites to Babylonia (630?-562 BC)

realist painting

- Based on details of daily life - Scenes of common people at work are often shown - Figures are dressed in daily, casual, or work clothes - The human body is not idealized - Faces do not show strong emotions - Artists attempt to paint light as it really looks on and around figures and objects

Strengths of the North

-90% of the nations industrial capability -Four times as many freedmen -Strong Navy -Solid trade system

Strengths of the South

-Fighting mostly on their home ground -Better Generals -Terrain

Four Characteristics of the State

-Population -Territory -Government -Sovereignty

Battle of Shiloh

..., 1862, battle in Tennessee in which the union army gained greater control over the Miss. River

Commoners

..., Was a class in sumerian society that was made up of people who owned land as part of a patriarchal family

Five Pillars of Islam

1) Shahada- profession of a belief in Allah, and that Mohammad is his prophet 2) Salat-Pray five times a day 3) Sawm- Adherence to the fast of Ramadan 4) Zakat- Provide charity to the poor 5) Hajj- Once in the life of all Muslims, they must go to Mecca.

Communist Theory of History

1. All of history has been a struggle between owners and workers. 2. This struggle will eventually lead to a revolution. 3. Because of their numbers the workers will win the revolution. 4. Workers will then set up a society where everyone is equal.

Tribune of the Plebs

10 Roman officials elected annually, who come from Plebian class, protected pleb rights. They had special protection against attack from opponents. Called meetings for the Council of the Plebs.

William the Conqueror

1027-1087 Norman king in 1066 he defeated Harold, the Anglo-Saxon king, to become the first Norman king of England

Council of Clermont

1095 in France. Pope Urban II issued a public appeal to the nobles and knights of western Europe to come to the aid of the Eastern emperor and to liberate the Holy Land from the Muslims. Thousands joined under the banner of the Crusade and headed for the Middle East.

Saladin

12th-century Muslim ruler; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms. Famous in the Third Crusade along with Richard the Lionhearted of England

Third Punic Wars

149- 146 B.C. Cause- roman veterans sought revenge from destruction of second war (farms, animals, and walls were destoyed). Result- Rome wins, carthage totally destroyed, sold population to slavery, salted fields, burned city

Statue of Liberty

151 foot statue given to the US by France to celebrate our first centennial. It now stands in New York Harbor, and serves as a symbol of America's unique character.

Battle of Saratoga

1777 American victory over the British near Saratoga, NY. Credited by many as being the turning point battle of the war, which drew the Spanish and the French into the war on the side of the Rebels.

Battle of Monmouth

1778-Brutal battle where the Americans used the skills they had honed at Valley Forge against the British for the first time. Battle witnessed the carnage of more casualties occurring from heat than actual warfare.

Battle of Yorktown

1781, last major battle of war (fought in VA); with strong support from French naval and military forces, Washington's army forced the surrender of a large British army commanded by General Charles Cornwallis

Shay's Rebellion

1786 revolt by Massachusetts farmers seeking relief from debt and foreclosure that was a factor in the calling of the Constitutional Convention

Hammurabi

1792 B.C. King of the Babylonian empire; creator of the code of Hammurabi; one of the worlds oldest codes of law

Treaty of Kanagawa

1854 agreement by Japan with America, that Japan would open two ports to trade with the U.S. and would help shipwrecked U.S. sailors

Posse Comitatus Act of 1878

1878 law requiring the Federal government to obtain permission for, or be specifically invited by the governing authority of a state, intervening in a situation of disaster, riot or insurrection. Exceptions to this law have been allowed in situations where states were in obvious violation of Federal Law.

Haymarket Strike

1886 labor strike in Chicago that is remembered for the level of violence, from both workers and the police, which became a rallying cry for many who thought that businesses were too powerful.

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 legislation which banned the formation of trusts and monopolies.

Plessey v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal. Led to the creation of the Jim Crow Laws and wasn't struck down until 1957.

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Korematsu v. United States

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor.

Organization of American States

1948, included Countries in the Americas and was created to increase US-Americas relations in order to contain communism and maintain democracy. Importaint because it defended democracy and human rights.

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

1964 The questionable exchange of fire between US ships and the North Vietnamese gave President Johnson the excuse he needed to get Congrssional approval for the use of military power in the region

Bill of Rights

1st 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution that lay out our basic civil rights. Religion, Speech, Press, Petition, Right to Bear Arms, Freedom from illegal searches...etc.

Bill of Rights

1st Ten Amendments added to the U.S. Constitution in 1791

Benjamin O. Davis

1st black brigadier general. trained blacks in Tuskegee Airmen, aviation squadrons, pursuit flying

Middle Kingdom

2050 BC. - 1800 BC.: A new dynasty reunited Egypt. Moved the capital to Thebes. Built irrigation projects and canal between NIle and Red Sea so Egytian ships could trade along coasts of Arabian Penninsula and East Africa. Expanded Egyptian territory:Nubia, Syria.

William McKinley

25th President of the United States, who made the decision to enter the Spanish-American War in 1898. In 1901 was assassinated by anarchist Leon Czolgosz.

First Punic War

264 B.C. - 241 B.C., Rome and Carthage fought over island of Sicily, was a naval war, Rome was losing because they did not have a good navy, Romans figured out how to board the Carthage ships and fight them there, Romans gained control of Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia (Islands)

Old Kingdom

2700 BC - 2200 BC. Upper and Lower Egypt kept separate kingdoms, but later built unified government. Developed basic features of its civilization. BUILT THE PYRAMIDS: an eternal resting place for their god-kings.

Right to bear arms

2nd Amendment

Battle of Thermopylae

300 Spartans under King Leonidas held off Persian army so Greeks could prepare to defend Greece. The Spartans were betrayed, all 300 died.

Battle of Salamis

480 B.C.E. The battle that effectively ended the Persian war. The Greek fleet, although vastly outnumbered, defeated the Persian fleet. This helped end the Persian war, freeing Greece.

Battle of Marathon

490 B.C.-Athenians defeated the Persian forces under the leadership of Darius I.

archons

9 rulers who served a 1 year term in office and appointed all other officials and made all the laws. The laws were never written down and were interpreted and applied by judges, or a group of nobles.

wage and price freeze

90 day measure taken by then president Richard Nixon to attempt to slow the growth of inflation in 1971.

Algebra

9th century Iranian (Persian) mathematical discipline.

Western Asia

=Middle East

Battle of Long Island

A 1776 battle in New York in which more than 1,400 Americans were killed, wounded, or captured. American armies survived by crossing the East River and by transiting Manhattan to Ft. Washington.

Sherman Antitrust Act

A 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States

Marquis de Lafayette

A 19-year-old French volunteered to serve in Washington's Army. Believed in the American cause. Gained Washington's trust. He commanded the troops that led the last charge of the Revolutionary War.

National Labor Relations Act

A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations.

Sandanistas

A Communist group in Nicaragua which was led by Daniel Ortega, they helped other Socialist rebels in the nation of El Salvador as they attempted to take control of that nation.`

Peter Stuyvesant

A Dutch General; He led a small military expedition in 1664. He was known as "Father Wooden Leg". Lost the New Netherlands to the English. He was governor of New Netherlands

Albert Einstein

A GERMAN Physicist who wrote to FDR that the Nazis might try to bomb them so FDR started "Manhattan Project" and succeeded by building the atomic bomb.

Aristophanes

A Greek playwright who wrote comedies such as Lysistrata

Minoans

A Neolithic people that started around 3000BC, supposedly the earliest people on the island of Crete. They were excellent sailors & traded w/ Egypt & the Fertile Crescent. Were conquered by mainland Greece.

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Joseph McCarthy

A Republican Senator from Wisconsin who was strongly against communism. McCarthy claimed there were many communists in the State Department. He did not have much evidence to support his accusations, and his search for communists was considered a type of "witch-hunt." When his lack of evidence was discovered, he was censured by Congress and lost his seat in Congress.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

encomiendas

A Spanish landholding system in the American colonies that granted the use of land and the labor of any indigenous people on that land to soldiers, priests and settlers.

hegemon

A Superpower (a nation more powerful than the other nations on the planet)

Siege of Vicksburg

A Union victory in the Civil War that enabled the Union to control the entire Mississippi River. This action ended July 4, 1863 and was pivotal in earning U.S. Grant the top spot in the Union command structure.

Battle of Manzikert

A battle between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuk Turks (Muslims) in 1071, where the Byzantine lost; as a result, the Byzantines asked Europe for help.

Battle of Belleau Wood

A battle that raged on for three weeks, during which a series of attacks and counterattacks occurred. The inexperienced but combat ready Americans performed bravely. Despite this, Americans suffered great casualties, but at last on June 25th, they emerged victorious.

Sunni

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

partnership

A business organization owned by two or more persons who agree on a specific division of responsibilities and profits. Risk is also shared in such a venture.

corporation

A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.

unlimited liability

A business owner is personally and fully responsible for all losses and debts of the business., The debts of the business must be paid from the personal assets of the owner.

unlimited life

A business/corporation continues to exist even after an owner dies, leaves the business, or transfers his/her ownership.

limited life

A business/firm legally ceases to exist when the owner dies, quits, or sells the business.

Crimes against humanity

A category of legal offenses created at the Nuremberg trials after World War II to encompass genocide and other acts committed by the political and military leaders of the Third Reich (Nazi Germany).

stock

A certificate documenting the shareholder's ownership in the corporation

bonds

A certificate issued by a government or private company which promises to pay back with interest the money borrowed from the buyer of the certificate:

circular flow model

A chart that shows the flow of money, goods and services, and the four factors of production

established church

A church supported by the government as a national institution. The Church of England is an established church in England.

Full Faith and Credit

A clause in Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states.

bishop

A clergyman of noble rank in charge of the administration of a diocese

Royal Colony

A colony under the direct control of a monarch. If they King didn't say something could happen, it was not allowed to happen.

exposure

A common form of infanticide whereby children were left in nature, and the gods were allowed (according to the beliefs of the time) to determine whether or not the child survive. (Moses on the Nile is an example of this that we study)

Khmer Rouge

A communist organization formed in Cambodia in 1970. It became a terrorist organization in 1975 when it captured Phnom Penh and created a government that killed an estimated three million people in a genocide attempt to end opposition to their policies in Cambodia.

Dachau

A concentration camp in Munich, Germany. It was the model for all camps that followed it.

ability-to-pay

A concept of tax fairness that states that people with different amounts of wealth or different amounts of income should pay tax at different rates

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians

armor

A covering, usually made of metal or leather, worn to protect the body during fighting

Demand Curve

A curve that shows the number of units the market will buy in a given time period, at different prices that might be charged.

scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

patent

A document granting an inventor sole rights to an invention (for a product)

passports

A document issued by a citizen's home government that identifies a person and permits him or to travel to other countries

Harlem Hell Fighters

A famous black fighting unit, they were among the first American units attached to the French Army. These men spent more time under fire than any other American unit.

Perfect Monopoly

A firm that is the only supplier of a product that has no close substitute. Consumers in this model either have to buy from the monopoly firm, or do without.

single proprietorship

A firm which has one owner who is personally responsible for the firm's actions and debts.

Interest

A fixed charge for borrowing money.

limited liability

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.

Acculturation

A form of cultural change in which a minority culture becomes more like the dominant culture.

Dictatorship

A form of government in which a person or small group has absolute power

Direct Democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

Presidential Government

A form of government in which the executive and legislative branches of the government are separate, independent, and coequal. In this system, a separation of powers is required.

Parliamentary Government

A form of government in which the executive branch is made up of the prime minister, or premier, and that official's cabinet.

Republic

A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws.

tyranny

A form of government where the head of the government has absolute control of his society.

401K

A form of retirement fund that an employee to contributes directly through a deduction from their paycheck.

measure of value

A function of money that allows it to serve as a common way to express value

sarcophagus

A funeral receptacle for a corpse, most commonly carved or cut from stone.

Jazz

A genre of popular music of West African roots and European harmonies that originated in New Orleans around 1900 and developed through increasingly complex styles.

Fertile Crescent

A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates

export

A good or service produced in the home country and sold in another country.

Confederate Government

A government in which the states hold more power than the central government

Qualitative Easing

A government monetary policy occasionally used to increase the money supply by buying government securities or other securities from the market.

Classical Economists

A group of 18th and 19th century economists who believed that economic downturns were short-run phenomena that corrected themselves through natural market forces; thus, they believed the economy was self-correcting and needed no government intervention

Arian sect of Christianity

A group of Christians who believed that Christ had been human and thus not truly God. This group was considered heretical by the church in Rome. This was a powerful force during the Middle Ages, and still has some advocates.

Vietcong

A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War.

Legislature

A group of people who have the power to make laws

Plutonium

A highly toxic metallic transuranic element. It occurs in trace amounts in uranium ores and is produced in a nuclear reactor.

Pharaoh

A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader

craft union

A labor union whose membership is restricted to workers in a particular craft

Arabic

A language that is the official language of several countries of North Africa and the Middle East, as well as the religion of Islam.

Mongols

A large collection of nomadic tribes that lived north of china in the "steppes" who were later united by Genghis Khan

aquaduct

A large pipe or channel designed to transport water from a remote source over a long distance. Romans mastered this technique to allow them to build great cities.

Empires

A large political unit or state, usually under a single leader that controls many peoples or territories.

Mediterranean Sea

A large, almost landlocked arm of the Atlantic Ocean touching Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Shari'ah

A law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after Muhammad's death; it provided believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives

draft

A law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military

Law of Demand

A law which states that people will buy more of a product at a lower price than they will buy at a higher price, if nothing else changes.

Law of Demand

A law which states that when supplies of goods and services become plentiful, prices tend to drop. When supplies become scarcer, prices tend to rise.

Magna Carta

A legal document written by English lords in 1215 that stated certain rights and limited the power of the King

extradition

A legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed.

diminishing returns

A level of production at which the marginal product of labor decreases as the number of workers increase

Western Front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.

The Iliad

A long Greek epic poem, thought to be by Homer, about the events near the end of the Trojan War.

Spinning Jenny

A machine developed in 1764 by James Hargreaves that could spin multiple threads at once, and which allowed a worker to produce more cloth per day than ever before.

Hagia Sophia

A magnificent cathedral in Istanbul, Turkey. Once the central church building of the Eastern Orthodox Church, it is now a museum. It has an enormous, magnificent dome, and the inside walls are decorated with mosaics. It means "Holy Wisdom," an Eastern Orthodox title for Jesus.

monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Anglo-Saxon

A member of one of the Germanic peoples, the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, who settled in Britain in the fifth and sixth centuries

factory system

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building to produce a product.

Compromise

A middle way between two extremes.

knights

A military servant often holding land on the condition that he serves his master as a mounted man of arms. They were the backbone of the European Aristocracy.

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others. The goal was to fight were fights were vital, and winnable, while bypassing those places were casualties would be higher and the result less important to the cause of victory.

isolationism

A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Great White Fleet

A nickname for the ships of the US Navy that Roosevelt sent on a worldwide cruise to showcase American naval power; had large impressions on other countries and impressed many, which raised morale on foreign expansion and showed the benefits of a powerful navy.

carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states.

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

dividends

A payment made by a company to a stockholder to share in the company's profits.

Asia-Minor

A peninsula in southwestern Asia that forms the Asian part of Turkey

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

recession

A period of an economic contraction, sometimes limited in scope or duration. Currently defined as a period of GDP decline of more than 2 consecutive quarters, although the term is frequently used by the media to mean any real or imagined downturn in the economy.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

Dark age

A period of time where few written records are left to explain a society. May be, but is not necessarily linked to a period of intellectual torpor.

peninsulare

A person born on the Iberian Peninsula; typically, a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to Europe

nativists

A person opposed to immigration because he or she felt that immigration threatened the future of American- born citizens.

Martyr

A person who dies for something they believe in.

anarchist

A person who fights against government, and who advocates for absolute freedom.

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

"invisible hand"

A phrase coined by Adam Smith to describe the process that turns self-directed gain into social and economic benefits for all.

Leonard Wood

A physician who served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military Governor of Cuba and Governor General of the Philippines.

Marshall Plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

republic

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

crusade

A prolonged, impassioned struggle for what is believed to be a just cause

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Aquitaine

A province in France where England held land, trigger of the Hundred Years' War.

Privileges and Immunities Clause

A provision from Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution, that a state cannot discriminate against someone from another state or give its own residents special privileges

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

epidemic

A rapid spread of a contagious disease among large numbers of people. Between 1918 and 1919, more than half a million Americans died in the flu epidemic. All told, the epidemic killed more than 30 million people worldwide.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Normandy

A region in northwestern France on the English channel. Area where the Vikings settled, where William the Conqueror built his empire, and where the Allies invaded in 1944 to begin the process of defeating the Nazis.

demilitarized zone

A region where no military forces or weapons are permitted. These areas usually exist between two nations who have a history of trying to kill each other.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Market Basket

A representative sample of about 400 goods and services that the U.S. department of labor has identified as common purchases of a typical consumer.

Ambassador

A representative sent by one government to another

Fertile Land

A requirement that led to the development of all advanced societies.

suburb

A residential district located on the outskirts of a big city.

Boston Massacre

A riot in Boston (March 5, 1770) arising from the resentment of Boston colonists toward British troops quartered in the city, in which the troops fired on the mob and killed several persons.

Zimmermann Telegram

A secret German message to Mexico supporting the Mexican government in regaining Arizona and Texas if the Mexicans declared war on the United States, a factor propelling the United States into World War I in April 1917.

Klu Klux Klan

A secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremecy in the South after the Civil War. Although started during the Reconstruction Period, it reached it's apex during the 1920's.

steerage

A section in some ships with the poorest accommodations, occupied by the passengers paying the lowest fare.

IRA

A self-funded retirement plan that allows you to contribute a limited yearly sum toward your retirement.

Theodosian Walls

A series of defensive walls that have surrounded and protected the city since the cites founding, built by Constantine.

Intolerable Acts

A series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for its protests against the British. Obviously this is not the name that the British gave to these laws.

Hammurabi's Code

A set of 282 laws governing daily life in Babylon; the earliest known collection of written laws

Circular Flow Model

A simple economic model which describes the reciprocal circulation of income between producers and consumers

Big Business

A small number of the largest businesses (usually corporations) in our economy that (1) produce a substantial share of total output, (2) control a bunch of our economy's resources, and (3) have a great deal of market control in their respective industries. A listing of the Fortune 500 companies provides an idea for those businesses that have achieved the status of "big." The second estate obtains most its members from the presidents, shareholders, boards of directors, and high-level managers of big business.

Nathan Hale

A soldier of the American Revolution who was hanged as a spy by the British after being captured in civilian clothing during the New York campaign.

covenant

A solemn agreement between people or between God and man involving mutual commitments and guarantees.

Baron von Steuben

A stern, Prussian drillmaster that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British.

narrative

A story or narrated account

Representative Democracy

A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people.

compurgation

A system of justice also known as oath taking, where a group of people "swore" their man was telling the truth. This showed character witnessing

Draft

A system of required service in the armed forces

checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power.

Demand Schedule

A table that lists the quantity of a good a person will buy at each different price

property tax

A tax based on real estate and other property

Poll Tax

A tax of a fixed amount per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote. Used by some in the South to get around the requirements of the 15th Amendment.

Corporate Income Tax

A tax on the value of a company's profits

Literacy Test

A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Hadith

A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law.

Treaty of Brest Litovsk

A treaty signed by Russia and Germany in March of 1918, ending Russia's participation in the war. This was a harsh treaty, as it required Russia to give up large amounts of land to Germany.

total war

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields. The underlying premise of this approach to war is that when the people of a nation fully feel the pain of war, they will cease to have the will to support continued military action.

Bessemer process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

shibboleth

A word or pronunciation that distinguishes people of one group or class from those of another. Usable as an identifier when communicating with someone whose true beliefs are in question.

closed shop

A working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired. It was done by the unions to protect their workers from cheap labor.

The Law of Diminishing Returns

According to this relationship, in a production system with fixed and variable inputs (say factory size and labor), beyond some point, each additional unit of variable input yields less and less additional output.

POTUS

Acronym for the President of the United States (for notetaking purposes.)

Land Ordinance of 1785

Act passed by Congress under the Articles of Confederation that created the grid system of surveys by which all subsequent public land was made available for sale. It set the standards for new states joining the Union.

Clayton Act of 1914

Act passed in 1914, which outlawed such practices as price discrimination (charging different customers different prices for the same goods), "tying" agreements that limited the right of dealers to handle the products of competing manufacturers, interlocking directorates connecting corporations with a capital of more than $1 million (or banks with more than $5 million), and corporations' acquisition of stock in competing corporations.

Navigation Acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.

persuasive advertising

Advertising designed to appeal to your emotions to influence you to buy, but does not provide much information

informative advertising

Advertising that benefits consumers by giving information about a product

Freedmen

African Americans who had been set free from slavery

Battle of Fredericksburg

After Antietam, A. E. Burnside (known for his sideburns) took over the Union army, but he lost badly after launching a rash frontal attack

Conservatives

After the Civil War, these were people who wanted to see the status quo ante bellum left in place.

interstate compacts

Agreements among states to cooperate on solving mutual problems; requires approval by Congress.

Hussein

Ali's son who led an unsuccessful revolt in Iraq in 680 because of unfair treatment toward non-Arab muslims

Tuskegee Airmen

All African-American fighting squadron famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school.

John J. Pershing

Also known as "Blackjack," he was the American commander of the AEF in WWI.

The Church of England

Also known as the Anglican Church, this Church was founded by 1534 by King Henry VIII, The king sought to divorce his first wife Catherine of Aragon; however Pope Clement VII refused to dissolve the marriage. Enraged the King broke away from the Roman Catholic Church.

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

1352 BC

Amenhotep III dies, and Amenhotep IV takes over

Roger Sherman

American Revolutionary leader and signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution (1721-1793)

George Mason

American Revolutionary leader from Virginia whose objections led to the drafting of the Bill of Rights during the debate over the ratification of the US Constitution (1725-1792)

USS Maine

American battleship that blew up in 1898 in Havana harbor at a time when international tension between the U.S. and Spanish was high. `

Thanksgiving

American celebration of the Pilgrims. Officially it is the holiday that we celebrate on the 4th Thursday in November.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

American communists who were executed after having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage. The charges were in relation to the passing of information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. Theirs was the first execution of civilians for espionage in United States history

Henry Ford

American credited with revolutionizing the auto industry by using interchangeable parts, and assembly lines to speed up, and make far less expensive, the process of building cars.

Charles Lindbergh

American pilot who made the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean.

McCulloch v. Maryland

An 1819 Supreme Court decision that established the supremacy of the national government over state governments. In deciding this case, Chief Justice John Marshall and his colleagues held that Congress had certain implied powers in addition to the enumerated powers found in the Constitution.

Battle of Chancellorsville

An 1862 Civil war battle fought in Virginia; one of the Unions worst defeats. Site of the shooting of Stonewall Jackson in a friendly-fire accident.

Wade-Davis Bill

An 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.

Ernest Hemingway

An American writer of short stories and novels written in very simple language about difficult subjects such as death and war. His works include Old Man and the Sea, The Sun Also Rises, and For Whom the Bell Tolls.

Cleisthenes

An Athenian statesman from 515-495 B.C.E. who became a ruler that encouraged a more democratic system of government

Sufism

An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the Shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin.

Sufism

An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin.

sabotage

An action taken to destroy something or to prevent it from working properly; to take such destructive action

Fad

An activity or a fashion that is taken up with great passion for a short time. Flagpole sitting is one example, popular among young Americans in the 1920's.

armistice

An agreement to stop fighting that had to primary conditions set in place by President Wilson. First, Germany must accept his place for peace and second that the German emperor must give up power.

"Black Land"

An ancient Egyptian term for the area along the Nile that was flooded. Because of the silt carried by the river, the annual flood acted both to moisturize and fertilize the ground, providing the basis for the very productive Egyptian agriculture

Angles

An ancient Low German tribe, that settled in Britain, which came to be called Engla-land (Angleland or England).

Troy

An ancient city in Asia Minor that was the site of the Trojan War

Beaux Arts

An architectural style of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in France. Based on ideas taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, the Beaux-Arts style incorporated classical principles, such as symmetry in design, and included extensive exterior ornamentation.

town meeting

An assembly of people in a New England town that made laws and elected leaders.

Industrial Union

An association of all workers in the same industry, regardless of the job each worker performs

Amphibious Assault

An attack by troops, who were carried to the battle by ship, but is carried out on land. One of THE most dangerous battle tactics for the troops.

"The Great Persecution"

An attempt by the Roman government, under Diocletian, to kill off Christians and destroy the church. This was stopped by the new Emperor Constantine.

Supply-Side Economics

An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Free Enterprise System

An economic system in which individuals depend on supply and demand and the profit margin to determine what to produce, how to produce, how much to produce, and for whom to produce. The quest for improvement financially and materially motivates consumers and producers.

free enterprise system

An economic system in which people are free to operate their businesses as they see fit, with little government interference.

agrarianism

An economy based on farming and the trade of the products resulting from farming.

Mixed Economy

An economy in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of government regulation and promotion

atrocity

An extremely wicked, brutal, or cruel act against a group of people

inflation

An increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. Often the result of a decrease in the value of currency.

urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements (big cities)

English Parliament

An institution created by King Edward I of England in the 13th century, which consisted of 2 knights from every county (House of Commons), 2 people from every town (House of Commons), and all nobles and archbishops (House of Lords); they discussed and passed taxes and laws.

telegraph

An instrument invented in 1837 by Samuel Morse that used electricity passing through wires to send messages over distances

medium of exchange

An item that buyers give to sellers when they want to purchase goods and services

Olive Branch Petition

An offer of peace sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George lll. It was turned down by the British King

Speaker of the House

An office mandated by the Constitution. The Speaker is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant.

pogroms

An organized, often officially encouraged massacre or persecution of a minority group.

Battle of Cowpens

An overwhelming victory by American Revolutionary forces under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, in the Southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War. Considered by many the finest example of the use of linear tactics by American Forces.

cost/benefit analysis

Analyzing a situation, predicting the likely possible outcomes, and deciding what prices are worth paying and what outcomes to pursue.

Homer

Ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)

Persian Empire

Ancient Middle Eastern empire comprising modern day Iran. The Perisan Empire dominated the Middle East from the middle of the 6th century BCE to about the end of the 5th century BCE, Its greatest ruler was Dairus I. Persia was later conquered by Alexander the Great.

Gilgamesh

Ancient Sumerian king, ruled 2700 BC. Credited with having been a demigod of superhuman strength who built a great city wall to defend his people from external threats. Influence of his epic stories are seen in the Hebrew story of the Great Flood.

Hegemon

Another word that can be used instead of saying "Superpower"

Determinants of demand

Anything other than price of the current item that influences consumer buying decisions, including income, tastes and preferences, price of related items (substitutes and complements), number of consumers in the market, and expected future price.

disenconomies of scale

Anything that causes an increase in the costs of production per unit made when a firm grows. -Inability to coordinate large scale production -less personal service to customers -less personal commitment to the firm by employees -greater difficulty in meeting the specialized needs of different customers

liabilities

Anything that is owed to someone else. The payer is obligated to continue paying this until it has been paid off.

Lend-Lease Act

Approve by Congress in March 1941; The act allowed America to sell, lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States."

$16 Trillion

Approximate current National Debt.

Over 2 million people

Approximate number that attended the Hajj each year.

6000 B.C.

Approximate time that historians believe metal was first used to create tools by ancient peoples.

FDR Dies

April 12, 1945

Bataan Death March

April 1942, American soldiers were forced to march 65 miles to prison camps by their Japanese captors. It is called the Death March because so may of the prisoners died en route.

Semitic Languages

Arabic, Assyrian, Hebrew, Akkadian, Babylonian, Pheonician, Aramaic, Canaanitic, Syriac

Thomas a Becket

Archbishop of Canterbury who denied Henry II's ability to try clergy and said only the Roman Catholic church could try priests - Henry's knights murdered him.

Frederick Law Olmstead

Architect of New York's Central Park, first major public park in the United States. Helped harmonize the city and bring rural beauty.

Frederick Law Olmstead

Architect of New York's Central Park, first major public park in the United States. Helped harmonize the city and bring rural beauty. Influenced the behavior of lawless and unfortunate people. Built in the 1850s.

Daniel Burnham

Architect who designed the slender 285-foot tower in 1902, known as the Flatiron Building.

Ionia

Area along the central west coast of Asia Minor colonized by settlers from mainland Greece from about 1000 BC. Ionian Greeks, including Homer, played a central role in the early development of Greek history and literature following the Dark Ages.

French Indochina

Area of southeast Asia controlled by France during Imperialism. Includes Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.

As a result of Standard Oils research and development, oil was more plentiful, and cheaper, thus the consumers were the main beneficiaries of Standard's success in the market

Argument made by John D. Rockefeller about the reason for the courts to allow Standard Oil to continue operating as it had been in the past.

Pisistratus

Aristocrat who seized power of Athens in 560 B.C. (6th Century) Built up trade, thus enriching Athens. Instituted a policy of transferring land from the nobles back to the peasants, gaining support from the lower classes. Under his leadership, the olive oil trade exploded, increasing the wealth Greece.

William Gorgas

Army physician who helped eradicate Yellow Fever and Malaria from Panama so work on the Panama Canal could proceed

Necessary and Proper Clause

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution provides Congress with the authority to make all laws needed to carry out its expressed powers even if those laws are not specifically mentioned in the Constitution.

Sassanids

As Islam spread from Arabia, it overcame this group to the Northwest, in modern Syria.

Bulgars

Asiatic people, defeated the Eastern Roman forces, took possession of the lower Danube Valley, set up a strong Bulgarian kingdom

Theodore Roosevelt

Assistant Secretary of the the Navy, who sent Admiral Dewey and the fleet to Havana Harbor. An officer in charge of the Rough Riders at the Battle of San Juan Hill in the Spanish-American War. Later was governor of New York, Vice-President of the U.S. and Took over the presidency after the assassination of McKinley. Re-elected president in 1904.

diminishing marginal productivity

At a certain point, adding another worker (or other factor of production) does not increase production as much as the preceding additions of workers.

Miltiades

Athenian general who defeated the Persians at Marathon (540-489)

Pericles

Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon.

Solon

Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt

Battle of Marathon

Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.

21 and under

Average age of the Union soldiers in the Civil War

Moctezuma

Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.

Tenochtilan

Aztec island capitol. Current location of Mexico City.

constitutionalism

Basic principle that government and those who govern must obey the law; the rule of law

Battle of Megiddo

Battle at which Thutmose III attempted a risky night attack in Southern Syria against the threatening Mittani. He led his soldiers through a mountain pass by torchlight before surprising the sleeping Mittani army and laying siege to the city of Megiddo before eventually winning. The location of this battle matches the location which John set the Battle of Armageddon.

Battle of Tours

Battle in 732 in which the Christian Franks led by Charles Martel defeated Muslim armies and stopped the Muslim advance into Europe

Battle of Lechfield

Battle in 955 when the Magyars were defeated. After this battle, the Magyars then converted to Christianity and settled down, founding the kingdom that would become Hungary.

Battle of Antietam

Battle in September of 1862 where 23,000 troops were killed. The Union claimed victory, but McClellan's failure to pursue the Confederates would prove costly to the Union.

1071

Battle of Manzikert (Seljuk Turks over Byzantium)

Battle of Kings Mountain

Battle where American forces reclaimed some momentum in the Revolutionary War. The forces of Scotsman Patrick Ferguson were defeated by a force of irregulars (non-professionals) who were partially motivated by inflammatory comments by Ferguson.

480 B.C.

Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis.

BCE

Before the Common Era. We use BC when referencing this period.

Monotheistic

Believing that there is only one god

Private Goods

Benefits and services over which the owner has full control of their use.

Koran=Islam

Bible=Christianity

Garden of Eden

Biblical location, believed to have been located at the junction of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is modern day Iraq

Hiram Revels

Black Mississippi senator elected to the seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis when the South seceded

Hiram Revels

Black Mississippi senator elected to the seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis when the South seceded.

Buffalo Soldiers

Black soldiers under the leadership of John Pershing, who fought alongside the Rough Riders at San Juan.

scapegoating

Blaming a person or a group of people for conditions not of their making

Roman Senate

Body of 300 legislators who governed Rome. Later expanded to 900 members by Julius Caesar. Although they could not make laws, the Senate became the de facto rulers of Rome.

Alexander Graham Bell

Born in Scotland, he immigrated to the US, and is credited with the invention of a viable telephone system.

Spanish-American War

Brief conflict between Spain and America. Fought in Cuba, the Philippines in1898. Fighting lasted for four months.

Benedict Arnold

Brilliant American general who invaded Canada, foiled Burgoyne's invasion, and then betrayed his country in 1780

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the govt had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption.

General John Burgoyne

British general appointed by King George III to crush the rebel forces; 1777, subordinate of Howe, lead invading force down Hudson from Canada to Albany; was present at the Battle of Saratoga and Battle of Yorktown

Lusitania

British passenger boat sunk by a German submarine that claimed 1,000 lives. One of the main reasons America decided to join the war...although we didn't enter the war for another 2 years.

October 19, 1781

British surrender at Yorktown. Last major fighting of the Revolutionary War.

Mass Production

Building products quickly, at a far greater capacity than is possible with custom work.

corporation

Business organization where investors buy stocks in a company to provide capital for business operation and growth. The investors can only lose the money they have invested.

Justinian

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code

Alexius I

Byzantine emperor who asked Pope Urban II for Christians to help him fight the Turks. This was the beginning of the 1st Crusade

Confederate States of America

CSA

Harun al-Rashid

Caliph who brought on the high point of the Abbasid dynasty (its decline came once his rule ended), using lavish excess to support artists and writers, give gifts to his favorites, and distribute money to the poor

Urban II

Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims.

"The Influence of Sea Power Upon History"

Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan's 1890 book which helped create and develop the expansionist movement. Mahan wanted to expand United States Navy, to build an isthmian canal, to establish strategic colonies as coaling stations, and to protect US political and economic interests.

Flappers

Carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of them as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, this image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

Hannibal

Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants.

liquid assets

Cash and items that can be quickly converted to cash

transfer payments

Cash payments made by the government to people who do not supply goods, services, or labor in exchange for these payments. They include Social Security benefits, veterans' benefits, and welfare payments.

Saqqara

Cemetary near Memphis where important officials were buried in mastaba tombs, the predecessors of the pyramids. The earliest pyramid, the Third Dynasty step-pyramid of Djoser, essentially several successively smaller mastabas stacked one upon the other, is at Saqqara.

Laissez-Faire System

Central part of capitalism; leave things alone and have as little government interference as possible

12th Amendment

Changed the way that we choose a president for the United States after the tied election of 1800.

benevolent

Characterized by or expressing goodwill or kindly feelings. Taking care of those who need help.

Carolingian Empire

Charlemagne's empire; covered much of western and central Europe; largest empire until Napoleon in 19th century

Pepin

Charles Martel's son. first king to have the pope's blessing. Also the father of Charles I (Charlemagne)

dime novels

Cheaply bound and widely circulated novels that became popular after the Civil War depicting such scenarios from the "Wild West" and other American tales.

Byblos, Tyre, Sidon

Chief cities of Phoenicia

State Department

Chief executive branch department responsible for formulation and implementation of U.S. foreign policy

vizier

Chief minister who supervised the business of government in ancient Egypt

Roman Catholic Church

Christian church that grew up in Rome

Diocletian/Roman Polytheism

Christians/Monotheist

Main reason for "The Great Persecution"

Church acting in a Christlike manner was making Rome look bad.

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or previous condition of servitude. A reaction to efforts of Southern States that were denying voting rights to freed slaves.

Mecca

City in Saudi Arabia. Birthplace of Mohommad. In modern day it is considered the central city of the Islamic faith.

13th, 14th, and 15th

Civil War Amendments

13, 14, 15

Civil War Amendments that ended slavery, guaranteed equal protection under the law, and provided suffrage to black men.

militia

Civilians trained as soldiers but not part of the regular army.

Etruscans

Civilization that the Romans defeated to take control of what is now Italy. They were the source of many of the innovations that the Romans used to build their empire.

agency shop

Clause that states that even if workers do not join the union, they must still pay the equivalent of dues to the union.

Cleopatra VII

Cleopatra VII was the Egyptian Queen who developed an alliance between Marc Anthony. Cleopatra VII fought in the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C.E. along side Marc Anthony. Their army and navy was destroyed Octavian. Antony and Cleopatra both fled to Egypt and committed suicide a year later in 30 B.C.E.

Manhattan Project

Code name given to the development of the US atomic bomb during World War II. Work on the bomb was carried out in great secrecy by a team including US physicists Enrico Fermi and J. Robert Oppenheimer. The first test took place on July 16, 1945, near Alamogordo, New Mexico, and the next month the US Air Force dropped bombs on Japan.

Committee of Correspondence

Colonial organization organized in 1770 to spread news of Great Britain's actions and acts throughout the colonies.

House of Wisdom

Combination library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad established in the 800s.

Charles Cornwallis

Commanding general of the British forces that were defeated at Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution.

CE

Common Era. We use AD (A.D.=Anno Domini) when referencing this period.

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam; he and his Viet Minh/Viet Cong allies fought French and American forces to a standstill in Vietnam, 1946-1973. Considered a nationalist by many, others viewed him as an agent of the Soviet Union and China.

Unconditional Surrender

Complete, unqualified surrender of a belligerent nation.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Compromise between northern and southern states at the Constitutional Convention that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives.

Great Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

Pull Factors

Conditions that attract immigrants to a new land

Push Factors

Conditions that drive people to leave their home country

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Summit Meeting

Conference between the highest-ranking officials of different nations

Mohammad

Considered a prophet by Muslims. He was a business man/caravan manager who claimed to have had a divine revelation while in Mecca in 610 A.D.

Sumerians

Considered by many to be one of the first great civilizations. People who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform, and religious conceptions.

James Madison

Considered by many to be the father of the Constitution.

The Battle of Verdun

Considered by many to be the single greatest and longest battle in history German offensive Lasted 11 months - Feb-Dec 1916 - Over 700,000 killed, wounded, or missing Entire battlefield only about 10x10 kilometers - Horrific losses on both sides but considered French victory - 11,000 German officers and soldiers surrendered

Article III

Constitutional Article that established the Judicial Branch.

Separation of powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

separation of powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

variable costs

Costs that vary directly with the level of production.

Austria-Hungary

Country that started World War 1 by declaring war on Serbia

Social Security Act of 1935

Created both the Social Security Program, to provide pensions for the old,and a national assistance program for poor children, usually called AFDC.

1100-750 B.C.

Dark Ages of Greece

1095

Date associated with the Council of Clermont, where Pope Urban II called Christian knights to take up arms and seize the holy land.

June 16, 1775

Date for the Battle of Bunker Hill

October 14, 1066

Date of the Battle of Hastings

Christmas Day, 800 A.D.

Date that Charles I (from Augsburg, Germany) was given the title of Charlemagne (Meaning Charles the Great). This date is often pointed to as the beginning of European History.

April 2, 1917

Date that Woodrow Wilson obtained a Declaration of War against Germany in WW I

Sept 11, 1941

Date that construction on the Pentagon began

November 18, 1883

Date that standard time zones were first used across America. (Revolutionized travel)

June 19, 1775

Date that the Second Continental Congress chose George Washington to lead the Continental Army.

February 24, 1868

Date that the Senate tried the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, and came within one vote of removing him from office.

11 May 324

Date that the newly built city of Constantinople was consecrated and established as the capitol of the new Eastern Roman Empire

Battle of the Bulge

December 1944 counterattack by German forces in the Ardennes Forest of Belgium. The American forces were able, with great difficulty, withstand the German efforts, and once they regained the offensive, were able to push into Germany, and help bring the war to a conclusion.

"He kept us out of the war"

Democratic Party's slogan of the election of 1916. Referred to President Woodrow Wilson's efforts to keep America from joining the fight in WWI. Seemed like a bit of a hollow argument after we actually entered the war in 1917.

scalawag

Derogatory name given to white Southerners who supported the Republicans during reconstruction

carpetbaggers

Derogatory term for Northern Republicans who were involved in Southern politics during Radical Reconstruction.

Bessemer Process

Developed and improved in England, it improved the quality of, and reduced the price of steel dramatically in the 1850s.

stirrup

Device for securing a horseman's feet, enabling him to wield weapons more effectively. Was a major step forward in making horse riding soldiers more effective in combat.

Henry Hudson

Discovered what today is known as the Hudson River. Sailed for the Dutch even though he was originally from England. He was looking for a northwest passage through North America.

38th Parallel

Dividing line between South Korea and North Korea.

Locate

Draw a map

Era of martyrs

During the time of "The Great Persecution"

Fundamental Worth of the Individual

Each person's worth and dignity must be recognized and respected by all other individuals, and by society, at all times.

pro-cyclical

Economic policies that increase the direction the economy is moving in.

Rameses II

Egyptain Pharaoh known for having a long life, many wifes and kids, lots of statues, and is the most famous Pharaoh. Is reputed to have been Pharaoh when Moses led the Jews out of Egypt.

Osiris

Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead

Osiris

Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead. The symbol for resurrection in Egyptian mythology.

King Menes

Egyptian king of lower egypt, who united Egypt for the first time in 3100bc

Akhenaten

Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk. The first monotheistic king of Pharaoh of Egypt.

Re

Egyptian sun god

Article I, Clause 8

Elastic Clause

burgesses

Elected Representatives to a lawmaking body in the english colonies

The Immortals

Elite Persian fighting force which protected the King at all cost; had at least 10,000 members

Employment Act of 1946

Enacted by Truman, it committed the federal government to ensuring economic growth and established the Council of Economic Advisors to confer with the president and formulate policies for maintaining employment, production, and purchasing power

Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

1877

End of Reconstruction, start of formal segregation.

Parliament

England's legislative body

Pilgrims

English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

Proprietary Colony

English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

14th Amendment

Equal Protection Under the Law

Peace Corps

Established by Congress in September, 1961 under Kennedy, dedicated Americans volunteered to go to about 50 third-world countries and show the impoverished people how to improve their lives.

English Bill of Rights (1689)

Established freedom from taxation without representation, outlawed cruel and unusual punishment, guaranteed the right to bear arms, and many other rights. Many of these same rights are included in the U.S. Constitution.

Roanoke

Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

Clovis

Established the Frankish Kingdom, converted to Christianity about 500.

U.S. Grant

Eventual CINC of the Union Army who led the Union Army to victory over the Confederate Forces.

Individual Freedoms

Everyone is allowed to have their own religion, beliefs, associate with whoever they wish, and have protections for life, liberty, and security. These freedoms ARE NOT absolute

regulatory agencies

Executive committees set up to set rates and oversee the operation of Natural Monopoly firms.

diplomatic immunity

Exemption from taxation or normal processes of law that is offered to diplomatic personnel in a foreign country

imperfect competition

Exists when businesses are large enough to have some, but not complete control over the prices that they can charge their customers. Oligopolies, natural monopolies, and monopolistic competitors fall into this category.

expansionism

Expanding a nation or country by influencing militarily or economically or buying land from another country.

fixed costs

Expenses that remain the same for a period of time; must be paid regardless of the quantity of a good or service produced/sold.

Radical Republicans

Extreme portion of the Republican Party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after Civil War.

476 AD

Fall of the Roman Empire IN ROME.

John Wilkes Booth

Famous Actor, Confederate Sympathizer and assassin of Abraham Lincoln.

Appomattox Court House

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

Benito Mussolini

Fascist leader of Italy who allied his country with the Nazis during WWII.

Abu Bakr

Father-in-law of Mohammad, and one of the first converts to Islam. He is regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful successor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor to Muhammad.

Freedman's Bureau

Federal agency set up in 1865 to provide food, schools, and medical care to freed slaves in the South

block grants

Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services

Small Business

Firm that is independently owned and operated, is organized for profit, and is not dominant in its field. Depending on the industry, size standard eligibility is based on the average number of employees for the preceding twelve months or on sales volume averaged over a three-year period. (definition the basic one listed on the SBA.gov website)

"price takers"

Firms in a situation of perfect competition. Refers to the fact that have little or no control over the price that they can charge for their product or service.

Orville and Wilber Wright

First Americans to successfully complete a powered flight.

First Fitna (656-661)

First Civil War with Islam. This was the conflict where Islam split into the Sunni and Shi'a factions.

King Aha

First Egyptian Pharoah...about 3045 B.C.

Charlemagne

First Holy Roman Emperor. He was declared Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in a ceremony in Rome on Christmas Day 800 A.D.

Battle of Okinawa

First Japanese Home island (only 340 miles from mainland Japan) to be invaded. Island of immense strategic value. Involving over 500,000 troops and over 1,200 ships. Battle showed Japanese determination to resist invasion. (1 April-25 June, 1945)

USS Monitor

First Union ironclad ship.

Achaemenid Empire

First great Persian empire (558-330 B.C.E.), which began under Cyrus and reached its peak under Darius.

Louis Armstrong

First great jazz soloist. Played trumpet and was instrumental in developing scat singing

Battle of Bull Run

First major battle of the Civil War. The battle was a loss for the Union, and made it clear that the war was going to be both long and bloody.

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutionary War. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition. The battle is considered a British victory even though they lost more men in the battle.

"Virginia"

First of the Confederate ironclads. This ship had formally been called the Merrimack when it was a Union ship.

1869 Red Stockings

First professional baseball team in American History. They won 81 games in a row (including numerous wins in California after crossing the US on the new Transcontinental Railroad) before falling to the Brooklyn Atlantics.

Delos

First site of the treasury for the Delian League; city from which the Delian League gets its name.

We the people

First three words of the Constitution that embody popular sovereignty.

National Security Policy

Foreign and domestic policy designed to protect the nation's independence and political and economic integrity; policy that is concerned with the safety and defense of the nation.

Goals of the Preamble of the US Constitution

Form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty.

George McClellan

Former Union commander who challenged Lincoln for the Presidency in 1864. His loss is seen by many as THE event that changed the course of the war most.

John Hay

Former secretary for Abraham Lincoln, Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy.

Alexander Stephens

Former vice president of the Confederacy, who claimed a seat in Congress during reconstruction under Johnson. Congress denied him and other Confederates seats in Congress

2/3+3/4=1 ratified amendment

Formula that explains that amendments can either be put forward by a 2/3 vote of the states or Congress, but are ratified only when the opposite body consents by 3/4 vote for ratification.

Ku Klux Klan

Founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be Un-American.

Cyrus

Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. He tended to respect the cultures of the nations that he invaded, and thus is revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples.

Samuel Adams

Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence. One of the chief advocates of Revolution. Cousin of the second POTUS

Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China

Four areas where historians believe civilization began.

-Money must be accepted -Money must be divisible -Money must be portable -Money must have a reasonably stable value

Four characteristics of money as listed in the book

Comte De Grasse

French navy commander; sailed French fleet into Chesapeake Bay to prevent British help from a siege on Yorktown.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution (1712-1778)

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

deténte

French word meaning an easing of tensions between the world's superpowers during the Cold War

Basic Concepts of Democracy

Fundamental Worth of the Individual Equality of All Persons Majority Rule and Minority Rights Necessity of Compromise Individual Freedom

victory garden

Gardens planted by American citizens during war to raise vegetables for home use, leaving more for the troops

15th Amendment

Gave the right of suffrage to the freed male slaves.

June 28, 1914

Gavrilo Princip assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in the city of Sarajevo (month, day, and year)

Horatio Gates

General who was in charge at Saratoga, was given way too much credit, and who started to believe that he was the best person to lead the Continental Army. Later abandoned his troops after the worst performance ever by an American general at the Battle of Camden.

marginal workers

Generally, workers who are hired last because they are less qualified; usually such workers earn the minimum wage and have other means of support -take jobs viewed as inadequate because they don't meet community norms. -underemployment -lack of worker power allows employers to reduce labor costs

American Cincinnatus

George Washington

Hohenstaufens

German family line starting with Frederick I

Karl Marx

German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital

Otto I

German king around 936; invaded Italy, became emperor, and started a new Holy Roman Empire.

Blitzkrieg

German lightning warfare. Characterized by highly mobility and concentrated forces at point of attack.

Martin Luther

German monk who wrote the Ninety-Five Theses questioning the Roman Catholic Church and its practices. This act was the beginning of the Reformation.

U-Boats

German submarine, taken from the German "Unterseeboat"

Pennsylvania Dutch

German-speaking Protestants who settled in Pennsylvania

Ostrogoths

Germanic invaders who overran the western half of the Roman Empire

Visigoths

Germanic people who migrated to Rome, originally came from Scandinavia and Russia. They adapted Roman cultures and provided troops for the Roman army. They created settlements around Rome, and stormed and sacked it in 410. The western part of the Roman Empire was in shambles by the mid fifth century CE.

Saxons

Germanic people. During the 5th century ad groups from these communities migrated to Britain either by invitation or invasion and in due course founded kingdoms which can generally be recognized by the fact that their names have the suffix 'sex'

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

justice (establish justice)

Getting what you deserve. Reaping what you sow. The founders wanted a nation where people could achieve and prosper if they worked hard and followed the rules.

2000-1450 B.C.

Golden Age of the Minoans

public goods and services

Goods and services that provide benefits to many people, but people may not be restricted from using them.

substitute goods

Goods that can be used to replace the purchase of similar goods when prices rise.

-Mediation -Voluntary Arbitration -Compulsory Arbitration

Government Tools for settling labor strife (list all three)

War Production Board

Government agency that decided which companies would make war materials and how to distribute raw materials during WW II.

totalitarianism

Government control over every aspect of public and private life

visas

Government documents that allow people from other nations to enter the country for a limited period of time.

Promote the general welfare

Government in the U.S. is intended to provide an environment where the overall well-being of the nation as a whole is enhanced.

monetary policy

Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling the money supply and thus interest rates.

Lorenz Curve

Graph showing how much the actual distribution of income differs from an equal distribution

Allied Powers

Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and later the US

Pantheon, Rome

Great Roman building to honor all of their gods by the Emperor Hadrian built between 118-125 AD. Had the biggest dome on earth until 1420.

Persian Empire

Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.

Trireme

Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers.

Plutarch

Greek biographer of the first to early second century AD. Author of Parallel Lives which compared famous men of classical Greece and republican Rome.

Poseidon

Greek god of the sea, earthquakes and storms at sea and father of the Cyclops

Aphrodite

Greek goddess of beauty and love

Athena

Greek goddess of wisdom, war, and weaving. Daughter of Zeus.

Herodotus

Greek historian whose writings, chiefly concerning the Persian Wars, are the earliest known examples of narrative history.

Cliesthenes

Greek leader who correctly predicted another war with Persia, and prepared Athens to win at Salamis.

polis

Greek word for city-state

Sophocles

Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex and Antigone

socialists

Group that believed nation's resources and industries should be owned and operated by the government on behalf of the people

mystical

Having a spiritual sense or importance beyond human understanding. There is something well beyond us, and we cannot fully understand it.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

He belonged to the Lost Generation of Writers. He wrote the famous novel "The Great Gatsby" which explored the glamour and cruelty of an achievement-oriented society.

Bartolome de Las Casas

He convinced Charles I to signs the "New Laws" prohibiting Indian slavery and attempted to put an end to the encomienda system by limiting ownership of serfs to a single generation. He advocated the use of African slaves rather than the utilization of Native slaves.`

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

St. Benedict

He founded a monastery in Nothern Italy in the 6th century and wrote a set of instructions governing the lives of monks that was used by monasteries and convents across Europe. (Benedictine Order)

Babe Ruth

He was a famous baseball player who played for the Yankees. He helped developed a rising popularity for professional sports.

Charles Sumner

He was an unpopular senator from Mass., and a leading abolitionist. In 1856, he made an assault in the pro-slavery of South Carolina and the South in his coarse speech, "The Crime Against Kansas." The insult angered Congressmen Brooks of South Carolina. Brooks walked up to Sumner's desk and beat him unconscious. This violent incident helped touch off the war between the North and the South.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Alfred E. Smith

He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 election. He was the first Catholic to be elected as a candidate., Former governor of New York who ran for President against Herbert Hoover. He was against Prohibition.

General Thomas Gage

He was the commander in chief of Britain's military forces in America from 1763 to 1775. In April 1775, he issued the order for British troops to march on to concord and seize American weapons stored up there.

Herbert Hoover

He was the head of the Food Administration who also led a charity drive to feed Belgians. He ensured the success of the Food Administration and created a surplus of food through volunteer actions. Hailed as a hero for his actions to save Europe, later vilified for failing to stop the Great Depression.

Hugh Capet

He was the king of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996) . He succeeded the Carolingians; his descendants, known as the Capetian kings, used their power and resources to systematically consolidate and expand their power

Marquis de Lafayette

He was very rich and noble when he arrived in America at the age of 19 years old. He believed in the liberty that the Americans were fighting for and asked to help. He became a general on Washington's staff and fought hard. He was known as "the soldier's friend," and is buried in France but his grave is covered with earth from Bunker Hill.

abbesses

Head of monastary or convent for nuns

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

hypocaust

Heating system where channels were built below the floor and inside the walls to heat the Roman Baths.

hoplite

Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. _____________ armies-militias composed of middle- and upper-class citizens supplying their own equipment. Famously defeated superior numbers of opponents by fighting as a unit.

Red Scare

Heightened concern, after World War 1, in the United States about communism and fear that it would spread. Especially after the passage of the Espionage Act of 1917, the Sabotage Act of 1918, and the Sedition Act of 1918.

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

1000-1300

High Middle Ages

Nuremberg War Crimes Trials

Highly publicized proceedings against former Nazi leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity as part of the allies denazification program in postwar Germany. The trials led to several executions and long prison sentences for former Nazi leaders.

Byzantine Empire

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (AKA Eastern Roman Empire)

Nazi-Soviet Pact

Hitler and Joseph Stalin agreed not to attack each other but divided Poland for an easy win, but Germany didn't keep true to their word and attacked Stalin later

Frederick Barbossa

Holy Roman Emperor who fought for years to bring the wealthy cities of northern Italy under his control, Holy Roman Emperor from 1152 to 1190

Koran/Quran

Holy book of the Islamic faith. Written by followers after the death of Mohammad. Reputed to have been the revelation of God through Mohammad. Not actually written by Mohammad, but by his later followers.

25 years old, 7 years a US citizen

House of Representatives

plantations

Huge farms that required a large labor force to grow crops

Christianity/persecution

Hyrda/slashing head removal

federalism (before ratification)

Idea that the in any balance of power between different levels of government in the US, that the states would be supreme.

interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing. Because they are all identical, they can replace each other easily.

Identify: -Circus Maximus -Imperial Palace on the Palatine Hill -Flavian Amphitheater -Aqueduct

Identify: -Circus Maximus -Imperial Palace on the Palatine Hill -Flavian Amphitheater -Aqueduct

Veto override

If the President vetoes a bill, the Congress may override the veto by a two-thirds majority vote in both houses. The bill would then become law, the President's objections notwithstanding.

veto override

If the President vetoes a bill, the Congress may override the veto by a two-thirds majority vote in both houses. The bill would then become law, the President's objections notwithstanding.

price inelastic

If the same amount of a product is demanded, regardless of how high the price goes, that product is said to be ______________________.

"The Market as a Regulator"

If there are too many firms in a competitive market, profits will be low, which should, normally, drive the less efficient or least competitive firms to close their doors. If firms close, and demand remains, the more competitive and efficient firms should increase their market share, enabling them to increase their profits.

Henry II

In 1154, He became king of England, broadened the system of royal justice by expanding accepted customs into law and establishing royal courts. Married to Eleanor of Aquitaine, father of King John

Chautauqua Society

In 1903 sent out traveling companies and were reaching 5 million people in 10,000 american towns every year

Berlin Wall

In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989.

wergeld

In Germanic law, the relative price of individuals that established the fee for compensation in case of injury

Eastern Front

In WWI, the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.

Reconstruction Act

In the wake of the Civil War, this legislation was passed by the newly-elected Republican Congress. It divided the South into five military districts, disenfranchised former confederates, and required that Southern states both ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen the franchise before gaining readmission to the Union.

limited government

In this type of government everyone, including all authority figures, must obey laws. Constitutions, statements of rights, or other laws define the limits of those in power so they cannot take advantage of the elected, appointed, or inherited positions.

inflation

Increased prices for goods and services combined with the reduced value of money

specialization

Individual workers concentrate their labor on single tasks, enabling each worker to become more efficient and productive.

Virginia Plan

Initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature dominated by the big states.

prime rate

Interest rate banks charge their best and most reliable customers

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.

Arches and Domes

Inventions credited to the Sumerians. Used in the construction of their cities. These innovations were later claimed by other societies, but evidence suggests they originated in Sumeria.

George Westinghouse

Inventor of the air brake for trains who developed the first alternating-current system in 1886, which allowed electric currents to cover long distances, and manufactured the equipment through the Westinghouse Electric Company.

Thomas Edison

Inventor, often credited with the creation on the first commercially viable electric light bulb.

Huns

Inventors of the stirrup.

Ibn Sina

Islamic physician, wrote a book called Canon on Medicine, which was an encyclopedia of Greek, Arabic, and his own knowledge of medicine. This book became the standard medical text in Europe for over five hundred years.

Persian Empire

It was created 539 BC after the fall of Babylon. The Persians went on to control Turkey, Iran, Egypt, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. They were tolerant of the people that they conquered. Notable leaders of this empire include Nebuchadnezzar II, Darius I, and Xerxes.

John Cabot

Italian explorer (his name was originally Giovani Cabato) who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)

December 7, 1941

Japanese attack on pearl harbor

kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots (or torpedoes) who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships.

Standard Oil

John D. Rockefeller's company that became the dominant company in the petroleum industry.

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers.

Hegira

Journey of Mohammad and his small band of followers from Mecca to Medina

Battle of San Juan Hill

July 1, 1898-One of the most important battles of the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt, the Rough Riders and Pershing's Buffalo Soldiers defeated Spanish on Kettle and San Juan Hill.

D-Day

June 6, 1944, the day on which Allied forces landed in Normandy, France to begin a massive offensive against the Germans in the occupied territory of Europe.

insure domestic tranquillity (sic)

Keep the peace at home. Protecting against threats from within our union.

King George III

King of England during the American Revolution

King Solomon

King of Israel; known for his wisdom; King David's son; know for building a temple in Jerusalem; Israel reached the height of its power under his rule

Darius I

King of Persia who expanded the empire and invaded Greece but was defeated at the Battle of Marathon

Darius I

King of Persia who expanded the empire and invaded Greece but was defeated at the Battle of Marathon (550-486 BC)

Assyrians

Known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire

Knights of Labor

Labor union formed in 1869, to organize skilled workers.

fief

Land owned by a lord given to a vassal in return for a service

Patroon

Landowner in the Dutch colonies who ruled like a king over large areas of land

department stores

Large retail organizations characterized by wide product mixes and organized into separate departments to facilitate marketing and internal management

Scopes Trial

Largely a show trial, it was an American legal case that tested the Butler Act. the law forbade the teaching of any aspect fo the theory of evolution. The Butler Act made the teaching of evolution unlawful especially in TN. John Scopes was persecuted for teaching evolution and he was found guilty, but by a judges order, and not by a jury decision.

St. Peter's Basilica

Largest Christian church in the world. Located in the Vatican City in Italy. The dome was created by Michelangelo.

Nicholas II

Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.

Clara Barton

Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.

Tea Act of 1773

Law passed by Parliament in the early 1770's stating that only the East India Company, a British business, could sell tea to the 13 colonies

unconstitutional

Law that conflicts with a constitution and is therefore invalid

The Body of Civil Law

Laws by Justinian that were used by the Eastern Roman Empire until 1453 and formed much of the legal system of Europe.

black codes

Laws passed in the southern states during reconstruction that greatly limited the freedom and rights of African Americans

Sargon the Great

Leader of the Akkadians.

Ngo Dinh Diem

Leader of the new government that was created in South Vietnam after the country was partitioned (divided) in 1954. He was first hailed as a hero fighting on behalf of democracy, but later was assassinated by ROV soldiers opposed to his violent campaign against those rebelling against his authority.

Boris Yeltsin

Leader who was voted in to control Russia after Gorbachev left the leadership role of the USSR

Segregation

Legal separation of the races. Codified in America with the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court case in 1896.

pork barrel legislation

Legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in several districts or states in the hope of winning their votes in return

570-632

Life of Mohammad

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan that allowed a Southern state to form its own government afetr ten percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan that allowed a Southern state to form its own government after ten percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States

Fronts

Line of combat that an army establishes to fight or defend.

Medina

Location of the tomb of Mohammad, and the place where he originally established the faith among the people.

epic poems

Long narrative poems, usually about an historical event, with a hero accomplishing super-human feats.

Queen Victoria of England

Long time leader of the British Empire, and the grandmother of most of the leaders involved in the WW I.

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.

Tiber River

Main river that flows through Rome. Starts in the Apennines and empties into the Tyrrhenian Sea.

-Injunctions -Lockouts -Strikebreakers -Relocation

Management Weapons for accomplishing their goals (list all 4)

Battle of Guilford Courthouse

March 15, 1781 battle between the forces of Cornwallis and Greene near Guilford Courthouse (modern day Greensboro, N.C.) The British won a thin victory in the battle, but the win sapped much of the British strength.

WW II ends

May 7, 1945

Runnymeade

Meadow along Thames River in England, where king john forced to sign Magna Carta Name means "Water Running Through A Meadow"

consumer protection

Measures to shield buyers of goods and services from unsafe products and unfair or illegal sales practices

Plebians

Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders

telegraph

Messages sent using electrical impulses through a wire, often over great distances.

production approach

Method of measuring the value of the GNP in which the value of the things produced are added together.

Francisco "Pancho" Villa

Mexican revolutionary leader who led an invasion of Columbus, New Mexico. The U.S. sent General John Pershing to track him down.

Sultan

Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country

622 A.D.

Mohammad moves to Yathrib (Medina) to win new converts. This year also marks Year One on the Islamic calender.

Capital

Money and resources used by businesses to purchase the tools and labor necessary for the production of goods.

fiat money

Money that has value because the government has ordered that it is an acceptable means to pay debts

Ghengis Khan

Mongol leader who led their conquest westward and who is renowned for his ability and his ruthlessness.

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

Monthly assessment by the government of whether prices are going up or dropping for the average "market basket" of the American consumer.

Heracles

Mortal son of Zeus, strongest man to ever live

54th Massachusetts

Most famous African American unit that fought exceptionally well at the Battle of Fort Wagner. The unit was formed after some prompting by Frederick Douglas, and their efforts helped to convince Lincoln to expand the role of black troops in the Civil War.

Alphabet

Most important invention of the Phoenicians

Sharecropping

Mostly Freedmen who had no tools or supplies, and worked, farmed, and lived on someone else's land. Borrowed what they needed on credit from the owner. Because they were essentially renting, and not owning the land, they tended to not ever get ahead financially.

Logistics

Movement of troops and supplies in war over a long distance.

Khadija

Muhammad's wife; a wealthy widow who ran a prosperous caravan business. First convert to Islam.

Magyars

Muslims who threatened to overcome a fractured Europe, but who, after defeat were converted to Christianity and established Hungary

M.A.D.

Mutually Assured Destruction

Northwest Passage

Mythical water route from the northeast region of North America to the Pacific Ocean. Many people during the Age of Exploration searched for this route that does not exist. However, the search resulted in the discovery of much of the northeast region of North America by the Europeans.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NATO-, Created in 1949, this organization, whose members include the US, Canada,and most Western European nations, as well as Turkey a agreed to combine military forces and to treat a war against one as a war against one as a war against all.

Rus

Name for the Swedish Vikings given by the "men of the east" This name was most likely the root for the name that would eventually be given to the country of Russia.

Radical Reconstruction

Name for the period of time when extreme elements of the Republican party controlled the Legislative Branch, and mandated what were considered harsh treatment of the southern states who needed to be admitted back into the United States.

Winter at Valley Forge

Name given to the 1777-1778 encampment at Valley Forge by the American military under General Washington. It was America's first real effort to field a professional military against the British.

Monday Morning Quarterbacking

Name given to the activity of criticizing the actions of another after the fact, and without full knowledge of the circumstance faced by the participant.

satellite nation

Nation that is dominated politically and economically by a more powerful nation

NASA

National Aeronautic and Space Administration - a US government agency in charge of the space program

Causes of WW I

Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism

Superpowers

Nations with enough military, political, and economic strength to influence events worldwide.

Metacom

Native American chief who fought against English colonists in the King Philip's War

Navajo Code Talkers

Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not desipher

Pueblo

Native american towns that were the center of farming and trade. Usually made up of flat-roofed, mud brick buildings.

Four Factors of Production

Natural Resources, Labor, Capital, Entrepreneurship

Yankee

Nickname for New England merchants who dominated colonial trade.

The Blitz

Nickname given to the Battle of Britain.

Communist Theory

No human being should be oppressed by another-abolish private property, abolish child labor, provide universal education, nationalize all production and transportation, end racism and imperialism, abolish nations, no religion.

Price inelasticity

No matter how high the price gets, people will still buy certain products.

Capetians

Noble ruling family in France from the late 10th through early 14th centuries following the principle of hereditary kingship. Dynasty ended with the onset of the 100-Years War.

Seljuk Turks

Nomadic invaders from Central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in the name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century; able to restore political initiative to the much reduced caliphate; ended threat of Shi'a conquest

Seljuk Turks

Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; Originally considered Infidels, they converted and became staunch Sunnis; They ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century.

bedouin

Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.

Copperhead

Northerners who advocated making peace with the Confederacy during the Civil War.

16

Number of African-Americans elected to Congress between 1869 and 1880.

27

Number of Amendments that have been added to the Constitution (the book is one short) since the adoption of the Constitution.

29/13

Number of Byzantine Rulers murdered/Number of Byzantine Rulers Exiled.

money wages

Number of dollars (in America) that a worker gets for their labor.

88

Number of emperors that Byzantium had during their time as the world leaders

200,000/40,000

Numbers, given by the book, of Black Soldiers in the Union Army, and them killed in action during the Civil War.

Oligopoly

Occurs when there are few producers of similar products, with a high degree of interdependence between suppliers. Interdependence, in this case, means that the firms tend to have almost the same prices and similar service policies. These firms then cooperate to effectively create a monopoly.

Mycenaean

Of, relating to, or being the Aegean civilization that spread its influence from Mycenae to many parts of the Mediterranean region from about 1580 to 1120 B.C.

Rockefeller

Oil

George Rogers Clark

Older brother of William Clark (from Lewis and Clark)Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779., secured the Northwest Territory for America. Reported to have executed 8 Native-American chiefs in order to scare the soldiers into surrendering.

Battle of the Argonne Forest

On September 26, 1918, more than one million American soldiers pushed into the forest, making it the final Allied offensive. At first, the Americans advanced despite heavy German fire, and after 47 days, they broke through the German offensive and won the battle.

Mu'awiyah

One of Ali's most powerful rivals, the governor of Syria. Carried out conquests in Egypt and Iraq, steadily weakening Ali's hold on the caliphate. Became the first caliph of the powerful Umayyad dynasty.

Isaiah

One of the Old Testament prophets who prophesied about the coming of the Messiah. (Check out his prophesies in Chapter 53 of the book with name)

Conquistador

One of the Spanish soldiers who sought riches and power for themselves, and wealth and glory for Spain, in the conquest of the Americas

ascetic

One who leads a life of self-denial and contemplation; absent of luxury.

Profiteers

One who makes what is considered an unreasonable profit especially on the sale of essential goods during times of emergency.

martyr

One who voluntarily suffers death as the penalty for refusing to renounce their religion.

New Jersey Plan

Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states.

NATO

Organization formed in 1949 as a military alliance of western European and North American states against the Soviet Union and its east European allies.

KKK

Organization of white Southerners who used violence and terrorism to oppose the policies of Reconstruction.

labor unions

Organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages.

Bill of Rights

Original 10 amendments of the Constitution that were added as a block in 1791

Kiev

Original capital city of Russia

Theodoric

Ostrogothic king who kept control of his kingdom by utilizing the basic structures of Roman Society.

13th Amendment

Outlawed slavery

Article V

Part of the Constitution where the formal process of amendment is stated

Quebec Act

Passed in 1774 by the British Parliament, it extended political and legal concessions to the inhabitants of Quebec and granted them religious freedom.

John Paul Jones

Patriot naval leader who commanded the American ship Bonhomme Richard, which defeated the British ship Serapis in 1779 off the coast of England. He also led the only invasion by American forces into the actual mainland of England.

expatriates

People who choose to live in another country.

Sumerians

People who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform, and religious conceptions.

exiles

People who have been forced to leave their own country. They typically would like to return to their own country.

Anti-Federalists

People who opposed the ratification of the Constitution and opposed a strong national government. They actually supported a confederate government (meaning states had more power than the national government), but their name was taken by those who supported the ratification of the Constitution. Also known as Anti-Rats.

Arabs

People who share the Arabic language, and who live mainly in the middle east and northern Africa. Arabs are largely but not exclusively Muslim, with about five percent of Arabs worldwide adhering to Christianity or other religions.

Hittites

People who were among the first to master iron working, meaning they could make the strongest weapons of the time. They also used the chariot, a wheeled, horse-drawn cart used in battle which allowed soldiers to move quickly around a battlefield and fire arrows at their enemy.

Nobles

People who were born into wealthy powerful families, The top level of Sumerian society: the king and his family, the chief priests, and high palace officials.

Babylonian captivity

Period from 587 to 539 B.C. when the Jewish nation did not exist and Jewish leaders were exiled to Babylon.

Omar Khayyam

Persian poet, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher; author of The Rubaiyat, a collection of poems about a man who celebrates the simple pleasures in life

Rumi

Persian poet; he was a Sufi mystic and founded a Sufi order whose members use music and dancing in their rituals. His poems are still read by many today.

Oracle of Delphi

Person representing the god Apollo; allegedly received cryptic messages from the god that had predictive value if the seeker could correctly interpret the communication

warmonger

Person who tries to stir up war. Often used as an ad hominem attack on people who advocate a strong national defense of a nation.

laws of nature

Philosophy that was about natural rights; the belief that everyone should follow certain moral rules and that those rules are often self-evident.

Hippias

Pisistratus' ruthless son; Initially served as a benevolent tyrant, but later became a cruel tyrant was exiled with the help of the Spartans.

Apothetea

Place just outside Sparta where infants deemed unfit were tossed off a cliff to their death.

Countercyclical

Policies or actions that change the direction that the economy is moving.

automatic stabilization

Policies that automatically alter taxes or spending in response to economic fluctuations in order to offset changes in household consumption levels.

escalation

Policy of increasing military involvement in Vietnam

regressive tax policy

Policy where the tax percent decreases with increasing salary; people with higher salaries receive more tax benefits than people with lower salaries

Solidarity

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.

Roman Forum

Political center of the Roman Empire; ideal place for dramatic public speeches; town square.

Centuriate Assembly

Political organization of the entire Roman army; made decisions of war and peace; served as the court of appeals for life/property cases. Elected higher officials for Rome.

Patricians

Powerful landowners who controlled Roman government and society

reserved powers

Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states belong to the states and the people

concurrent powers

Powers shared by the national and state governments

vertical integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Star Wars (The Defense Program)

President Reagan's proposed weapons system to destroy Soviet missiles from space.

Dollar Diplomacy

President Taft's policy of linking American business interests to diplomatic interests abroad

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

35 years old, Natural-Born citizen of the US.

President and Vice President of the United States

Jefferson Davis

President of the CSA. West Point grad, Secretary of State, and soldier who had fought for the US during the Mexican-American War.

POTUS

President of the United States

Rutherford B. Hayes

President that ended Reconstruction with the Compromise of 1877

Constantinople

Previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome.

collective bargaining

Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract.

Sophists

Professional teachers in ancient Greece who traveled from city to city teaching others. They argued that to understand the universe was simply beyond the reach of the human mind.

pacification

Program to win hearts and minds of South Vietnamese people, pacify opposition in countryside, involved construction projects, relocation of villagers, and burning of villages

deflation

Prolonged decline in the general price level of goods and services

Pope Leo III

Protected by Charlemagne from his enemies in Rome, he subsequently strengthened Charlemagne's position by crowning him as Roman Emperor.

Provide for the Common Defense

Protecting the nation against threats from other nations or outside aggression.

4th Amendment

Protects U.S. citizens against illegal search and seizure.

scapegoating

Provides a convenient group or person to blame when things go wrong in one's personal life or in the community.

Otto Von Bismark

Prussian prime minister, he led the unification of Germany and the creation of the German empire. He had maintain an alliance between Germany, France, and Great Britain.

Basillica

Public roman building for legal and other civic proceedings. This construction style was later adapted to build the great cathedrals of Europe.

John Winthrop

Puritan leader who became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Nathanael Greene

Quaker-born member of Washington's General staff who lost the Battle of Washington Heights, but later led the American forces to victory in the South in 1781.

Hatshepsut

Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged. (p.66)

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Queen of France and England; she was one of the most powerful women in Europe during the Middle Ages. She was the mother of two future leaders of England.

Vanderbilt

Railroads

Constitution of the United States

Ratified by the original thirteen states, The foundation of our country's national government; was drafted in Philadelphia in 1787; establishes a government with direct authority over all citizens, it defines the powers of the national government, and it establishes protection for the rights of states and of every individual

19th Amendment

Ratified in 1920, this Amendment gave women the right to vote in Federal Elections.

Radical Reconstruction

Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war

Founding Fathers

Refers to the fifty-five delegates to the Constitutional Convention who drafted the Consitution of the U.S.

Indo-European

Refers to the group of people who used a language derived from a parent tongue. The languages include Greek, Latin, Persian, Sanskrit, and the Germanic Languages.

Boat People

Refugees who have left a country by sea, in particular the Vietnamese who fled in small boats to Hong Kong, Australia, and elsewhere after the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam in 1975.

768-814

Reign of Charlemagne

971-931

Reign of King Solomon

Cambyses

Reigned 530-521 BC. Son of Cyrus the Great, conquered Egypt after his father died. Completely ignored the policy of toleration set by father (Cyrus). He is considered incompetent, because he overextended the empire into Egypt.

Herbert Hoover

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

Daniel Morgan

Reputed hard-drinking, hard-fighting leader under the command of Nathaniel Greene who devised and executed the brilliant plan to defeat the British at the Battle of Cowpens.

compulsory education

Requirement that children attend school up to a certain age

-25 years old -7 years a U.S. citizen -Resident of the state you represent

Requirements to be a member of the House of Representatives

-30 years old -9 years a U.S. citizen

Requirements to be a member of the U.S. Senate

-35 years old -Natural Born Citizen -14 years a resident of the U.S.

Requirements to become President of the United States

arete

Respect earned by a person through achievement or demonstrated skill.

kleos

Respect given to person merely of who they are.

right of legation

Right to send and receive diplomatic representatives such as ambassadors and other foreign service officers.

1. Freedom of Religion 2. Freedom of Speech 3. Freedom of the Press 4. Freedom of Assembly 5. Freedom of Petition

Rights protected by the 1st Amendment

agoge

Rigorous training system that Spartan boys were required to join at age 7.

Nile

River in Egypt; gave life to the Egyptian desert; Biannual flooding; longest river in the world (Over 4000 Mi. long) Had cataracts or rapids; provided fertile soil

Nero

Roman Emperor notorious for his monstrous vice and fantastic luxury (was said to have started a fire that destroyed much of Rome in 64) but the Empire remained prosperous during his rule (37-68) Made Christians into candles, and ordered the execution Peter and Paul.

Livy

Roman historian whose history of Rome filled 142 volumes (of which only 35 survive) including the earliest history of the war with Hannibal (59 BC to AD 17)

Quaestors

Roman public finance and record officials (roughly a treasurer). They had to be at least 25 years old.

Diocletian

Roman ruler (284-305) who launch "The Great Persecution"

Seneca

Roman statesman and philosopher who was an advisor to Nero. Source of much of the information about the rule of Nero.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Philip IV

Ruled from 1285-1314. In 1302 was involved in a quarrel with the pope. The pope refused to allow priests to pay him taxes, he disputed the right of the pope to control Church affairs in his kingdom. To win wider support he decided to include commoners in the meeting.Held the pope prisoner. In 1305, persuaded the College of Cardinals to choose a French archbishop as pope.

czars

Rulers of Russia until 1917; were supposedly appointed by God and saw themselves as "Gods" of Russia.

Force Theory

Says that government emerged when all the people of an area were brought under the authority of one person or group. Those who have the tools of power, and who are willing to use them effectively, rule.

Enrico Fermi

Scientist who oversaw the first successful sustained nuclear chain reaction in Chicago on Dec. 2, 1942.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)

Aegean

Sea that separated Greece and Asia Minor

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

Phoenicians

Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. Famous for developing the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, these merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, and engaged in widespread commerce.

30 years old, 9 years a US citizen

Senate

Emancipation Proclamation

September 22, 1862 - Lincoln freed all slaves in the states that had seceded, after the Northern victory at the Battle of Antietam. Lincoln had no power to enforce the law, but it did change the moral reasoning for the war.

Tet Offensive

Series of coordinated and violent NVA attacks all over South Vietnam in 30 January 1968 - 28 March of 1968. Because the US government had been indicating that the war was drawing to a close, this action created doubt about the whether or not the government was accurately portraying the war to the American people.

Federalist Papers

Series of essays by Federalists; James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, written to support the ratification of the Constitution.

The Arabian Nights

Set in time with Caliph Harun al-Rashid. Aristotle in Arabic. This piece of literature showed the splendor of the Abbasid court.

economic system

Set of rules that governs what goods and services to produce, how to produce them, and for whom they are produced.

North America, South America, Asia, Europe, Australia, Africa, Antarctica

Seven Continents

stock

Shares of ownership in a corporation

Dorothea Dix

She wanted reform in prisons and the creation of insane asylums because insane people were being held in boxes and otherwise mistreated.

Mycenae

Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. In Homer's epic poems Mycenae was the base of King Agamemnon, who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy.

surplus

Situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded

-Who -What -Where -When -Why -How

Six basics questions that must be addressed in any retelling or learning of History.

helots

Slaves to the Spartans that revolted and nearly destroyed Sparta in 650 B.C.E.

"Cuba Libre"

Slogan used in Cuba to build support against the Spanish government.

"Remember the Maine"

Slogan used to build up support for the American military action against the Spanish in Cuba.

Guerrillas

Small bands of fighters who weaken the enemy with surprise raids and hit-and-run attacks

Patriarchal

Societies in which women defer to men; societies run by men and based on the assumption that men naturally directed political, economic, and cultural life.

fascist

Someone who advocates or supports a political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized government headed by a dictator, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition.

The Discouraged Worker

Someone who would like to work but has stopped looking after failing to find work.

assets

Something that a firm has on hand

store of value

Something that keeps its value if it is stored rather than used; piggy bank.

The Law of Unintended Consequences

Sometimes a new rule/law is created that has the exact opposite outcome of what it was intended to accomplish. Something leaders should always anticipate before making new law.

Tutenkhamen

Son of Akhenaten who was killed at a young age, he was one of the most famous finds by archaeologists

Constantine

Son of Constantius who "studied" under Diocletian, and eventually became the ruler of the Roman Empire

Xerxes

Son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C.

Xerxes

Son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with between 150K and 1.5 million troops in 480 B.C. (Yeah, that is a rather large range)

Francis Marion

South Carolina militia leader nicknamed the "Swamp Fox" for his hit-and-run attacks on the British during the American Revolution.

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves in the aftermath of the Civil War.

Nikita Khrushchev

Soviet Leader who followed Stalin (September 14, 1953 - October 14, 1964). He publicly stated his desire to seek peace between the USSR and America (as well as with other nations) but his actual actions were quite provocative and led to events like the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish Explorer who discovered and named Florida while searching for the "Fountian of Youth"

Hernando Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)

Missions

Spanish settlement in the new world, to convert natives to Christianity

Sir Walter Raleigh

Sponsor of an ill-fated expedition of colonists, who in 1587 settled Roanoke Island on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, also known as the 'Lost Colony.'

4 foot 8 1/2 inches

Standard Gauge for American Railroads.

Jim Crow Laws

State laws formerly pervasive throughout the South requiring public facilities and accommodations to be segregated by race; ruled unconstitutional in the 1957 Supreme Court Case Brown v. Board of Education.

Secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity

Stated idea that the Founders were creating the Constitution to give them their freedom, but also to keep liberty alive for generations to come.

Open Door Policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

positive statements

Statements made utilizing provable, predictable things. (i.e. facts) Concerns what "is", "was", or "will be", and contains no indication of approval or disapproval (what should be). (Can, on occasion, still be wrong)

border states

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.

Fifteenth Amendment

States that no one can be kept from voting because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

Carnegie

Steel

Thutmose

Stepson of Hatshepsut. Had large army. Conquered Syria and other lands for Egypt. Trade made the Egyptians rich.Built obelisk.Ruled 1700 BC

SALT Agreement

Strategic Arms Limitations Talks by Nixon and Brezhnev in Moscow in May, 1972. Limited Anti-Ballistic Missiles to two major departments and 200 missiles.

Berlin Airlift

Successful effort by the United States and Britain to ship by air 2.3 million tons of supplies to the residents of the Western-controlled sectors of Berlin from June 1948 to May 1949, in response to a Soviet blockade of all land and canal routes to the divided city.

Federalists

Supporter of the ratification of the Constitution who favored a strong NATIONAL government. (such a government would be the exact opposite of a federal government...but the word Federalist was popular with voters at the time...so they used it to name their movement) Also known as Rats.

vertical integration

System of a corporation gaining control of all the steps used to change raw materials into finished products.

Republican Form of Government

System of government in which power is held by the voters and is exercised by elected representatives responsible for promoting the common welfare.

eugenics

Systematic approach that encourages or forces selective breeding among human beings. Spartans used it, and many nations have attempted it.

rationing

Taking items that are in short supply and distributing them according to a system.

income tax

Tax paid to the state, federal, and local governments based on income earned over the past year. The first federal version of these was instituted during the Civil War.

social insurance taxes

Taxes that are collected to fund government programs that help the elderly, ill, and unemployed citizens.

Commander in Chief

Term for the President as commander of the nation's armed forces

supply

Term given to number of units that a firm is able to produce and willing sell

Robber Barons

Term used to described men who grew businesses through aggressive tactics. Most of the successful ones also benefited consumers by driving down costs to keep their businesses profitable. The name was usually used by those who lost in their competition with these men.

dividend

That part of the earnings of a corporation that is distributed to its shareholders

Marbury v. Madison

The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).

Rome, Antioch, Alexandria, Jerusalem

The 1st Four Diocese of the Catholic Church

AEF

The American Expeditionary Force. By June 1918, more than one million American troops reached France. Commanding this army (AEF) was General John J. Pershing.

Battle of Trenton

The Americans surprised the Hessian troops guarding Trenton and took most of them prisoner; the Americans won. First of the twin American victories that helped save the American war effort in 1776.

Boudicca

The Celtic queen that formented one of the more serious rebellions of the Celts in Britain.

1893 Columbian Exposition

The Chicago World's Fair that celebrated Columbus' first journey to the West.

Charles Martel

The Frankish commander for the battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslims in the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Middle Ages.

Great Sphinx

The Great Sphinx of Giza (Arabic: "The Father of Fear") is a half-human, half-lion Sphinx statue in Egypt, on the Giza Plateau at the west bank of the Nile River, near modern-day Cairo.

June 25, 1950

The Korean War officially starts as North Korea invades South Korea.

April 30, 1975

The North Vietnam government seized control of the South Vietnamese capitol of Saigon, renaming it Ho Chi Minh city, and unifying the country of Vietnam under a Communist government.

Dred Scott Decision

The Supreme Court decision that partially led to the Civil War. Landmark court decision that ruled that slaves were property and antislavery laws were unconstitutional

Allah

The Supreme God of the Islamic Faith. His name comes from the Arabic language, and pre-dates the birth of Islam.

What? How? For Whom?

The Three Basic Economic Questions

Battle of Iwo Jima

The U.S. invasion, charged with the mission of capturing the three airfields on this island, resulted in some of the fiercest fighting in the Pacific Campaign of World War II. The Americans had massive advantages in manpower and weaponry, but the Japanese used their fortifications and determination to inflict heavy losses on the American forces before the Americans finally took control of the island and its airfields.

January 1973

The US and North Vietnam signed an agreement declaring a cease-fire in the American involvement in Vietnam. By 1974 almost all of the American troops had left Vietnam.

"Double V" campaign

The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad."

infanticide

The act of killing an infant

siege

The action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified place and isolates it while continuing to attack

Potsdam Agreement

The agreement between France, the U.K., Russia, the Soviet Union, and the U.S that divided Germany after World War II. This agreement led, eventually, to the dissection of Germany, and thus the Cold War between Russia and the United States.

reserve requirement

The amount of liquid assets and ready cash that banks are required to hold to meet depositors' demands for their money

First Continental Congress

The assembly of colonial delegates from every colony except Georgia that met in 1774 in Philadelphia to oppose the Intolerable Acts.

indexed

The automatic correction by law or contract of a dollar amount for the effects of inflation

diocese

The basic unit of geographic organization in the Roman Catholic Church.

city-states

The basic units of Sumerian civilization. An independent or autonomous entity whose territory consists of a city which is not administered as a part of another local government.

Battle of Yarmuk

The battle consisted of a series of engagements that lasted for six days in August 636, near the Yarmuk River, along what is today the border between Syria and Jordan, south-east of the Sea of Galilee. The result of the battle was a complete Muslim victory which permanently ended Byzantine rule south of Anatolia. This battle is regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history, and it marked the first great wave of Islamic conquests after the death of Muhammad, heralding the rapid advance of Islam into the then Christian Levant.

monotheism

The belief in one god.

Social Contract Theory

The belief that people are free and equal by natural right, and that this in turn requires that all people give their consent to be governed; espoused by John Locke and influential in the writing of the declaration of independence.

Immortals

The best fighters in the Persian army. They earned this name because their number never fell below 10.000. When an Immortal becamse sick, was wounded, or died, another soldier took his place. The Immortals had the honor of leading the Persian army into battle.

Legislative Branch

The branch of government that makes the laws. The essential details of this branch are included in Article 1 of the Constitution.

executive branch

The branch of government, headed by the president, that carries out the nation's laws and policies

Executive Branch

The branch of government, headed by the president, that carries out the nation's laws and policies. The details of this branch are included in Article 2 of the Constitution.

judicial branch

The branch of government, including the federal court system, that interprets the nation's laws

Judicial Branch

The branch of government, including the federal court system, that interprets the nation's laws. This branch is detailed (sorta) in Article 3 of the Constitution.

White City

The buildings created in Chicago for the 1893 World Columbian Exposition. A temporary plaster city built for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, designed by a team lead by architect Daniel Burnham, that showcased the Beaux Arts style of architecture and late the City Beautiful movement and belief in the role of the built environment as an uplifting and civilizing influence.

open market operations

The buying and selling of Treasury Securities by the Federal Reserve in order to control the money supply

Constantinople

The capital of the eastern Roman Empire and later of the Byzantine Empire. The survival of this city as Christian center until 1453 effectively blocked Westward expansion of Islam into Central Europe.

Ahuramazda

The chief Iranian god, who was the creator and benefactor of all living creatures; unlike Yahweh, he was not a lone god.

Greek Orthodox Church

The church that would develop in the eastern half of the Roman Empire (Byzantium). The first split in Christendom was between the Bishop in Rome and the Bishops still under the control /influence of the Emperor in Constantinople.

caliph

The civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth

"Loaded Rate"

The combination of fixed wages+benefits+taxes paid to both the federal and the state governments by an employers.

umma

The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. The first head of the Umma was Mohammed.

popular sovereignty

The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government

Thirteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

Supremacy Clause

The constitutional provision that makes the Constitution and federal laws superior to all conflicting state and local laws.

November 11, 1918

The day World War I ended after the German leaders agreed to the armistice terms-the eleventh day of the eleventh month.

derived demand

The demand for a resource that depends on the demand for the products it helps to produce.

capital gains

The difference between a higher selling price and lower purchase price, resulting in financial gain for seller

Nationalism

The doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other. It helped a country feel good about itself, but it also tended to lead to conflicts between neighboring countries.

Boston Tea Party

The dumping of 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor by colonists in 1773 to protest the Tea Act

elasticity

The effect that an increase in prices has on demand.

The Labor Theory of Value

The exchange value of a commodity is determined solely by the amount of labor required to produce that commodity

Reconstruction Act of 1867

The first law ever passed by Congress after a presidential veto, it set up the conditions for reconstruction of the South.

1869 Red Stockings

The first professional baseball team in America.

In order to form a more perfect union

The first reason given for the writing of the U.S. Constitution; meaning, that the new government would be better than the government under the Articles of Confederation.

Jamestown

The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop.

satrap

The governor of a province in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, often a relative of the king. He was responsible for protection of the province and for forwarding tribute to the central administration. Enjoyed much power.

Emperor

The head of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Byzantium.

Mount Olympus

The highest mountain in Greece, where the ancient Greeks believed many of their gods and goddesses lived

domino theory

The idea that if a nation falls under Communist control, nearby nations will also fall under Communist control.

Divine Right Theory

The idea that the God/gods chose the person or family to rule. Rulers were considered a god or descendants of the gods or chosen by the god. To oppose the monarch was to oppose God.

Fireside Chats

The informal radio conversations Roosevelt had with the people to keep spirits up. It was a means of communicating with the people on how he would take on the depression. Considered the prime example of the President effectively using the media to communicate this ideas to the people.

diversification

The introduction of new products or services by a business to increase their profits, while not necessarily increasing their cash outlay significantly.

Corinthian column

The latest of the three Greek styles that shows the influence of Egyptian columns in their capitals, which are shaped like inverted bells. Capitals are also decorated with olive, laurel, or acanthus leaves.

6 days

The length of time that the Battle of Marathon took.

Apennine Mountains

The major North-South mountain range that divides Italy.

Majority Rule and Minority Rights

The majority must always be willing to listen to a minority's argument, to hear objections, to bear its criticms, and welcome its suggestions. Majority will mostly be right but must also bear with the minority's argument and criticms

patriarch

The male head of a family or tribal line. Term was also used to denote a principal bishop in the eastern branch of Christianity.

product market

The market in which households purchase the goods and services that firms produce

Constitutional Convention

The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution.

expenditure approach

The method that adds all expenditures made for "final goods and services" to measure the "Gross domestic product (GDP)"

Bourgeoisie

The middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

"Europe First"

The military strategy set forth by Churchill and adopted by Roosevelt that called for the defeat of Hitler in Europe before the United States launched an all-out strike against Japan in the Pacific

Discretionary

The money that an individual or family has left to spend or save after buying such necessities as food, clothing, shelter, and basic transportation.

concrete

The most important construction invention of the Romans, allowed them to build their greatest buildings.

Oracle of Delphi

The most important shrine in Greece. It was thought of as the center of the universe.

stoicism

The most popular philosophy of the Hellenistic world, founded by Zeno, based on the concept that happiness, the supreme good, could be obtained by living in harmony with the will of God. Thereby obtaining inner peace.

Persecution tends to create new converts/More followers

The most predictable outcome of a government policy to crush a religious movement.

Fight/Flight mechanism

The natural human reaction to either run away from danger or fight back aggressively to preserve life.

Henry Clinton

The new British Commander-in-Chief who led their efforts in South after 1778.

Marrakech

The northern African capital of Islam,founded by Almoravids

unemployment

The number of Americans who are out of work, but actively looking for a job. The number does not usually include those who are not looking.

Continental Army

The official army of the colonies, created by Second Continental Congress and led by George Washington

Doric column

The oldest and simplest Greek style--its found on the Parthenon in Athens. This column features fluted sides, a smooth rounded top, or capital, and no separate base.

Foreign Service

The part of the State Department that supplies diplomats for the United States embassies and consulates around the world

Underground Economy

The part of the economy in which transactions take place and in which income is generated that is unreported and therefore not counted in GDP.

Nubians

The people in Eastern Africa south of Egypt who were rivals of the ancient Egyptians and known for their flourishing kingdom between the 400s BC and the 400s CE. They speak their own language and were known by the Egyptians for their darker skin.

Hyksos

The people who invaded Egypt thus beginning the second Intermediate period during which the Hyksos ( a word meaning "foreigner) ruled as pharaohs in Lower Egypt and exacted tribute from the royal families in Thebes.

Population

The people who live in the State. For America this number is over 300 Million, for China, 1.4 Billion.

New Kingdom

The period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory. Started after Akmose defeated the Hyksos and Nubians and returned control of Egypt to Egyptians.

Reconstruction

The period following the civil war. In its broadest sense, this was the period (usually defined as 1865-1877) during which the United States began to rebuild and repair the nation after the Civil War.

New Kingdom

The period of ancient Egyptian history that followed the overthrow of the Hyksos rulers, lasting from about 1570 to 1075 B.C.

Creative Destruction

The perpetual cycle of destroying the old and less efficient products or services and replacing them with the new, better, or more efficient ones. If a business ceases to be of value to the consumer, the business must either change to meet the needs of the consumer, or go out of business.

Yahweh

The personal name of the God of Israel, revealed to Moses on Mt. Sinai, meaning "I am who I am."

economies of scale

The phenomenon by which businesses can churn out products more cheaply and quickly as they grow bigger. -The ability to buy resources or products at lower costs -the ability to afford more efficient tools and have workers specialize so they can be more efficient -the ability to distribute fixed costs among more products -the ability to afford more research and development.

"We the people"

The phrase, at the beginning of the US Constitution, that sets out the ideal of self-government.

marginal physical product

The physical output that is due to the addition of one more unit of a variable factor of production; the change in total product occurring when a variable input is increased and all other inputs are held constant; also called marginal product.

Point of Equilibrium

The point at which the supply and demand curves meet, so the amount buyers want to buy equals the amount sellers want to sell and the price buyers are willing to pay equals the prices sellers are willing to take.

judicial review

The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional

10th Amendment

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Inherent Powers

The powers of the national government in foreign affairs that the Supreme Court has declared do not depend on constitutional grants but rather grow out of the very existence of the national government

diminishing marginal utility

The principle that our additional satisfaction, or our marginal utility, tends to go down as more and more units are consumed.

abdicate

The process of giving up power in order to retreat to a peaceful cause. This was seen in the second condition of Wilson's agreement to stop fighting when he asked the German emperor to do this. A statement by the leader of a country that basically says "I QUIT"

redistribution of wealth

The process or government policy of spreading the wealth and goods produced evenly amongst all people in order to prevent a world of "haves" versus "have-nots".

Battle of Britain

The prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and the aerial combat that accompanied it

money supply

The quantity of money available in the economy

discount rate

The rate of interest set by the Federal Reserve that member banks are charged when they borrow money through the Federal Reserve System

habeas corpus

The right not to be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime.

eminent domain

The right of the government to take private property and utilize it for public use. Usually requires adequate compensation by the government to the property owners

New South

The rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy

consumer sovereignty

The role of consumer as the ruler of the market, determining what products will be produced

Chief Diplomat

The role of the president in recognizing foreign governments, making treaties, and effecting executive agreements.

Franz Joseph

The ruler of Austria-Hungary when WWI started. He was planning to attack Serbia for their ports. When Serbia murdered Franz Ferdinand, he attacked Serbia, which effectively started WWI.

Article I

The section of the Constitution dealing with Congress

money

The set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people

About the size of the State of Louisiana (or about 50000 sq miles.)

The size of Greece

astronomy

The study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space. The study of this field requires a solid grasp of mathematics.

Aten

The sun disc. God which gained prominence during the reign of Amenhotep III and was declared the sole god by Akhenaten during his reign.

Zeus

The supreme god of ancient Greek mythology

Millard Fillmore

The thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office.

The Slitter

The title given to the person who carried out the initial cut that started the Egyptian Mummification process.

wealth

The tools or products that are accumulated in an economic system.

income approach

The total or sum of all income earned in the production of GDP. One of two ways to calculate GDP. Accuracy of this approach is largely dependent on the total of the Underground Economy.

Gross National Product

The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year.

division of labor

The type of arrangement in which each worker specializes in a particular task or job.

blockade

The use of troops or ships to prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city or region or country.

Status Quo Ante Bellum

The way things were before the war.

Polytheistic

The worship of many gods. Mecca, before Mohammad, was an area where this practice dominated.

303 A.D.

The year that "The Great Persecution" started

1871

The year that Germany officially became a country.

610 A.D.

The year that Mohammad claims to have had a revelation from the Angel Gabriel. This marks the beginning of the Muslim narrative.

Keynesian Economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Articles of the Constitution

These are the main areas of the US Constitution which lay out the establishment of all three branches of the Government -- the legislative, the executive and the judicial as well as the establishment of states and their relationship to the federal government and how the Constitution can be amended, how National law is supreme and how the Constitution will be ratified.

Selective Service Act

This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. By the end of WWI, 24.2 had registered; 2.8 had been inducted into the army. Age limit was later changed to 18 to 45.

Giovanni da Verrazano

This Florentine navigator in 1524 under the direction of the French Monarchy found New York Harbor and searched much of the North East Coast of North America

13th Amendment

This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States.

Article II

This article of the Constitution established the Executive Branch.

Mayflower Compact

This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule.

Articles of Confederation

This document, our first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage, this document, the nations first constitution.

Magna Carta

This document, signed by King John of Endland in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights

Abbasid Dynasty

This dynasty claimed descent from Abbas, the uncle of Muhammad. Their capital was located at Baghdad, on the Tigris River, and their empire became too large and its people too diverse to hold together politically and administratively. They also opened up faith to all comers. (750-1265)

Ionic column

This is a Greek column with short, fluted shafts and scroll-like decorations on its capital.

Wealth of Nations

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.

pool

This occurs when a number of companies work together, and divide up a geographic location with the goal of artificially driving prices higher for consumers.

Protestant Reformation

This was a movement that began when Martin Luther nailed the 95 theses to a castle church door in Germany. It split the Church in Europe

Expressed Powers

Those delegated powers of the National Government that are spelled out, expressly, in the Constitution; also called the "enumerated powers"

Implied Powers

Those delegated powers of the National Government that are suggested by the expressed powers set out in the Constitution; those "necessary and proper" to carry out the expressed powers

Slaves

Those owned by Nobles of Sumerian civilization who were often utilized for public and commercial purposes.

Separatists

Those who wanted to break all connections with the Church of England as opposed to most puritans who believed it was possible to reform the church.

Money is: A medium of exchange A Measure of value A Store of Value

Three Functions of Money list in the book

Baghdad, Damascus, Cairo

Three cities known as centers of administrative, cultural and economic activity for their regions during the initial high point of Islamic civilization.

324-1453

Time span of the Byzantine Empire, and the existence of the city of Constantinople.

popes

Title given to the head of the Roman Catholic Church in Rome.

exile

To banish someone from their native country

impeach

To formally charge a public official with misconduct in office

Cabeza de Vaca

Took over when Panfilio Narvaez was captured, and led his men to safety in Mexico

average fixed cost

Total fixed cost divided by output.

Romulus and Remus

Traditional story of how Rome began. Twins abandoned and rescued by a wolf, raised by a shepherd . Grew to build Rome. Romulus later killed Remus

Treaty of Paris of 1783

Treaty signed in 1783 that officially ended the American Revolution. Great Britain recognized the United States as an independent country.

Siege of Stalingrad

Turning point in Germany's assault on Soviet Union in 1942; despite massive losses, Russians successfully defended the city; over one-third of German army surrendered.

complementary goods

Two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a fall in the demand for the other

complementary goods

Two goods that are used together

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in the Pacific Campaign in World War II.

posterity

US! We are the recipients of their efforts back in 1787...and your children, and their children, were intended also to share in this blessing.

Potsdam Declaration

Ultimatum from the Potsdam Conference that was issued by the United States, Great Britain and China to Japan offering that country the choice between unconditional surrender and total annihilation.

Glasnost

Under Gorbachev, Soviet policies that opened up the political system and allowed for freedom of expression.

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)

Battle of Gettysburg

Union Civil War victory that turned the tide against the Confederates at Gettysburg, Pennslyvania, resulted in the loss of 50,000 soldiers. Won by the North, but also the spot of Meade's failure to bring the war to a quick and decisive end.

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union General who destroyed a swath of the South during his "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah. This action is considered an example of total war.

-Slowdowns -Boycotts -Sit-Down Strikes -Strike -Union Labels -Political Action Committees -Picket Lines

Union Weapons for accomplishing their goals (list all 7)

company unions

Unions organized, supported or run by employers to head off efforts by others to organize workers

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Frederick Douglass

United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)

George Goethals

United States army officer and engineer who supervised the construction of the Panama Canal (1858-1928)

Andrew Carnegie

Using vertical integration, he lead U.S. Steel as it became the biggest and most successful American Steel Company.

Green Mountain Boys

Vermont colonial militia led by Ethan Allen that made a surprise attack on Fort Ticonderoga

skyscraper

Very tall building found in the city

VPOTUS

Vice-President of the United States

Andrew Johnson

Vice-President who assumed the presidency after the death of Abraham Lincoln. Was the first American president to be impeached in 1868.

Tet

Vietnamese New Year's Celebration

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War. This unit became legendary when the Newspapers told the nation of their exploits.

King Phillip II Augustus

Waged war against Plantagenet rulers of England, enlarging the power of the French monarchy

Bracero Program

Wartime agreement between the United States and Mexico to import farm workers to meet a perceived manpower shortage; the agreement was in effect from 1941 to 1947.

Flatiron Building

Was 22 stories high and 307 feet. It was an enduring symbol of New York. People loved it because of the shape and the pretty view.

Flatiron Building

Was 22 stories high and 307 feet. It was an enduring symbol of New York. People loved it because of the shape and the pretty view. Later was the place that Spiderman worked.

John D. Rockefeller

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

Socratic Method

Way of teaching developed by Socrates that used a question-and-answer format to force students to use their reason to see things for themselves

"Seward's Folly"

What many Americans called Alaska after the purchase of it because they thought of it as a land of icy mountains and frozen fish

1453

What year did Constantinople fall to invaders, opening Eastern Europe to Muslim invasions?

7:22 A.M. on April 15, 1865

When Abraham Lincoln died.

1607

When Jamestown was started.

price elastic

When price does matter, higher prices mean customers will buy less of the product and lower prices mean customers will buy more of the product

crowding-out effect

When the government spends more to provide goods and services, the people tend to spend less on private investments.

The dictatorship of the Proletariat

When the workers controlled the government, and society would wither away with a classless development. Anticipated that "guidance and education" from the Communist Party would be necessary for such a dictatorship to thrive.

authoritarian

When those in power hold absolute power and unchallenged authority over the people.

factor market

Where all sales of the factors of production (natural resources, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship) take place.

religious tolerance

Willingness to let others practice their own beliefs

Iron Curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.

Central Powers

World War I alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers

World war I alliance of Britain, France, and Russia, and later joined by Italy, the United States, and others.

scriptoria

Writing rooms where monks copied the works of early Christianity, such as the Bible, but also the works of Latin classical authors

constitution

Written plan of government

Allah=Islam

Yahweh=Christianity

570 A.D.

Year that Mohammad was born.

1787

Year that the American Constitution was written.

1949

Year that: -Soviet Union exploded their first nuclear weapon -Mao Zedong became the leader of a newly communist China

Zahi Hawass

Zahi Hawass an Egyptian archaeologist, an Egyptologist and the current Secretary General of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities. He has also worked at archaeological sites in the Nile Delta, the Western Desert, and the Upper Nile Valley.

English Bill of Rights

a 1689 document that guaranteed the rights of English citizens

Pontiac's War

a 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area

Plessey v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Boxer Rebellion

a 1900 rebellion in which members of a Chinese secret society sought to free their country from Western influence.

Gettysburg Address

a 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg. Considered one of the greatest speeches in American History.

Seine

a French river that flows through the heart of Paris and then northward into the English Channel

Odyssey

a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the journey of Odysseus after the fall of Troy

Zoroaster

a Persian prophet, lived around 600 B.C. taught that the earth is a battleground where a great struggle if fought between the spirit of good and the spirit of evil, founder of Zoroasterianism

General Court

a Puritan representative assembly elected by the freemen; they assisted the governor; this was the early form of Puritan democracy in the 1600's

Alexander Nevsky

a Russian prince who collected taxes for the Mongols, fought off enemies, and put down peasant riots. He was sainted by the Russian Orthodox Church after his death.

Contract

a binding agreement between two or more persons that is enforceable by law

frieze

a broad horizontal band of sculpted or painted decoration, especially on a wall near the ceiling.

monopoly

a business market where only one business has control of the industry.

necropolis

a cemetery—literally, a "city of the dead."

agora

a central area in Greek cities used both as a marketplace and as a meeting place

keystone

a central stone at the summit of an arch, locking the whole together.

Unitary Government

a centralized government in which all government powers belong to a single central agency

City-State

a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit.

chivalry

a code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle.

mythology

a collection of myths or stories, usually about the gods and their relationships to human beings; the study of myths.

union shop

a company allowed to hire nonunion workers on the condition that they will join the union within a specified time

workable competition

a competitive market economy where the business/government relationship encourages free trade, without encouraging abuse, and where business have a playing field where success is possible.

Appeals Court

a court whose jurisdiction is to review decisions of lower courts or agencies

bazaar

a covered (the book notes that it needs to be covered) market consisting of a street lined with shops; a place where miscellaneous items are sold

cash crop

a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

Supply curve

a curve that shows the relationship between the price of a product and the quantity of the product supplied.

supply curve

a curve that shows the relationship between the price of a product and the quantity of the product supplied.

Spirit of St. Louis

a custom airplane used by Charles Lindbergh to make the first solo, non-stop trans-Atlantic flight

Sabbath

a day set apart to rest and honor God

lexicon

a dictionary; a specialized vocabulary used in a particular field or place

jihad

a doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as "Holy War," Jihad represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up the religious standards set by the Qu'ran.

patents

a document granting an inventor sole rights to an invention

oligarchy

a form of government in which all power is vested in a few persons or in a dominant class or clique; government by the few.

federalism (after ratification)

a form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states

Federal Government

a form of government in which powers are divided between a central government and several local governments

totalitarianism

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

gauntlet

a form of punishment in which a person is forced to run between two lines of men facing each other and armed with clubs or whips or other weapons to beat or harm the victim

impeachment

a formal accusation of misconduct in office against a public official

alliance

a formal agreement establishing an association or alliance between nations or other groups to achieve a particular aim

petition

a formal message requesting something that is submitted to an authority

Normandy

a former province of northwestern France on the English channel, land given by the Franks to the Vikings so they would convert to Christianity.

redoubt

a fort or fort system usually consisting of an enclosed defensive emplacement outside a larger fort, usually relying on earthworks, though others are constructed of stone or brick.[

Presidio

a fortress established in the southwestern United States by the Spanish in order to protect their missions and other holdings

coureur de bois

a french word meaning "runner of the woods" this was a person who traded with American Indians for fur

trust

a group of corporations run by a single board of directors.

board of directors

a group of persons chosen to govern the affairs of a corporation or other large institution

trade union

a group of workers, usually who do the same type of job, who organize to give them more power in negotiations.

boycott

a group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies

hypocaust

a hollow space under the floor of an ancient Roman building, into which hot air was sent for heating a room or bath.

Townshend Act

a law by the British Parliament which states the colonists had to pay a tax on products such as lead, glass, tea, paper and paints

Bill of Rights

a list of rights that are granted to citizens of a nation. (in this reference, it does not refer to the list that we added to the U.S. Constitution)

depression

a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment

monk

a man who separates himself from ordinary human society in order to pursue a life of total dedication to God

guerilla

a member of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying his or her country.

aristocrat

a member of a rich and powerful family

minimum wage

a minimum price that an employer can pay a worker for an hour of labor

Cincinnatus

a model dictator for the Romans. He organized an army, led the Romans to victory, attended victory celebrations, and returned to his farmland all within 16 days.

Enlightenment

a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

isolationism

a national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

natron

a naturally occurring white chemical substance that was used in the mummification process as a dehydrating agent. (Na2CO3·10H2O+NaHCO3)

civilian

a nonmilitary citizen

consuls

a pair of leaders of the Roman Republic, chosen every two years, who led the Roman Army into battle

Alhambra

a palace at Granada, Spain, built by the Moors in the 14th century, whose colored mosaics show patterns and geometric figures

Territory

a particular area of land

Arabian Peninsula

a peninsula in Southwest Asia, bounded by the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Arabian Sea; place where Islam originated

procurator

a person authorized to act for another

mestizo

a person of mixed spanish and native american ancestry

vassal

a person under the protection of a feudal lord to whom he or she owes allegiance; a subordinate or dependent; a servant

infidel

a person who does not acknowledge your God

missionary

a person who spreads his or her religious beliefs to others

omens

a phenomenon supposed to portend good or evil; a prophetic sign

proposal

a plan or offer that is usually put down in writing

nativism

a policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Feudalism

a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service.

Militarism

a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests

republic

a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

Preamble

a preliminary introduction to a statute or constitution (usually explaining its purpose)

Consumer Price Index

a price index determined by measuring the price of a standard group of goods meant to represent the "market basket" of a typical urban consumer

ordeal

a primitive method of determining a person's guilt or innocence by subjecting the accused person to dangerous or painful tests believed to be under divine control

mummification

a process of embalming and drying corpses to prevent them from decaying

ziggurat

a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians. Served as a temple for worship and as a civic center for Sumerian civilization.

Zoroastrinism

a religion started by Zarathustra that teaches the belief in one god, Ahura Mazda or "wise lord" who created all things

Boston Massacre

a riot in Boston (March 5, 1770) arising from the resentment of Boston colonists toward British troops quartered in the city, in which the troops fired on the mob and killed several persons.

oculus

a round opening at the center of a dome

dynasty

a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family

Crusades

a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

Law of Indies

a set of laws that the Spanish used to rule their colonies. it limited what people in New Spain could do. one example is that they had to treat any Native American who converted to Christianity as equal. however, these laws could not easily be enforced.

trilogy

a set of three literary or dramatic works related in subject or theme

New Amsterdam

a settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island

Civilization

a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)

meritocracy

a society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement

Right-to-Work Laws

a state law forbidding requirements that workers must join a union to hold their jobs; they were specifically permitted by the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947

pandemonium

a state of extreme confusion and disorder

federalism

a system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Quota System

a system that sets limits on how many immigrants from various countries a nation will admit each year

supply schedule

a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied

papyrus

a tall reed that grows in the Nile delta, used by the ancient Egyptians to make a paperlike material for writing on

sales tax

a tax based on the cost of the item purchased and collected directly from the buyer

progressive tax policy

a tax that takes a larger percentage of the income of wealthier taxpayers and a smaller percentage of their income to lower-income taxpayers

opportunity cost

a term used to describe the value of a second choice that is given up when a decision is made to acquire the first choice.

model

a theory or reality used to make predictions

Communism

a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Socialism

a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.

Ragtime

a type of music with a strong rhythm and a lively melody with accented notes, which was popular in early 1900s

frictional unemployment

a type of unemployment caused by workers voluntarily changing jobs and by temporary layoffs; unemployed workers between jobs.

monasticism

a way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith

benefits recieved principle

a way of taxation where those who use a certain government service pay for it with taxes in proportion to the benefits; people who don't use it, don't pay for it

equality of opportunity

a widely shared American ideal that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents and wealth they have to reach their fullest potential

foreign policy

aAnation's overall plan for dealing with other nations. Everything that a nation does or says when dealing with other nations.

Sovereignty

ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states

league

about three miles

vertical combinations

absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution

Necessity of Compromise

acceptance of needing to work together and give or take

incriminate

accuse of or implicate in a crime; serve as evidence against; cause to seem or make guilty of a crime; Ex. incriminating evidence

Treaty of Paris

agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country

Alliances

agreements between nations to aid and protect one another

Akhenaten

aka Amenhotep IV

resources

all the things necessary for production

Edward I

also called "Longshanks", was a great ruler and munipulated the rules to get more money for wars and started taxing the middle class directly overrideing the nobles, Created Parliament because he needed more money for wars.

Avicenna

also known as Ibn Sina, wrote a medical encyclopedia which stressed the contagious nature of diseases among other things, after translated into Latin, became the basic textbook for medieval European university students

free enterprise system

also known as capitalism, it is a system where producers determine what products are made, and consumers decide which products are purchased.

surplus

amount of a product that a firm offers for sale in excess of the quantity that customers are willing to buy.

shortage

amount of the product customers want to buy in excess of the quantity that a firm offers for sale.

Richard the Lionhearted

an English king who lead the Crusaders in an attempt to regain the Holy Land from Saladin.

Stamp Act

an act passed by the British parliament in 1765 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents. This act especially irritated lawyers and newspaper writers.

Embargo

an agreement among a group of nations that prohibits them all from trading with a target nation

mastabas

an ancient Egyptian mudbrick tomb with a rectangular base and sloping sides and flat roof

hieroglyphics

an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds

Latium

an ancient region of west central Italy (southeast of Rome) on the Tyrrhenian Sea

cuneiform

an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia

Dome

an arch rotated 180 degrees on its vertical axis

Tyrrhenian Sea

an arm of the Mediterranean between Italy and the islands of Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily

ambush

an attack in which the attacker hides and surprises the enemy

capitalism

an economic system based on open competition in a free market, in which individuals and companies own the means of production and operate for profit

capitalism

an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

ritual

an established or prescribed procedure for a religious or other rite

precedent

an example that is used to justify similar occurrences at a later time

scabs

an insulting name given to people who are strikebreakers.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

ambassador

an official representative of the United States appointed by the President to represent the nation in matters of diplomacy

feudal contract

an unwritten set of rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal - the major obligation was to perform military service (40 days a year)

King Khufu

ancient Egyptian king for whom the Great Pyramid at Giza was built.

resin

any of a class of solid or semisolid viscous substances obtained either as exudations from certain plants or prepared by polymerization of simple molecules

ad hominem

appealing to personal considerations (rather than to fact or reason) Calling someone a name, rather than attacking their argument.

Franz Ferdinand

archduke of Austria Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand; his death was a main cause for World War I

800 B.C.=800 A.D.

as Greece=Europe

Council of the Plebs

assembly for the plebs only; came into being as a result of the struggle between the two social orders in Rome; later received the right to pass laws

non-liquid assets

assets owned, but near impossible to sell, making it difficult to turn them into cash.

legitimate

authorized, sanctioned by, or in accordance with law

Limited Government

basic principle of American government which states that government is restricted in what it may do, and each individual has rights that government cannot take away

exiled

being thrown out of a society and denied the rights of the citizens of that society. (Being voted off the island)

polytheistic

believing in many gods

transfer in kind

benefits such as food stamps, low-income housing and free medical care.

Liberty Bonds

bonds sold by the U.S. government to raise money for WWI

allocation of resources

business dictionary definition: Analysis of how scarce resources ('factors of production') are distributed among producers, and how scarce goods and services are apportioned among consumers.

execute

carry out or perform an action

Amendments

changes in, or additions to the U.S. Constitution

autocratic

characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule.

parochial school

church related school

Elastic Clause

clause in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution that gives Congress the right to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers expressed in the other clauses of Article I

sovereignty

complete independence and self-government (of a country); supremacy of authority; power to govern

mountainous

containing many mountains

Berbers

converted to Islam, were fiercely independent desert and mountain dwellers, were the original inhabitants of North Africa, they accepted Islam as their faith, and many maintained their Berber identities and loyalties, there were two groups-the Almoravids and the Almohads that united the Maghrib under Muslim rule

Amend

correct; change ; generally for the better

Perjury

criminal offense of making false statements under oath

transatlantic

crossing the Atlantic Ocean

tyranny

cruel and oppressive government or rule

draconian

cruel; harsh; severe; ironhanded

stalemate

deadlock in which neither side is strong enough to defeat the other

1. taste 2. income 3. cost of relate products 4. number of potential customers

determinants of demand

leading indicators

economic factors that tend to change before the rest of the economy.

command economy

economic system in which the central government makes all decisions on the production and consumption of goods and services

traditional economy

economic system that relies on habit, custom, or ritual to decide questions of production and consumption of goods and services

de facto

existing in fact whether with lawful authority or not

normative statements

expresses a value judgement about whether a situation is subjectively desirable or undesirable.

cupidity

extreme greed for material wealth

sweatshop

factory where workers do piecework for poor pay and are prevented from forming unions.

Do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

final statement of the Preamble

Bill of Rights

first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution.

Mesopotamia

first civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

first written constitution in America

ephors

five officials in ancient Sparta who were elected for one-year terms to make sure the king stayed within the law

deported

forced to leave a country

dictatorship

form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority.

2/3+3/4=1 Amendment

formula that explains the two basic methods of amending the US Constitution

Fort Wagner

fort in South Carolina that was the site of an attack by the 54th Massachusetts Regiment on July 18, 1863.

emancipate

free from slavery or servitude

liberty

freedom to live as you please if you obey the laws

Intergovernmental revenue

funds collected by one level of government that are distributed to another level of government for expenditures

ceded

gave up

equality before the law

goal of the US legal system to treat all who go before the court the same

substitute goods

goods that can be used in place of each other.

Grant-in-aid programs

grants of federal money or other resources to states, cities, and other local units. these grants often help them perform large shares in everyday functions.

Electoral College

group of persons chosen in each State and the District of Columbia every four years who make a formal selection of the President and vice president

caravans

groups of people traveling together for safety over long distances

urban

having to do with cities

acropolis

highest and most fortified point within a Greek city-state

Supreme Court

highest court in the United States established by the constitution

Semitic language

holy language, ei: arabic, hebrew, aramaic

Labor

human effort that is applied to natural resources in producing goods and services

Atum

human form of the Egyptian sun god

Matthew Perry

in 1853 presented the Japanese with a letter from the President calling for Japan to grant trading rights to Americans, they signed a treaty opening Japan for trade in 1854

Bay of Pigs Invasion

in 1961, an attempt by Cuban exiles in southern Cuba to overthrow the Cuban socialist government of Fidel Castro; the effort was funded by the U.S. and was famously disastrous.

creole

in Spanish colonial society, a colonist who was born in Latin America to Spanish parents

inflation

increased prices for goods and services combined with the reduced value of money

cost-push inflation

increases in the price level (inflation)resulting from an increase in resource costs (for example, raw material prices) and hence in per unit production costs; inflation caused by reductions in aggregate supply

Roth IRA

individual retirement account in which contributions are made after taxes so that no taxes are taken out at maturity

Propaganda

information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc.

Umayyad Dynasty

initiated by Muawiyah; set up a hereditary system of succession (proved fateful, because the caliph was no longer elected); capital moved to Damascus; office of caliph became more powerful; notoriously secular lifestyles; favored Arabs in areas of taxation, social status, and religion

services

intangible items that we enjoy, but can not physically touch, that satisfy human wants or needs. THE central problem of economics.

Compound Interest

interest calculated on both the principal and the accrued interest.

Unconstitutional

invalid because in conflict with a constitution

Pleading the fifth

invoking your protection under the Fifth Amendment against the requirement of an authority to incriminate yourself.

cataract

large waterfall or set of rapids that makes it impossible to sail up a river.

Grandfather clauses

law that excused a voter from literacy test if his grandfather had been eligible to vote on Jan. 1 1867

martial law

law that is administered during periods of strict military control

torpor

laziness; inactivity; dullness

hegemony

leadership or dominance superpower status by a nation.

Peter Minuit

led a group of Dutch settlers to the Hudson River. There he bought Manhattan Island from local Indians. Called his settlement New Amsterdam

Hulegu

led the conquest of Persia and Mesopotamia, ending the Abbasid empire at Baghdad cruelly because of his strong hatred of Islam

charter

legal document giving certain rights to a person or company

writ of assistance

legal document that let a British customs officer inspect a ship's cargo without giving any reason for the search

Minos

legendary King of Crete

Giza

location of the great pyramids, Khufu, Kafhre, and Menkare.

ratification

making something valid by formally ratifying or confirming it

perfect competition

market or industry characterized by numerous small firms producing an identical product. This type of competition benefits consumers by providing them multiple choices of product, thus lowering consumer costs and increasing the quality of the product.

Persecution

mistreatment or punishment of a group of people because of their beliefs

Saint Bernard of Clairvaux

monastic leader who called for another Crusade as one of the Latin kingdoms fell. Managed to enlist two powerful rulers King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III of Germany. This campaign was a total failure.

profits

money earned after a a business subtracts its cost from revenue. It is the principle incentive (reason) for starting a business in capitalism.

Aedes aegypti

mosquito that transmits yellow fever and dengue

isthmus

narrow stretch of land connecting two larger land areas. In the case of Panama, it marked the basic path that the U.S. used to build the Panama Canal

ally

nation that works with another nation for a common purpose

corollary

natural consequence (which naturally follows from something else)

unalienable

natural rights that belong to everyone and cannot be taken away

Amarna

new capital city of Ancient Egypt built by Akhenaton in honor of the sun god Aten.

55

number of delegates at the Constitutional Convention

real values

numeric data that has been adjusted for inflation.

nominal values

numeric data that has not been adjusted for inflation.

Natural Monopoly

occurs when a product or service requires such large capital investments (fixed costs) that it would be inefficient to have more than one firm in the area. Utilities are often cited as the prime example of this phenomenon.

Monopolistic Competition

occurs when there are many producers of products that are almost the same. Firms will try to convince customers that their products are unique, and through advertising, will attempt to portray their product as superior to that of their competitors.

Vikings

one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western from the eighth through the tenth century.

serf

peasant laborer bound by law to the lands of a noble

pacifists

people who refuse to fight in any war because they believe war is evil

personal income tax

percentage of total income deducted from your paycheck; graduated tax

consent

permission to do something

capitalist

person who invests capital, or money, in a business to earn a profit

anarchist

person who seeks to overturn the established government; advocate of abolishing authority

civil rights

personal, human rights recognized and guaranteed by the first 1st ten amendments to the Bill of Rights in the U.S. Constitution

prophets

persons who have a close relationship with God and communicate a divine message

laissez-faire

policy based on the idea that government should play as small a role as possible in the economy

majority rule

political principle providing that a majority of the members of a community has the power to make laws binding upon all the people

exclusive powers

powers that can be exercised by the National Government alone

appeasement

practice of giving in to an aggressor nation's demands in order to keep peace

anti-semitism

prejudice against Jews

rule of law

principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern

durable goods

products that do not have to be replaced frequently, usually lasting three or more years.

nondurable goods

products that have to be replaced frequently. A consumer good with an expected life (use) of less than 3 years.

Business Cycle

recurring fluctuations in economic activity consisting of recession and recovery and growth and decline

rural

relating to farm areas and life in the country

yellow journalism

reporting based on scandalous headlines and sensationalized stories. Term was originally applied to newspapers that inflamed American opinion against the Spanish before and after the attack on the Maine.

mumia

resin material used by Persians for preserving dead bodies. This material was traded with the Egyptians, and the word mummification appears to have derived from it use in the process

Ka'bah

sacred stone in the center of Mecca around which muslims are to walk during their pilgrimage. The stone and the structure were present in Mecca well before the time of Mohammad.

dividends

shares of a corporations profits that are split between investors.

shortage

situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.

mercenaries

soldiers who fights for any country or group that will pay them

mystic

someone who believes in the existence of realities beyond human comprehension

expatriate

someone who chooses to live outside of, or renounce, his or her native country

terrorists

someone who uses violence such as bombing, shooting etc to obtain political demands

strikebreaker

someone who works (or provides workers) during a strike

absolute

something that is certain; something that does not change

Xerxes

son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C.

vaudeville

stage entertainment made up of various acts, such as dancing, singing, comedy, and magic shows

cooperative federalism

stresses federalism as a system of intergovernmental relations in delivering governmental goods and services to the people and calls for cooperation among various levels of government.

obelisks

structure with square base and pyramid top. Represented where the first rays of sun fell.

democracy

system of government in which all 'citizens' (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E.

representative government

system of government in which public policies are made by officials selected by the voters and held accountable in periodic elections

vassalage

system where a man would pledge loyalty to a lord and carry out his commands, collect taxes, and get troops together; vassals looked to lords to give them land in return for their service; pledging ceremony took place between lord and vassal; vassals could pledge to multiple lords

Roman Confederation

system whereby Rome allowed some peoples to have full Roman citizenship, while most of the remaining communities were made allies

Rational choice

taking the things with greater value and giving up those things with lesser value.

goods

tangible, physical, or touchable things that satisfy human wants or needs

least-likely-to-offend

taxes on individuals or products that are often put into place because taxing them is not seen as being a bad thing by many voters (smokers, oil companies, etc.)

phalanx

term for the battle formation of Greek hoplites; it consisted of tightly packed rows of hoplites, typically 8 ranks deep. The formation was suited for fighting on level ground but did not work well in difficult terrain.

satrapies

the 20 states into which Darius divided the Persian Empire

Cato

the Roman senator who feared Carthage would grow too strong and ended every speech with a cry, "Carthage must be destroyed!"

President Pro-Tempore

the Senate member, elected by the Senate, who stands in as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president

siege

the action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified place and isolates it while continuing to attack

real wages

the actual purchasing power of income

elasticity

the affect that a change in price has on demand

demand

the amount of goods and services people are willing to buy

Shi'a

the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad

legislative branch

the branch of government that makes the laws.

Abu al-Abbas

the chief leader of the rebellion that brought the Umayyad Dynasty to an end; a descendant of Muhammad's uncle; he was a Sunni Arab

trade-offs

the choices we make to get one thing, at the cost of not obtaining other things. What life is really about!

Operation Overlord

the code name for the Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy on June 6, 1944; also known as D-Day

production

the creation of any kind of goods or services

treason

the crime of betraying one's country

Demand

the desire, willingness, and ability to buy a good or service at a specific price.

Gaia

the earth in Greek Mythology

scarcity

the economic term that describes a situation there are not enough products available to satisfy people's needs or wants.

Hebrews

the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob). The Jewish Peoples.

Crucifixion

the execution of a person by nailing or binding them to a cross.

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

Sanskrit

the first writing system of the Aryans, developed around 1000 b.c.

negative externality

the harm, cost, or inconvenience suffered by a third party because of actions by others.

natural rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property. These were articulated by John Locke.

habeas corpus

the idea that no person should be jailed and held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime.

Government

the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies

Persian

the language of Persia (Iran) in any of its ancient forms

martial law

the law administered during a period of strict military control

Sheikh

the leader of an Arab village or family

horizontal combinations

the merger of competitors in the same industry [EX: Standard Oil Co.]/ mergers of same industry, lots of competitors

Double Counting

the mistake of including the value of the intermediate stages of production in GDP on top of the value of the final good

profit

the money a business receives for its products or services over and above its costsla

Ramadan

the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset

embassy

the official residence or offices of an ambassador.

Entrepreneurship

the organization that is necessary to bring production about. Includes owners or managers of a firm who organizes the other factors of production and takes the risks associated with running a business

Equilibrium

the point at which quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal

veto

the power or right to prohibit or reject a proposed or intended act (especially the power of a chief executive to reject a bill passed by the legislature)

subinfeudation

the practice in which a lord's greatest vassals subdivide their fiefs and had vassals of their own, and those vassals, in turn, subdivided their fiefs and so on down to simple knights whose fiefs are too small to subdivide.

Law of Supply

the principle that suppliers will normally offer more for sale at higher prices and less at lower prices

currency devaluation

the reduction of the value of a nation's currency relative to the currencies of other countries. Often the result of a nation printing more currency to pay their bills, without increasing their actual wealth.

diminishing returns

the result of paying over time, hiring less skilled workers, or simply the result of over-crowded. If a firm becomes too big it loses it's connection with the customer.

Law of Supply

the rule that, holding everything else constant, increases in price cause increases in the quantity supplied, and decreases in price cause decreases in the quantity supplied.

sultan

the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire)

human nature

the shared psychological attributes of humankind that are assumed to be shared by all human beings

Evolutionary Theory

the state developed out of the family, the family evolved into a clan and eventually a tribe was formed

The Nature of the State

the state government is the tool used by the bourgeoisie to keep the proletariat in bondage, only way to lessen the bourgeoisie's control is by a violent bloody revolution

economics

the study of the decisions involved in producing, distributing, and consuming goods and services.

Philosophy

the study of wisdom, knowledge, and the nature of reality. The love of wisdom.

supply

the term given for the number of units that a firm is willing to sell.

Kaiser

the title of the Holy Roman Emperors or the emperors of Austria or of Germany until 1918

Capital

the tools that are used by labor in making products. Can be raw materials, after those raw materials have been processed into various other forms.

Pediment

the triangular top of a temple that contains sculpture

currency

the type of money used by a group or a nation

equilibrium wage rate

the wage rate at which the quantity of labor supplied equals the quantity demanded

aggregate

the whole amount

Theodora

the wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt.

Mary Ludwig Hays

the wife of a soldier, she earned this nickname "Molly Pitcher" at the Battle of Monmouth by carrying pitchers of water to soldiers. When her husband was wounded, she took his place firing a cannon

proletariat

the working class

demand-pull inflation

theory that prices rise as the result of excessive business and consumer demand; demand increases faster than total supply, resulting in shortages that lead to higher prices

Natural Resources

things that are in their natural state and have not been changed by people. (example-iron ore, in the ground)

Akkadians

this civilization included Semitic people living north of Sumeria; united city-states of Mesopotamia; first empire in history; established by Sargon the Great

"40 acres and mule"

this slogan was created in 1864 and 1865 when the federal government settled nearly 10000 black families on abandoned plantation land often times receiving a single mule for their property. It was an attempt to give the black families a new start.

consumers

those who utilize services or products, and those who pay the bills.

dictatorship, despotism, tyranny

three words that mean a form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority

annex

to add a territory to one's own territory

import

to bring a product into a country to be sold

censure

to condemn severely for doing something bad

"lose face"

to feel in disgrace, humiliation, or embarrassment in front of other people.

consolidate

to join together to become more effective; to become stronger; to combine into a whole; unify

ordain

to set aside for God. In 1787, this was the accepted meaning of that word.

specialized capital

tools designed to increase the efficiency of a particular task in production.

anarchy

total absence of rule or government; confusion; disorder

illiterate

unable to read or write

seasonal unemployment

unemployment that occurs as a result of harvest schedules or vacations, or when industries slow or shut down for a season

structural unemployment

unemployment that results because the number of jobs available in some labor markets is insufficient to provide a job for everyone who wants one.

cyclical unemployment

unemployment that rises during economic downturns and falls when the economy improves

Altruism

unselfish concern for the welfare of others; selflessness

Early Middle Ages

usually thought of as the time period from 476-1000 CE

telephone

voice messages, originally sent through a wire, often over great distances.

nomadic

wandering from place to place; without a permanent home

Frederick Remington

was an American painter, illustrator, sculptor, and writer who specialized in depictions of the American West. Artist who accompanied the USV during the Spanish-American War.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.

general welfare

well-being of all the citizens of a nation

product market

where all sales of consumer products take place

factor market

where all sales of the factors of production take place

gauge

width between tracks on a railroad. Their standardization made it possible to build bigger and more efficient railways throughout our country.

repeal

withdrawn, cancelled

moving assembly line

workers stay in place as products move along a conveyor system, reducing the amount of time and effort that it takes to create a finished product.

Thomas Hobbes

wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful government could keep an orderly society

base year

year used as a point of comparison for other years in a series of statistics

Lowell Girls

young women who worked in the Lowell Mills in Massachusetts during the Industrial Revolution